SCIENCE

Modified Strategic Intervention Materials

Quarter 2 Week 4
Grade Nine
Modified Strategic Intervention Materials
Grade Nine – Quarter 2: Week 4: Uniqueness of Carbon
Discovering Carbon Containing Compounds
Getting to know...Organic Compounds

Development Team

Author: Eriwell R. Hipolito

Emely M. Culvera
Cover Art Illustrator: Erich D. Garcia
Language Reviewer: Paz I. Canlas
Content Editor: Paz I. Canlas
Layout: Joy M. Funtila

Management Team

Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESOV, Schools Division Superintendent

Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,

San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline Number: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: pampanga@deped.gov.ph

 Title Card
Lesson 1: Uniqueness of Carbon

Guide Card
Introduction
What is Carbon? Carbon is a very special element because it plays an important role in the
chemistry of life. You can find carbon everywhere, from the foods that you eat to the gasoline in your
car's fuel tank to the fabrics in the clothes that you wear. Carbon isn’t a difficult element to spot in your
daily life. What you may not realize, though, is that about 18% of your body (by weight) is also made of
carbon. In fact, carbon atoms make up the backbone of many important molecules in your body, including
proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and fats.

The reason? Carbon can combine with itself and with many other elements to form a great diversity
of compounds. The compounds can also range in size from just a few atoms to thousands. There are
millions of known carbon compounds. Carbon is the only element that can form so many different
compounds. These complex biological molecules are often called macromolecules; they’re also classified
as organic molecules, which simply means that they contain carbon atoms.

Learning Competency
➢ Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms; Sub Task: At the
end of the cycle, students should be able to: Recognize the uses of common organic compounds
positions in the periodic table.

Pre-Test: What I Know

First let’s find out how much you know about the element Carbon and what you already know
about Carbon.

Directions: There are 10 questions below. On an extra sheet of paper, answer the following
questions. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What are valence electrons?

a. energy levels closest to nucleus c. all energy levels
b. energy levels with the highest energy d. energy level in the center

2. All of the following are properties of carbon, except:

a. 3 valence electrons c. can form bonds with 4 atoms
b. can form double bonds d. can form rings

3. Valence electrons are involved in chemical __________ .

a. relationship c. reaction
b. friendship d. bonding

4. How can you predict how many valence electrons an element has?
a. by the group in the periodic table c. innermost shell
b. by the period in the periodic table d. bonding
5. Molecular compounds or those compounds formed from covalent bonds are created from the
__________ of valence electrons.
a. sharing c. burning
b. transfer d. freezing

6. Nonmetal elements tend to ___________ electrons in order to achieve an octet.

a. sharing c. burning
b. transfer d. freezing

7. Organic compounds that contain ________element.

a. oxygen c. carbon
b. sulfur d. neon

8. A rule stating that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full valence shell of 8
electrons (has some exceptions).
a. octet rule c. Aufbau principle
b. carbon cycle d. Pauli’s exclusion

9. The most common type of bond formed by carbon is ___________.

a. covalent bond c. metallic bond
b. ionic bond d. bonding

10. When forming a positive ion, electrons are lost from which level?
a. the level closest to the nucleus c. the level farthest from the nucleus
b. any level within the electron cloud d. the one located in the middle

Guide Card
The bonding properties of carbon
More than 90 percent of all known compounds contain carbon. Do you know why carbon is
found in so many compounds? Read on to find out.

Valence Electrons in Carbon

Carbon is a nonmetal in group 14 of the periodic table. Like other group 14
elements, carbon has four valence electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons in the
outer energy level of an atom that are involved in chemical bonds. Carbon has
valency 4 so, it can form 4 bonds. 4 valence electron mean all are involved in
bonding.

The Three Covalent Bonds

Carbon is a pattern maker. It can link to itself, forming long, resilient chains called polymers. It
can also bond with up to four other atoms because of its electron arrangement.

Single bonds are a type of covalent bond formed from the sharing of two electrons between two atoms,
one electron from each atom. Now this is quite different from double bonds.

Double bonds are a type of covalent bond where four electrons are shared between two atoms.

Triple bond. A triple bond is a type of covalent bond where six electrons are shared between two atoms.
The take away with each of these bonds is the word 'sharing.' Remember this is the basis for covalent
bonding.-
Carbon forms many different compounds

The large variety of carbon-based molecules is a result of the number of bonds that each carbon
atom forms in a molecule. It also is a result of a carbon atom’s ability to form bonds with atoms of many
different elements. s. In compounds, carbon atoms always share four pairs of electrons in four covalent
bonds. This means that one carbon atom can form single bonds with up to four other atoms. Carbon atoms
can also form multiple bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms.
Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the compounds of carbon

Natural Organic compounds. Refers to those that are produced by plants and animals. Examples are
carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids and fats.

Synthetic organic compounds. These Are compounds produced in laboratories. These include soap,
chemical, detergents and other industrial chemicals.

Activity Card
Activity 1

We've discovered that carbon is unique because it can form up to four bonds. Those four bonds
can be achieved via a combination of one triple bond with one single bond, or two double bonds, or 2
single bonds and 1 double bond, or four single bonds. It's amazing how carbon is able to bond in so many
different ways. You could say in terms of bonding that it is the most versatile element on the Periodic
Table. There are so many variations for carbon, in fact, that there is an entire realm of chemistry related
to the study of it. Organic chemistry is a subject dedicated solely to carbon and carbon compounds, their
chemical structures, their abundance in nature and how these compound undergo chemical reactions."

What Contains Carbon?

Directions: Collect ten materials or objects and decide whether and think each object contains
carbon or not. You need to provide a conclusion about whether the object contains carbon and their
explanation.

Object With Carbon or Explanation and Conclusion

No Carbon

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 2

Hydrocarbons – the uniqueness of carbon bonding results in the formation of many hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing two elements carbon and hydrogen. They make up the
simples of organic compounds. Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds depending on the
arrangements of its valence electrons, this rearrangement happens through the process called
hybridization. A hydrocarbon having only single bonds is defined ad saturated hydrocarbon. A
hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in unsaturated hydrocarbon.
 Different models how to represent an organic molecule example Methane (CH4)

Directions: Below is a list of compound and their molecular formula and their common names.
Identify which are organic and inorganic compounds. Hint: Usually an organic compound contains the
element Carbon.

Compound Common name Inorganic/

inorganic
uric acid
1. C5H4N4O3

2. H2O water

3. C21H22N2O2 strychnine
4. C17H19NO3 morphine

5. NaCl salt

Activity 3

Alkanes are the simplest Hydrocarbon is methane, CH4, and the simplest member of a series of
hydrocarbons. Alkanes are saturated which means they contain the maximum number of hydrogens per
carbon (backbone) and no double or triple bonds (only single bonds). Consist of a linear chain of carbons.
Contain the suffix (-ane) and the root based on the number of carbon in the chain. The first four roots or
prefix: meth-, eth-, prop- and but-

Directions: Below is table of Alkanes. Study the pattern and complete the table of the missing
information for the structural Formula.

Compound Molecular Condensed Structural Formula

Formula Formula
Example
CH4 CH4
Methane

1.Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3

2.Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3

C4H10 CH3(CH2)2CH3
3.Butane

4.Pentane C5H12 CH3(CH2)3CH3

5.Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3

 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1

Alkenes
Alkenes are a family of hydrocarbons containing at least one covalent carbon...carbon double
bond (>C=C<) as well as the single bonds formed between carbon and carbon (C-C) and carbon and
hydrogen (C-H). Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen)
unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. in other words contain one or
more double bonds. Suffix used in naming is -ene, and the root are those used for alkanes of the same
length. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane (with the same number of
carbon atoms). The simplest alkene, ethylene (C2H4) (aka ethylene).

Directions: Below is table of Alkanes. Study the pattern and complete the table of the missing
information for the condensed and the structural Formula.

Compound Molecular Condensed Formula Structural Formula

Formula

Example:
C2H4 CH2=CH2
Ethene

Example:
1 .propene C3H6 CH2=CHCH3

Example:
C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3
1-butene

1.) 1-pentene C5H10 1.) 6.)

2.)1-hexene 2.) 7.)

C6H12
3.)1-heptene C7H14 3.) 8.)

4.) 1-Octene C8H16 4.) 9.)

5.)1-Nonene C9H18 5.) 10.)

Enrichment Card 2

Alkynes
The third type of hydrocarbon is Alkynes which contain at least one triple bond between a pair of
carbon atoms. Since it is also an unsaturated hydrocarbon some of its properties will be similar to alkenes.
Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds. Alkynes are unsaturated carbon that shares a triple bond at the
carbon site.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are structurally related to benzene or made up of benzene molecules fused
together these molecules are called arenes to distinguish them from alkyanes, alkenes and alkynes The
term 'aromatic' was assigned before the physical mechanism determining aromaticity was discovered; the
term was coined as such simply because many of the compounds have a sweet or pleasant odor.
 Directions: There are 10 questions below. On an extra sheet of paper, answer the following
questions. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What’s the difference in the covalent bonding structure of alkenes and alkynes?
A: Alkenes have no covalent bonds and alkynes have one
B: Alkenes have one covalent bond and alkynes have two
C: Alkenes have two covalent bond and alkynes have three
D: Alkenes have three covalent bond and alkynes have four

2. Why are alkenes and alkynes considered to be unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A: They do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
B: They have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

3. What is a hydrocarbon?
A: Inorganic compounds that contain carbon & hydrogen
B: Organic compounds that contain carbon & hydrogen
C: Inorganic compounds that contain hydrogen
D: Organic compounds that contain carbon

4. The simplest hydrocarbons are called..._______

A: Alkanes C: Alkynes
B: Alkenes D: Alcohols

5. Alkanes are called _______ hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms.
A: Supersaturated C: Saturated
B: Unsaturated D: Stable

Reflection Card
Complete the statements below:
1. The three things I have learned about
Chemical boning of ionic and covalent compounds.
1.____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________

2. Two interesting facts about the Lesson I have learned from this lesson are…
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________

3 .One question that I still have in mind.

1. ____________________________________________________________________________
 Assessment Card
Assessment Card 1

Directions: Below is a mind map of the topics and highlights discussed in this module. Review
what you have learned and complete the missing words.

Assessment Card 2

Directions: There are 10 questions below. On an extra sheet of paper, answer the following
questions. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_____ 1. How many electrons does a carbon atom have?

A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 6

_____ 2. Of those electrons of Carbon, how many are valence electrons?

A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 6

_____ 3. How many more electrons does carbon need to complete its valence shell?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 6

_____ 4. How many bonds can Carbon make with other atoms?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 6

_____ 5. How many electrons does hydrogen have?

A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 1
_____ 6. How many more electrons does hydrogen need to complete its valence shell?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 1

_____ 7. How many bonds does hydrogen make with other atoms?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 5 D. 1

_____ 8. A hydrocarbon having only single bonds is defined as ___________ hydrocarbon.

A. Alkenes C. saturated
B. Alkynes D. unsaturated

_____ 9. A hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in ___________
hydrocarbon.
A. Alkenes C. saturated
B. Alkynes D. unsaturated

_____ 10. These are organic compounds containing two elements carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons
A. Alkenes C. saturated
B. Hydrocarbons D. unsaturated

Reference Card
http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/carbon-structure-matters/
https://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewResourceLesson/Preview/155378
https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Carbon-Chemistry/60
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-physical-science-for-middle-school/section/9.1/
https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/worksheets_tutorials/ch4worksheets/naming_hydrocarbons_
worksheet1_key_12_26_08.pdf
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_The_Basics_of_GOB_Che
mistry_(Ball_et_al.)/13%3A_Unsaturated_and_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons/13.1%3A_Alkenes%3A_Struct
ures_and_Names
https://www.chemedx.org/activity/identifying-organic-functional-groups-activity
https://sites.google.com/site/csetstudyguidechemistry/home/6-1c-organic-chemistry-biochemistry---ten-
simplest-hydrocarbons
https://sciencetallis.weebly.com/7-organic-chemistry.html
https://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/what-contains-carbon
https://sciencetallis.weebly.com/7-organic-chemistry.html
https://cbsestudy.in/cbse-notes-for-cbse-class-10-subject-Science-2-chapter-
4.%20Carbon%20and%20its%20Compounds-notes-2/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/hydrocarbons/properties-of-alkynes/
https://www.softschools.com/examples/science/hydrocarbons_examples/320/
https://www.qldscienceteachers.com/junior-science/chemistry/quizzes/hydrocarbons
Activity Card 3
Compound Molecular Condensed Structural Formula
Formula Formula
Example
CH4 CH4
Methane
C2H6 CH3CH3
1.Ethane
C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
2.Propane
C4H10 CH3(CH2)2C
3.Butane
H3
C5H12 CH3(CH2)3C
4.Pentane H3
C6H14 CH3(CH2)4C
5.Hexane H3
Activity Card 1
Object With Carbon Explanation and Conclusion
or No
Carbon
With Carbon Come from organisms that extract calcium and carbon from the water
1. Seashells
around them to form calcium carbonate shells. CaCO3
With Carbon Contains carbon because it comes from a plant that once completed
2. Wood photosynthesis, taking in carbon dioxide to produce glucose and build
its cell walls out of cellulose.
With Carbon Derived from petroleum, which contains hydrocarbons, compounds
3. Plastic composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Petroleum was once tiny
marine organisms that lived millions of years ago in the world’s oceans
With Carbon Contains carbon. In plant-based fabrics such as cotton or modal, the
4. Plastic
carbon comes directly from plants.
5. Carbonated With Carbon are named for the carbon dioxide gas that has been dissolved in the
beverages liquid,
Activity Card 2 Pre-Test
Compound Common Inorganic/ 1. B
name inorganic 2. A
1. C5H4N4O3 uric acid organic
3. D
water inorganic 4. A
2. H2O 5. A
3. strychnine organic 6. A
C21H22N2O2 7. A
4. morphine organic 8. A
C17H19NO3 9. A
5. NaCl salt inorganic 10. C
Answer Card
Assessment 1 Assessment 2
1. A
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. S
8. C
9. D
10. B
____________________
Enrichment Card 2
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
Enrichment Card 1
Compound Molecular Condensed Formula Structural Formula
Formula
Example:
C2H4 CH2=CH2
Ethene
1.
1.) 1-pentene C5H10
CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3
6.
2.)1-hexene 2. CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3
C6H12
7.
3.
3.)1-heptene C7H14
CH2=CH(CH2)4CH3 8.
4.
4.) 1-Octene C8H16
CH2=CH(CH2)5CH3 9.
5.
5.)1-Nonene C9H18
CH2=CH(CH2)6CH3
10.
 Title Card
Lesson 2: Discovering Carbon Containing Compounds

Guide Card
Introduction
Organic compounds are commonly used at home or in the community. These compounds have
their specific uses. But, are you really aware with the kinds of these organic compounds and their evident
uses?
In this lesson, you will be able to learn about the kinds of common organic compounds that you
usually see or use and will make you knowledgeable of the importance of these compounds in your
everyday life. It specifically aims to:
1.Describe the unique properties of carbon that explains why carbon is able to form numerous
compounds.
2.Predict the relationship of the number of carbon atoms and their physical properties.
3.Classify the different types of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds based from their
functional groups.
4.Explain how the structure of a carbon atom affects the bonds it forms.

Learning Competency
➢ Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms.

Subtask
➢ Identify and illustrate how organic compounds bond.

Activity Card
Activity 1

Let me know how familiar you are with the uses of common organic compounds you’ve
been using every day. Read the direction below.

Direction: Complete the table regarding the uses of the compounds. Indicate using a check
mark (can be more than one check) on the uses of the compounds.

Organic Compounds and their Uses

Ethyl
Acetone Gasoline LPG Vinegar
Alcohol

USES

Note: to help u complete the table you can use the internet and search for the uses of the
compounds.
 Why? Organic compounds are used by human in number of ways; it is used in industries like foods,
pharmaceuticals, fuels etc. Alkanes consist of chemicals like propane, octane, and methane. These are
used extensively as fuels for things like automobile gasoline and fuel for home heating/cooking. Alcohols
like ethanol and isopropanol are used as antiseptics. Ethanol is an essential in beverage industry
(beer/wine). Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that include a wide variety of chemicals including
pharmaceuticals. Aspirin, one of the oldest commercial drugs, contains a carboxylic acid. These
compounds contain carbon atoms which can make various arrangements: single bond, double bond and
triple bond. With these abilities of the carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon atoms and other
elements can form different kinds of compounds with short or long straight and branched chained chemical
structures. Are you now ready to learn how these bonding goes with organic compounds? The next activity
will help you find out how organic compounds bond.

About 200 years ago, it was believed that only living things could produce carbon compounds.
However in1929, a German chemist named Friedrich Wöhler produced an organic compound called urea
from two inorganic substances. Today, more than 90% of all known compounds contain carbon. Carbon
is a unique element because it is capable of forming millions of compounds. It has four valence electrons
which are involved in forming covalent bonds by sharing electrons to acquire a complete octet in their outer
energy level. The simplest organic compounds are Hydrocarbons that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
only. Hydrocarbons can be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the type of bonds between
carbon atoms. In saturated hydrocarbons, all the bonds between the carbon atoms are single covalent
bonds. In unsaturated hydrocarbons, one or more of the bonds between the carbon atoms is a double or
a triple covalent bond.
Hydrocarbons are also classified as Aliphatic hydrocarbons (are straight- chain, branched-chain,
and/or cyclic structures) and Aromatic hydrocarbons (contain benzene ring).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are grouped into families namely, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. The
compounds in each group have certain structures that make their properties different from the other. Do
this activity to help you find out how the three families differ

Activity 2: Identifying Carbon Compounds (Hydrocarbons)

Direction: Observe the given structural formula of each organic compound then fill up the
table below.

METHANE ETHENE PROPYNE

(Alkane) (Alkene) (Alkyne)

Type of
Number Bond Classification
Hydrocarbon of (Single, (Saturated/ Prefix Suffix
Carbon/s Double, Unsaturated)
Triple)

METHANE

ETHENE

PROPYNE
 Note: Consider the table below as guide in determining the number of carbon atoms.

Number of
Prefix
Carbon Atoms
Metha 1
Etha 2
Propa 3
Buta 4
Pepta 5
Hexa 6
Hepta 7
Octa 8
nona 9
Deca 10

CRITICAL THINKING: Answer the following based from your perceptions on the structural
formulas shown above.
1. How are the three hydrocarbons differ? (You may write as many observations/ answers
as you can)
2. If you are to name hydrocarbons, what are the guidelines you will suggest in naming
them?

Remember this…..

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons so all the bonds between their carbon atoms are single bonds.
The general formula for alkanes is written as CnH2n+2. Methane for example. The value of n=1 because
methane has only one carbon. Therefore, its formula is C1H(2*2)+2 → CH4. What about Ethane and
propane? Ethane is C2H6 or CH3 and propane is C3H8.
The properties of alkanes are affected by the arrangement of carbon atoms in the structural formulas and
by the length of the carbon chain. Generally, the more carbon atoms in a straight-chain alkane, the higher
the melting and boiling points. At room temperature, straight-chain alkanes with one to four carbon
atoms are gases, those with 5 to 16 are liquids, and those with more than 16 carbon atoms are solids.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more C=C bond. The general formula for
alkenes is CnH2n. Alkenes are named using the root name of the alkanes but end with “ene”. The formula
for Ethene for example is C2H4 or CH2-CH2, a gas at room temperature which is a very important
product used in the chemical industry. About half of the ethene produced is converted into plastics and
also used to make car antifreeze (ethylene glycol). Ethylene is the common name of ethene which occurs
naturally as a plant hormone that speeds up ripening of fruits and vegetables.
Alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that has at least one pair of carbon atoms joined by a triple
bond. The simplest alkyne is ethyne which commonly known as acetylene which is used in welding. The
general formula for alkyne is CnH2n-2 so, formula of ethyne is C2H2.

Note: Calcium carbide (CaC2) is a compound that is commonly known as kalburo. Fruit vendors
use this substance to speed up ripening of fruits like mangoes and bananas in just a couple of days. When
calcium carbide reacts with water such as moisture in the air, ethyne gas is produced.
Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene is a kind of alkyne.

Hydrocarbons are just one of several groups of organic compounds. You learned that
hydrocarbons contain carbon bonds with many other elements, such as O, N, S, and halogens (F, Cl, Br,
and I). this is the reason why many different groups of organic compounds exist and to distinguish one
organic compound from another, functional groups are used. A functional group is a group of atoms
present in a given organic compound. It also helps classify the compound. Are you now ready to learn
about them? Let’s start with alcohols.

Alcohols are another group of organic compounds. These organic compounds also have very
important uses. Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or disinfectant, some are used as cleaning agents,
others are used as components of liquors and a few alcohols are used as fuel for portable stoves or other
types of burners.
 In this activity, you will learn to identify similarities in the structures of different kinds of
alcohols and relate these similarities to the common properties they have.

Identifying Other Carbon Compounds Part 1 (Alcohols)

A. Direction: Study the given structural formulas of the three types of alcohols before
answering the questions below the formulas.

METHANOL ETHANOL PROPANOL

Guide Questions:
1. What is/are common with the three alcohols?
2. What made them different?
3. If you will be asked to name each alcohol, how are you going to name them? State simple
guide/s in naming and identifying alcohols.

Remember this…
Alcohols are substituted hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an
(-OH) group or hydroxyl group. Methanol is considered the simplest alcohol. Methanol is toxic and might
cause blindness. It is used for de-icing of airplanes and colored insulation for telephone wires. Ethyl
alcohol or ethanol is a component of rubbing alcohols and alcoholic beverages. Isopropyl alcohol for
rubbing alcohol. Alcohols are polar molecules. Thus, they are miscible in water. They have higher boiling
points than alkanes.

Carbonyl containing compounds are organic compounds that contain carbonyl functional
group, which is composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. Acetone and
formalin are examples of simple carbonyl containing compounds which have common uses.
In this activity, you will learn to relate the structures of acetone, and formalin to the carbonyl
compounds where they belong.

Identifying Other Carbon Compounds Part 2 (Carbonyl Compounds)

Direction: Spot the similarities and differences of the two common carbonyl containing
compounds (Acetone vs Formalin) and answer the guide questions below.

vs

Acetone (Ketone Formalin (Aldehyde)

Guide Questions:
1.Name at least two similarities you’ve noticed from the formulas of acetone and formalin.
2.What made them different from each other?
3.What types of bonds do the common compounds have in their structures?
4.Formalin and acetone are common carbonyl containing compounds. Why do you think they
both belong in the group of carbonyl-containing compounds?

Note: Ketones and aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O). if the
carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain, the compound is an aldehyde; if it is not at the end, it is
a ketone.
 Acetone is a ketone which is used in removing nail polish and solvent in some industrial
preparations such as production of plastic materials.
Formaldehyde (aldehyde) is a compound that is commonly known as formalin. Its common use is to
preserve organic materials because of its ability to crosslink proteins including enzymes. This is also the
reason why this kind of organic compound is used in the embalming process.

Other Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

1. Carboxylic acids are organic acids that contain the -COOH group or carboxyl group with the
oxygen atom doble-
bonded to a carbon atom, which is also bonded to a hydroxyl group. Carboxylic acids are acidic polar
molecules. Thus, are usually soluble in water. They have strong unpleasant smell.

Examples carboxylic acids are Benzoic acid and Methanoic acid, HCOOH, is more commonly
called formic acid. Formic acid is found in nature in the stinging nettle plant and in some ants, which gives
the itchy feeling when beaten.
Another example of carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid or acetic acid which is the main component of vinegar
giving its sour taste.

2. Amines and Amides. Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon

framework are classified as amines. Compounds that have a nitrogen atom bonded to one side of a carbonyl
group are classified as amides. Amines are a basic functional group. Amines and carboxylic acids can
combine in a condensation reaction to form amides. Amines are partly responsible for the characteristic
odor of fishes and other marine organisms. Amines are used in making azo-dyes and nylon apart from
medicines and drugs. They are widely used in developing chemicals for crop protection, medication and
water purification. They also find use in products of personal care. Ethanolamines are the most common
type of amine used in the global market. Amides may be used to form resilient structural materials (e.g.,
nylon, Kevlar). Dimethylformamide is an important organic solvent. Plants produce amides for a variety
of functions. Amides are found in many drugs (penicillin, and paracetamol).

3. Ethers and Esters. Ethers are two simple hydrocarbon chains that are separated by an oxygen.
Vapours of certain ethers are used as insecticides, miticides, and fumigants for soil. Ethers are also
important in medicine and pharmacology, especially for use as anesthetics. Esters are the same except
they have a double bonded oxygen on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen separating the two hydrocarbon
groups. Esters have characteristic sweet odour, are highly soluble in organic solvents and partly soluble in
water. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. Esters are responsible for the aroma
of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries.

Identifying Other Carbon Compounds Part 3

Direction: Match the carbon compounds in Column A to their general formulas in Column B.
Write the letter of your answer on the blank before the number.

A B
1. Amines A. RCOOR′
2. Esters B. RNH2
3. Formic acid C. HCOOH
4. Amides D. R–O–R′
5. Ethers E. CO-NH
 Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Recall that alkanes end with ane, alkeneswith ene and alkynes with yne.
Direction: Complete the table below.

Type of Bond (single,

Name of Hydrocarbon No. of Carbon Atoms
double, triple)
Methane
Propene
Butane
Ethyne
Hexene
Heptane
Propyne
Peptene
Propane
Hexane

Enrichment Card 2
Direction: Match the carbon compounds in Column A with their descriptions in Column B.
Write the letter from column B on the blank before each number in Column A.

A B

_____ 1. Alkane a. Ketone

_____ 2. Alkene b. Ethanol
_____ 3. Alkyne c. Aldehyde
_____ 4. Alcohol d. Ethyne
_____ 5. Aldehyde e. Formalin
_____ 6. Ketone f. Acetylene
g. Acetone
h. Butane
_____ 7. i. Propene
j. Alcohol
k. Hydrocarbon

_____ 8.

_____ 9.

_____ 10
 Reflection Card
Based from the previous activities and exercises, I want you to write your reflection in the
appropriate column of the table below. Fill this up for further discussions about the lesson.

Three things you’ve Two interesting facts One thing more you
learned from the you’ve appreciated want to know about
lesson from the lesson the lesson

Assessment Card
Assessment Card 1: Select Your Choice

Direction: Write the letter of the best answer on the blank before each number.

_____1. Lucy’s car stopped at the middle of the road. She found out that her car has ran out of fuel.
Which compound must she buy?
A. lubricating oil B. kerosene C. gasoline D. alcohol

2. One of the things we need to observe specially during this time of covid pandemic is to wash
our hands regularly. What should we use with our hands instead of washing?
A. acetone B. ethanol C. formalin D. kerosene

_____3. Which hydrocarbon compound has a double bond in the molecule?

A. ethane B. methane C. propene D. propyne

4. Which of the following is NOT an alcohol?

A. C.

B. D.

5. Which of the following is an alkene?

A. Methane C. Ethyne
B. Ethene D. Acetylene
Assessment Card 2: TRUE OR FALSE

Direction: Write TRUE on the blank before the number if the statement is right and FALSE
if it is wrong.

1. All hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen.

2. Methyl alcohol can be use as ingredient in beverages.
3. Formalin is used to preserve laboratory specimens.
4. Acetone is used to remove nail polish.
5. Acetylene is an alkene.

6. Alkane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

7. Kerosene can be used in cooking our food.
8. Isopropanol is NOT an alcohol.
9. LPG can be used to fuel vehicles.
10. Petroleum is a natural source of hydrocarbons.

Reference Card
Baguio, S.M., et.al. (2018). Breaking Through Science 9. Quezon City. C & E Publishing Inc. Pp. 145 –
155.
Learner’s Module in Science 9. Department of Education Textbook. Pp. 160 – 165. Practical Science 9.
Makati City. DIWA Textbook. DIWA Learning System Inc. 2018. Pp. 153 – 167.

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/describe- uses-organic-compounds-our-society
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformaj ors/chapter/amines-and-amides/
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-amide
 ASSESSMENT 1 Activity 3.3
1. C 1. B
2. B 2. A
3. C 3. C
4. A 4. E
5. B 5. D
ASSESSMENT 2 ENRICHMENT 2
1. TRUE 1. h
2. FALSE 2. i
3. TRUE 3. d
4. TRUE 4. b
5. FALSE 5. e
6. FALSE 6. g
7. TRUE 7. j
8. FALSE 8. a
9. TRUE 9. c
10. TRUE 10. k
Activity 2
Type of
# of Bond
Hydrocarbon (Single, (Saturated/ Prefix Suffix
Atom/s Double,
Triple)
Methane 1 Single Saturated Meth ane
Ethene 2 Double Unsaturated Eth ene
Propyne 3 Triple Unsaturated Prop yne
Enrichment 1
No. of Bonds (single, No. of Carbon
Name of Hydrocarbon
double, triple) Atoms
Methane Single 1
Propene Double 3
Butane Single 4
Ethyne Triple 2
Hexene Double 6
Heptane Single 7
Propyne Triple 3
Peptene Double 5
Propane Single 3
Hexane Single 6
Answer Card
 Title Card
Lesson 3: Getting to know…Organic Compounds

Guide Card
Introduction
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon and its derivatives,
regardless of source. Carbon is a tetravalent element and so it is able to form single, double and triple
bonds with other elements forming a wide range of molecules from simple hydrocarbons to large, complex
molecules, such as proteins and nucleotides.

Another property of organic compounds is isomerism. Isomers are compounds with similar
molecular formulas but with different structures or arrangements. This is also why there are numerous
organic compounds.

But, every kind of organic compound has specific properties or characteristics. Although these
compounds may show similarities in some properties, each of these compounds does not have exactly the
same properties.

In this lesson, you will be able to observe the properties of common organic compounds and relate
these properties to their uses. You will also learn why some organic compounds have their own specific
purposes.

Learning Competency
➢ Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms.

Subtask
➢ Explain the different properties of organic compounds: viscosity, volatility and flammability.

Activity Card
ACTIVITY 1: WORDS TO PONDER

This activity aims to let you recall few words you’ve learned during your previous studies in
science specifically about properties of matter, the chemical properties (can only be observed after
chemical change) and physical properties (can be observed using your senses). We will focus on some of
these observable properties.
Direction: Fill in the crossword puzzle. Be guided by the numbered clues.

Across

1. used to observe and describe matter

4. temperature at which liquid boils and turns to vapor
5. describes how easily a substance evaporates
6. involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
7. ability to be dissolved
8. non-metallic and tetravalent
9. ability of a chemical to burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion

Down

2. evident during, or after, a chemical reaction

3. temperature at which a given solid will melt
10. liquid's resistance to flow
ACTIVITY 2: Observe and Discover Part 1

______Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, vanillin, acetic acid, and ethyl alcohol are organic
compounds with different properties.
Gasoline, for example, has a strong odor, is volatile, and highly flammable.

In this activity, you will find out about the properties namely odor, viscosity, solubility, volatility
and flammability of some other common organic compounds. Odor is the smell of the compound. Every
compound has its own specific odor. Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. Solubility
is the ability to dissolve in a solvent. Volatility is the measure of the tendency of a compound to
evaporate or turn into gaseous state. Flammability is the measure of how a material easily burns.

A.Direction: Prepare four cotton balls. Wet one cotton ball with kerosene, one with ethanol, one
with acetone, and the last one with diesel oil. Describe their odors and take note of the time they evaporate.
Wet them again with the same compounds. Lit a fire on them and observe (record the time it burns
completely) their flammability. Spill a little volume of each compound on slanted board and notice their
viscosity. Lastly, mix a drop of each compound in water and observe. Write your observations in the table
below and answer the guide questions.

Flammability
Volatility
(time it takes
(the time it
Carbon the material Solubility
Odor takes the Viscosity
Compound to burn (Miscibility)
liquid to
completely)
evaporate)

Acetone

Ethyl
alcohol
Diesel oil

kerosene

Guide Questions:

1.Which material is most viscous? Most soluble in water?

2.Which materials are flammable? In what ways are these materials used?
3.Which liquid materials have strong odor and weak odor?
4.Why is it important to know the properties of these kinds of organic compounds?

Observe and Discover Part 2 (Comparing Hydrocarbons)

Direction: Prepare sheets of graphing paper, pen and ruler in doing this simple activity. Follow
the procedure below.

Procedure:

1.In your graphing paper, construct a bar graph showing the number of carbon atoms in each
hydrocarbon and its corresponding boiling point.
2.Place the number of carbon atoms in the x-axis and the boiling point in the y-axis. Use the table
below for the boiling point value of each hydrocarbon.
3.Repeat steps 1 and 2. This time, assign the melting point in the y-axis.
Some Common Alkanes

Number of
Molecular Melting Point Boiling Point
Alkane Carbon
Formula (0C) (0C)
Atoms
Methane CH4 1 -182.5 -161.6
Ethane CH3-CH3 2 -183.3 -88.6
Propane CH3-CH2-CH3 3 -189.7 -42.1
Butane CH3-(CH2)2-CH3 4 -138.3 -0.5
Pentane CH3-(CH2)3-CH3 5 -129.8 36.1
Hexane CH3-(CH2)4-CH3 6 -95.3 68.7
Heptane CH3-(CH2)5-CH3 7 -90.6 98.4
Octane CH3-(CH2)6-CH3 8 -56.8 125.7
Nanane CH3-(CH2)7-CH3 9 -53.5 150.8
Decane CH3-(CH2)8-CH3 10 -29.7 174.0

Guide Questions:

1. Which of theses hydrocarbons could possibly boil at room temperature?

2. Which hydrocarbons have the highest melting points, and which have the highest boiling points?
3. What can you infer about the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the boiling
point of each hydrocarbon?
4. What can you infer about the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the melting
point of each hydrocarbon?
5. If you were a chemical engineer tasked to separate the components of a complex mixture of
crude oil using fractional distillation, what information would you need to be able to extract
hydrocarbons form the mixture?

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
Let us have a recall about the finished lesson by doing the task below.

Direction: Rearrange the letters in each item to form a word. Use the given clue in each item.
Rewrite the word if it is a property and write an organic product for each property.

1. Measure of a fluid resistance to flow SICOTSYVI

2. Measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate TIVILOTYA __________________
3. Measure of how easily a material burns ALFYIBMIMALT ______________
4. Fuel for vehicles LIONAGES
5. Used as antiseptic THEONAL __________________
6. Used to remove nail polish ATECONE _________________
7. Used as component of vinegar ACACITEDCI _________________
8. Used in artificial odorants and Fragrances STEERS _________________
9. Used in hastening the ripening of fruits TEENYLACE ________________
10. 10. It is toxic and may cause blindness HOMENALT ________________
Answers:
Property Product

1.

2.

3.

Enrichment Card 2: Choose What is Right

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on the blank before the number.

1. A carboxylic acid present in most ants is .

A. Acetic acid C. Carbonic acid
B. Benzoic acid D. Formic acid
2. Which organic compound is used as a cleaning agent?
A. ethyl alcohol C. kerosene
B. gasoline D. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
3. Why should we tell young kids to refrain from playing with gasoline?
A. because gasoline is volatile C. because gasoline is viscous
B. because gasoline is flammable D. all of the above
4. Why is it important to know the properties of common liquid materials?
A. to know the possible danger from these kind of materials
B. to know how these liquids affect people
C. know the uses of the liquids
D. all of the above
5. Emmanuel accidentally cut his finger when he was cutting his nails. He has to apply
something on his wound so that it will not get infected.
Which compounds should he use?
A. acetone B. formalin C. isopropyl alcohol D. water

Reflection Card
Finish activities and exercises. Then, I want you to write your reflection in the appropriate column
of the table below. Fill this up for further discussions about the lesson.

Three things you’ve Two interesting facts One thing more you
learned from the you’ve appreciated want to know about
lesson from the lesson the lesson
 Assessment Card
Assessment 1: Select Your Choice

Direction: Write the letter of the best answer on the blank before each number.

1. Almost 95% of compounds are of carbon because they can form

A. single bonds C. triple bonds
B. double bonds D. multiple bonds

2. The viscosity of a hydrocarbon tells you .

A. how easily it flows C. about its boiling point
B. how easily it sets alight D. how long the hydrocarbon is

3. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable?

A. gasoline, acetone C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
B. LPG, kerosene D. water, ethyl alcohol

4. Why do you think it is prohibited to smoke in the vicinity of the gasoline station?
A. because gasoline is volatile C. because gasoline is flammable
B. because gasoline is viscous D. because gasoline is water-soluble

5. What is the common use of methane?

A. artificial ripening agent C. fertilizer
B. disinfectant D. fuel

6. Isomers are compounds with the same .

A. structure but different molecular formulas
B. molecular formulas but different structures
C. number of carbon atoms and the same structures
D. number of carbon atoms but different types of bonds

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about hydrocarbons?

A. insoluble in water
B. can be aliphatic and aromatic
C. insoluble in most organic solvents
D. produce carbon dioxide and water when burned

8. Carbon has a unique property as compared to other elements. Which of the following statements best
describes carbon?
A. exist only in graphites
B. has five valence electrons
C. does not exist in ring structure
D. can bond with another carbon atom in a single, doble and triple Bond

9. Which alkane will most likely have a very low boiling point?
A. propane B. pentane C. hexane D. butane

10. What happens to the boiling point of hydrocarbon compounds when the number of carbon atoms
increases?
A. decreases C. increases then decreases
B. increases D. remains the same
Assessment 2: TRUE OR FALSE

Direction: Write TRUE on the blank before the number if the statement is right and FALSE if it
is wrong.

1. Most organic compounds are flammable.

2. Alkanes contain only the non polar bonds of C-C and CH.
3. Organic compounds are always highly water soluble.
4. An increase in the number of carbon atoms in hydrogens decreases the boiling point.

5. The most common reaction of hydrocarbons is combustion.

6. Organic compounds have lower melting and boiling points than inorganic compounds.
7. Water is an organic compound.
8. Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn.

9. There is no danger on sniffing on gasoline.

10. Petroleum jelly is an organic compound.

Reference Card
Baguio, S.M., et.al. (2018). Breaking Through Science 9. Quezon City. C & E Publishing Inc. Pp. 145 –
155.
Learner’s Module in Science 9. Department of Education Textbook. Pp. 160 – 165.
Practical Science 9. Makati City. DIWA Textbook. DIWA Learning System Inc. 2018. Pp. 153 – 167.

https://quizlet.com/314972120/chp-12-flash-cards/ https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves
Assessment 2 Assessment 1
1. TRUE 1. D
2. TRUE 2. A
3. FALSE 3. B
4. FALSE 4. C
5. TRUE 5. C
6. TRUE 6. B
7. FALSE 7. C
8. TRUE 8. D
9. FALSE 9. A
10. TRUE 10. B
Enrichment 2 Enrichment 1
1. D
1. Viscosity – Petroleum jelly
2. C 2. Volatility - Acetone
3. Flammability - gasoline
3. B 4. Gasoline
5. Ethanol
6. Acetone
4. D
7. Acetic acid
8.Esters
5. C
9. Acetylene
10. Methanol
Answer Card
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,

San Fernando City, Pampanga

Landline: (045) 435-27-28

Email Address: pampanga@deped.gov.ph