EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAY WHITE

BEACH: A CASE STUDY

A Thesis

Submitted to

The Faculty of the Graduate School

Saint Columban College

Pagadian City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Arts in Education

Major in Educational Management

By

MYRENE D. OMAC

December 2020
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Approval Sheet

[Only for Thesis 2 after the oral defense, when you are ready
to submit your final copy before binding. Get from the Graduate School]
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Abstract

Omac, Myrene D. (2020). Earthquake and Tsunami Preparedness of Barangay White

Beach: A Case Study. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Saint Columban College,
Pagadian City.

This research seeks to investigate how prepared is Barangay White Beach in times of
earthquake and tsunami hazard under the National and City Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Standards and what improved barangay-based disaster risk reduction plan
can be formulated based on the findings of this study. To describe further how prepared is
barangay White Beach in terms of earthquake and tsunami, the compliance, activities,
accomplishments, the conduct of planning, execution of evacuation plan, and the
contributions of the focal person are being addressed by this study. DRRM focal persons
are considered as the participants of this study. It utilized the case study of Yin. It is
guided with interview guide questions which helped the researcher in the emergence of
the themes. The results of the study determined that Barangay White Beach are lacking in
preparation but they constantly reminding the people on the risk of earthquake and
tsunami. Moreover, it was found out that the DRRM focal person strives hard to
strengthen DRRM preparation and support all disaster risk reduction management
activities from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster activities. The study
recommended that the DRRM focal person should plan for disaster preparedness and
implement projects and programs for the barangay and executes different DRRM
activities for disaster preparedness and the safety and protection of the community in
connection to the disaster preparedness manual of city and municipalities.

Keywords: Disaster; Tsunami; Earthquake; DRR Preparedness; Vulnerability

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Acknowledgement

Finally, the enormous endeavor for the accomplishment of this work has to stop.

The hardship and sacrifices come to an end. But this work came to fulfillment of hopes

through the support of valuable persons who made significant contributions to its making.

The researcher would like to pay special thanks and appreciation to the people

who shared their precious time and effort, laudable knowledge and expertise, and whose

unwavering support and guidance had made this research undertaking possible:

Dr. Gilbert A. Celesio, Dean of the Graduate School and the concurrent Oral

Examination Committee Chairperson, for the recommendations and approval which

contributed to the development of this endeavor;

Dr. Genesis B. Naparan, Thesis Adviser for the professional and technical

expertise and guidance shared which led to the overall improvement of this research

work;

Dr. Ramil E. Ecot, the external expert, Mrs. Charlota A. Custodio, RN and Dr.

Mario F. Alayon, Oral Examination Committee Members, for the worthwhile suggestions

and recommendations which helped improve the study;

Danny B. Cordova, EdD, CESO VI, Schools Division Superintendent of the

Department of Education-Pagadian City Division, for allowing the researcher to conduct

her study in White Beach Elementary School, Pagadian City Division;

Mrs. Zolaika L. Sumusod, the school principal of White Beach Elementary

School, and Mr. Rey C. Rabanos, the barangay captain of White Beach, Pagadian City,
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for allowing the researcher to conduct her study in White Beach Elementary School,

Pagadian City Division and barangay White Beach as well as for having actively

participated in the said study;

To the participants of the study for their active involvement in the study and their

truthful responses to the interview guide questions provided to them by the researcher

during an interview.
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Dedication

This thesis is dedicated to my family, friends, workmates

and White Beach community
For their endless love, support, and encouragement.
Above all, to the most gracious and Heavenly Father who never gave up on me, his
blessings are always enormous.
Finally, this thesis is dedicated to all those who believe in the richness of learning.

The Researcher
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Table of Contents

Title Page…………………….....……………..………………………….………………. i
Approval Sheet....................................................................................................................ii
Abstract..............................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................iv
Dedication...........................................................................................................................vi
Table of Contents..............................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1..............................................................................................................................1
The Problem.....................................................................................................................1
Introduction..................................................................................................................1
The perspective of the Researcher................................................................................6
Theoretical Framework................................................................................................7
Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................9
Scope and Limitations of the Study...........................................................................10
Significance of the Study...........................................................................................11
Definition of Terms....................................................................................................12
Structure of the Thesis................................................................................................14
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................16
Review of Related Literature.........................................................................................16
Earthquake..................................................................................................................16
Tsunami......................................................................................................................17
Disaster.......................................................................................................................18
Disasters in Schools....................................................................................................20
Disaster Preparedness.................................................................................................23
Chapter 3............................................................................................................................30
Research Method............................................................................................................30
Research Design.........................................................................................................30
Research Environment...............................................................................................30
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Research Participants.................................................................................................33
Sampling Technique...................................................................................................33
Research Instruments.................................................................................................34
Data Gathering Techniques........................................................................................35
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................36
Ethical Considerations in Research............................................................................36
Chapter 4............................................................................................................................38
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data........................................................38
Earthquake and tsunami preparedness of Barangay White Beach.............................38
Activities of barangay White Beach for Earthquake and Tsunami preparation.........43
Accomplishments of barangay White Beach of earthquake and tsunami preparedness
....................................................................................................................................46
The conduct of BDRRM planning.............................................................................51
Contributions of barangay White Beach Disaster Risk Reduction Management focal
persons........................................................................................................................55
Chapter 5............................................................................................................................60
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations..........................................60
Summary of Findings.................................................................................................60
Conclusion..................................................................................................................62
Recommendations......................................................................................................63
References..........................................................................................................................65
Appendix A........................................................................................................................68
Appendix B........................................................................................................................71
Appendix C........................................................................................................................72
Appendix D – Plagiarism Scan Result...............................................................................76
Appendix E - Grammarly Result.…………………………………………………….... 77
Appendix F LISTO Disaster Preparedness Checklist........................................................78
Appendix G Action Plan to improve barangay-based risk reduction plan........................81
Curriculum Vitae...............................................................................................................84
 Chapter 1

The Problem

Introduction

“We cannot stop natural disasters, but we can arm ourselves with knowledge: so many
lives wouldn’t have to be lost if there was enough disaster preparedness.”
-Petra Nemcova
Disaster is “a serious disruption of the functioning of the community or a society

involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,

which exceeds the skill of the affected community or society to cope using its resources”

(Mehdi et al., 2017). It does not discriminate against race, gender, age, and places. It even

affects vulnerable groups like children, older people, women, and poor people often.

Specifically, children are the foremost vulnerable community members to disaster as they

need limited capacity and resources to deal with the emergency (Adiyoso & Kanegae,

2012). There is a public conversation that the foremost effective way of disaster

education should start at the extent of individual, family, school, and community.

The Philippines is one of the world's most disaster-prone nations due to its

location and natural attributes. The Philippines is situated within the pacific ring of fire

and it lies along a highly seismic area. Two major tectonic plates that found in a highly

prone earthquake and volcanic eruption where the country is being situated. And it is

located particularly in the western Pacific basin along the path of an average of 20

tropical cyclones annually (De Vera et al., 2018). As a result, most casualties and damage

to properties are caused by hydro-meteorological hazards, like a tsunami, floods, storm

surges, and river flow. On a recent Global Peace Index 2019, the Philippines is the most
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susceptible country to hazards brought about by climate change (ABSCBN, 2019).

Further, Natural Disasters pose serious risks to people especially the poor who are

severely constrained with the resources needed to prepare and plan for disaster impacts,

and who usually have the lowest capacity to respond (Agub, Turingan, & Office, 2017).

Earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the ground caused by the shifting of rocks deep

underneath the earth's surface. Earthquakes can happen without warning and can result in

injuries, damage to property, roads, and constructions. Earthquakes can cause fires,

tsunamis, landslides, or avalanches. And tsunami usually arrives after a strong earthquake

and happens without warnings. One of the biggest and worst effects of a tsunami is the

cost to human life because unfortunately escaping a tsunami is nearly impossible.

Hundreds and thousands of people are killed by tsunamis. Since 1850 alone, tsunamis

have been responsible for the loss of more than 430,000 lives. There is very little warning

before a tsunami hits land. As the water rushes toward land, it leaves very little time to

map an escape plan.

When earthquake and tsunami occurred, people are defenseless because it cannot

be avoided nor predicted even in highly developed countries throughout the world. Some

people are not prioritizing the hazardous activities in the community even it is a way of

reducing risk when tsunami and earthquakes happen. Most people living in coastal

regions, towns, and villages have no time to escape. Preparedness for disasters is critical

for households, businesses, and communities, but many remain unprepared. As recent

disasters serve to highlight the need for individual responsibility, local coordination, and

continuity plans to ensure the ability to respond to and recover from major events, the
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federal government has prioritized national preparedness as a goal without developing a

system to achieve and maintain it (Sutton & Tierney, 2006).

Natural disasters able children to fail in education and are empty, a secure place to

be in a damaging situation. One-fourth of the school-age children around the world over

five hundred million lives in a nation littered with humanitarian crises, like catastrophes,

disputes, and even disease outbreaks. In March 2018, there was an earthquake happening

in Papua New Guinea that destroys a school building, and there were ten thousand

children who experience discontinuance of their education. On the Indonesian island of

Lombok last August 2018, there was a forceful earthquake in which plenty of schools

have extensively damaged on the best-liked tourist island.

A 15- year-old high-school student from Davao del Sur province was confirmed

dead after being hit by a hollow block during a 6.6 magnitude earthquake strikes

Southern Philippine Island (Gutierrez & Mullany, 2019). The people make a quick exit in

panic away from their respective houses and caused a meaningful structural accident to

constructions, including the school buildings (Philippine News, 2019). An earthquake can

and does occur when students and teachers are in a class building. Also, the common

severe effect of an earthquake is clearly when children and teachers are wounded or

killed, but whether in class when an earthquake happens, education is disrupted if the

school building is broken (Adityarup, 2017).

The school plays a significant role in giving part in disaster awareness in the

community. Efforts were made specializing in the way to build school disaster

preparedness plans, drills, and several other activities that are a practice by the teachers

and students. School has several functions in disaster risk reduction, including facilitating
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and cooperating with neighborhoods, improving the community’s capacity, center for

evacuation shelter when a disaster occurs, and providing a model of an earthquake-proof

school building to the city (Adiyoso & Kanegae, 2012).

Promoting and nurturing household disaster preparedness is significant. It reduces

the danger of injury and damage within a household. It facilitates a capability for

addressing the temporary disruption related to hazard activity; the upkeep of

preparedness over time is crucial to sustaining individual resilience (Paton, 2003). Being

prepared for a significant disaster is that the most uncomplicated thanks to minimizing

the damage suffered by the affected population (Muttarak, et al. 2013). Preparedness is

needed and essential as effective preparedness helps not to lose a life, decreasing cost,

property destruction will be limit and can reduce all styles of disruptions when there is a

disaster (Said, et al. 2011). Sometimes, people who have a lack of understanding of what

is a tragedy usually resulted in not feeling safe all the time (Cvetković et al., 2015). There

is a requirement for more information drive about tsunami and earthquakes in the school

and where we live.

Preparedness actions are associated with both the perception of the danger and an

individual's capacity to require protective work and responses (Muttarak, et al. 2013).

Within the leisure, even within the present, the globe had experienced a significant global

increase within the force and repetitiveness of maximum weather events like floods,

scarcity, and hurricane, which are wanted to extend even further warmer climate

(Hoffmann & Muttarak, 2017). To lessen the impact of disasters on exposed populations,

to ready a corporation for an introduction of activity, and to style an organized plan that

reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts are simply the goal of disaster
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preparedness. Disaster preparedness has the potential to save the maximum number of

lives and property during a disaster. And it aims to return the affected populations into

reasonable conditions as much as possible, for we experience different hazards in the

world today. As floods, earthquakes, an act of terrorism, an eruption of a volcano,

hurricane, tornado, or fire, and there have also been armed conflicts between other

countries. Such an identified situation has the potential to form chaos and confusion

among people; generally, children are the foremost affected ones.

According to the history of the Philippines that since the 1600s, the highest one

deadliest recorded earthquake in Mindanao happened last August 16, 1976, with a

magnitude of 8.0. The tremor was the most strongly felt in the cities and towns

surrounding the Moro Gulf, particularly Cotabato City, which now hosts the regional

center of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Pagadian City

specifically in White Beach and nearby barangays. What made the 1976 Moro Gulf

Quake most devastating, however, was not just the degree of earth-shaking. With its

epicenter near the town of Lebak in Sultan Kudarat, in a region of the Celebes Sea where

thousands of people died, including those missing and were never found, making it the

most disastrous tsunami to hit the Philippines. An estimated 4,791 people died, 2,288

were missing, and 9,928 were injured while Pagadian City recorded a complete of 746

individuals (447 dead and 229 missing). Consistent with reports, the earthquake recorded

around 16:10 UTC. The main reason behind the massive number of casualties in times of

the scenario can be applied to the very fact that the quake happened just after midnight

when the people were sleeping, and an enormous tsunami has spawned, struck the coasts

from different directions, and caught the people unaware. People are not ready for the
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calamity, and they floated in the water, some died while sleeping, and some people

survived.

Disasters that happened in the past are not impossible might be happening

similarly within the present. It is the core reason why this study arises. Specifically,

barangay White Beach was once a victim or an experienced barangay in the city wherein

thousands of residences died, and some were survived. Accordingly, plenty of dead

bodies were lined up in the Plaza Luz, Pagadian. Thus, this study aimed to explore and

determine the earthquake and tsunami preparedness of Barangay White Beach, Pagadian

City. The researcher would like to focus only on their ways of preparing for earthquakes

and tsunami and the need of enhancing disaster preparedness. This research is going to be

useful and applicable for the varsity and community groups chargeable for public

education campaigns, business continuity programs, and emergency responders, likewise

for people who have an interest in developing disaster preparedness.

The perspective of the Researcher

The researcher is a natural-born Filipino from Sumadat, Dumalinao, Zamboanga

Del Sur. She was born on January 6, 1997, and was raised by her mother, Mrs.

Concepcion D. Omac since her father died when she was nine years old. She is a graduate

of Bachelor in Elementary Education, with the area of concentration in General

Education at Western Mindanao State University – ESU, Pagadian City last April 2017.

She passed the Board Licensure Examination for Professional teachers in November

2017 in Pagadian City. While waiting for the BLEPT result, she worked as an Associate

Review Director in Powerhouse Review Center. Afterward, she tried to experience

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teaching in the prestigious private school in the city, Pagadian Golden School and

Learning Center just for a year. Last January 7, 2019, she was hired as Teacher I of

Department of Education in Pagadian City Division and was given teaching assignment

in White Beach Elementary School, barangay White Beach, Pagadian City.

The researcher is currently a Grade VI adviser at White Beach Elementary

School, Pagadian City. The researcher took a Master of Arts in Education major in

Educational Management, for she believed that it would help the school and, therefore,

the people living within the community. The researcher wanted to pursue her study

because she experienced an earthquake inside the classroom while teaching, strong

winds, and heavy rain while riding a boat in the middle of the sea. She was afraid of

going to school if there have been typhoons and torrential rains because there have been

strong waves. In the year 1976, it happened to possess a midnight killer Muro gulf

tsunami within the area of Cotabato, Zamboanga, and Pagadian City where thousands of

individuals died. It can be the most reason for getting this type of study, where it is very

applicable to the school where she currently teaches and to the community. It is a way to

be prepared in times of earthquake and tsunami. Furthermore, the researcher wants to

pursue a master’s degree course to expound her knowledge of the different techniques on

disaster preparedness.

Theoretical Framework

This study anchors to the Republic Act 10121, an act "Strengthening the

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and institutionalizing National

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Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for

other purposes". The framework dreams of a rustic which Filipino communities will be

safe, having a capacity to adapt, and resilient to disasters apt sustainable development.

Filipinos aspire to possess a chance to be preventive rather than coincident, to be

proactive and not a reactive DRRM where ladies and gents boost their awareness. Know

DRRM together with the top insight of increasing the resilience of people, decreasing the

people's vulnerabilities, empower leaders' neighborhoods, and create the "right" way of

thinking. There is a positive change of behavior towards reducing and addressing risks

and mitigating the consequences of disasters. Because of this, both private and public

schools everywhere the country made an action plan, conducts training and seminars,

drills and made a practical plan for all the schools in times of disaster that targets to

assure the protection of the students, staff, and their families if there is an emergency.

Preparedness for disasters and emergencies at individual, school, community, and

organizational levels can be more practical tools in mitigating (the growing incidence)

and enhancing their impacts. It is to play more significant roles in disaster risk reduction

(DRR). Preparedness efforts concentrate on changing human behaviors in ways that

reduce the chance of individuals and increase their ability to address hazard

consequences. This study linked to the mental model approach to risk research (Morgan

& Ranger, 2002). This model focuses on the analysis of disaster risk preparation among

experts and other stakeholders. Considering the knowledge of stakeholders, this model

tries to eliminate misconceptions because it tries to clarify the relationships of the various

knowledge about disaster risk preparation. This model is applicable during this study as

this aims at preparing the school and the barangay for unforeseen disasters such as
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earthquakes and tsunami mainly when these occur during school hours while students are

in their classrooms and the people living in the community were unprepared.

Disaster Education by Glenn Fernandez founds out that disaster education has its

different dimensions, from school, family, to community education. Since then, education

is a process that needs to be embedded at different levels of management and practice to

collectively reduce risk. While in school education is the foundation of the knowledge

cycle, for effective knowledge use a link between school and community education is

required. Education is linked to awareness, and a key reflection of education is seen in

terms of actions. Glenn Fernandez was an associate professor from Sichuan University,

Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction (IDMR). He was also a researcher,

Grant for Global Sustainability (GGS) Project in Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan.

Disaster education is practiced in different countries in different forms, based on local

socioeconomic and cultural contexts. This can be useful to this study because it focuses

on the school and in White Beach community to raise awareness and to manage disaster

risk.

Statement of the Problem

The study assessed the earthquake and tsunami preparedness of barangay White

Beach. It aimed at gathering relevant answers to the following central questions:

1. Based on the National and City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards,

how prepared is Barangay White Beach in times of earthquake and tsunami?

In exploring the answers for the central questions, the following sub-questions are

because of this raised:

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1. How compliant is barangay White Beach to the DRRM standards?

2. What are the activities of barangay White Beach for earthquake and tsunami

preparation?

2. What are the accomplishments of barangay White Beach in terms of earthquake

and tsunami preparedness?

3. How does the local government unit of barangay White Beach conduct DRRM

planning?

4. How do the focal persons execute the evacuation plan in times of earthquake and

tsunami?

5. What are the contributions of barangay White Beach Disaster Risk Reduction

Management focal persons to improve the community-based disaster risk

reduction plan?

6. Based on the findings, what improved barangay-based disaster risk reduction plan

can be formulated?

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope and limitation of the study involved the following parameters that

projected to delineate this study from other studies in the field and to find its rightful

place in the vast area of educational and behavioral research.

Subject Matter. This study was focused on the earthquake and tsunami

preparedness of barangay White Beach, Pagadian City.

Research Environment and Timeline. This study was conducted in barangay

White Beach, Pagadian City. School Year 2020-2021.

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Research Participants. The research participants of this study were the focal

persons for disaster preparation in the barangay and the school such as the barangay

council, school principal, DRRM and First Aid Coordinator, Incident Risk Team, PTA

officers, and other stakeholders.

Research Design. This study utilized in qualitative research, particularly the Case

Study design of Yin (2014).

Research Instrument. The primary instrument of this research was the researcher

aided by the interview guide. This was made use of documents that are available in the

barangay, in the locality as well as pictures in the area and nearby places.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study brought benefits to everyone who is nearest to the sea and

experienced different disasters.

Teachers. The study would provide immediate action and response to the things

to be done when there is a disaster.

Pupils. The study would give awareness on what to do and how to do it when the

disaster comes.

Parent-Teacher Association. The study would give an idea to implement different

activities such as drills, training, seminar, and symposia regarding disaster preparedness

to the school.
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Administrators. The study would provide information on disaster preparedness,

especially in disaster-prone areas. They would give training, seminars, and workshops to

the selected schools for disaster preparedness. It would find other linkages to support the

disaster preparedness of the school.

Other researchers. The result of the study would serve as a basis for future

researchers who are interested in the disaster preparedness of their schools. It also served

as baseline information for them to conduct the same study having other variables,

research instruments, and validate this study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were used extensively in this study and taken according to

the definition given below:

Earthquake. It was defined as the shaking of a part of the Earth's surface that

often causes huge damage to man-made and natural resources.

Tsunami. It refers to the large wave in the ocean that is usually caused by an

earthquake under the sea and can result in great destruction when it reaches land.

Hazard. It mainly the source of danger specifically tsunami and earthquake as

natural hazards that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and

economic disruption, or environmental degradation.

Disaster. It is defined as a rapid incident, like a natural calamity or an accident

that causes enormous damage or death (New Oxford Dictionary of English, 2013).
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Disaster Risk Reduction. It refers to the concept and application of decreasing the

risk of disaster through systematic exertion to research and reduce the causal factors of

disasters.

NDRRM Standards. It refers to the standards from the national risk reduction

management that followed by the barangay disaster risk reduction management council

(BDRRMC) and have the same goal to achieve.

Disaster Preparedness. It refers to the concrete actions that secure resources

needed to hold out an efficient response are accessible before a disaster and initiate a

movement that raises awareness and equip learners with valuable information and skill

that are necessary for addressing the impact of hazards.

Disaster Response. It refers to the actual disaster response of the community upon

assessing the requirements for different operations until the community will recover.

Vulnerability. It refers to the conditions determined by physical, social, economic,

and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community

to the impact of hazards specifically in barangay White Beach.

Exposure. It means that Barangay White Beach is exposed to earthquakes and

tsunami which the community is surrounded by the sea.

School Preparedness. It refers to the action or activities made within the school

on how able the school in times of disaster.

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Barangay White Beach. It can be where the case was conducted. It is the locale of

the study.

Evacuation Routes. It refers to the routes of the Evacuation Center.

Safe Evacuation Zone. It refers to the secure location of the victims in times of

disaster.

Participants. It refers to the fifteen (15) selected focal persons of DRRM in

barangay White Beach, such as the barangay officials, school principal, school incident

risk team, PTA Officials, residents before 1976, and other stakeholders.

Structure of the Thesis

The study consists of five chapters: Chapter 1 The Problem, Chapter 2 Review of

Related Literature, Chapter 3 Research Methods, Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data, and Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and

Recommendations.

Chapter 1 includes the background of the study, and the perspective of the

researcher explained. In this chapter, the problem introduced, consists of a statement of

the problem, aims and objectives, conceptual framework, scope and limitation, the

significance of the study, the definition of terms, and the structure of the thesis.

Chapter 2 presents a review of the literature that relates to the problem of the

study. The thesis used is written works that provide background information on the topic.

There are also citations of related studies that support this study.
 15

Chapter 3 covers the research methodology, and it discusses the experimental

approach. It also explains the advantages of the design of the research. This chapter also

defines the research method used for the study. It describes the environment where the

study is conducted, the research subject, type of data. These include the source of data

and the gathering of techniques.

Chapter 4 includes the presentation of the analysis and the interpretation of the

data. As the data are required, they are then analyzed and interpreted in such that the

results are used for drawing conclusions and recommendations.

Chapter 5 presents the findings, conclusion, and recommendation of the study.

The findings are based on the result of the interpretation, data analysis, researcher,

outcomes, and suggestions for reference and future research.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter reviews the literature related to the earthquake and tsunami

preparedness of barangay White Beach, which will provide bases for the interpretation of

the data that shall gather later.

Earthquake

Earthquakes often occur without any warning, which can make people the most

feared and unpredictable natural phenomena. On average, two earthquakes of magnitude

eight are reported to occur globally every year. Earthquakes disrupt the normal patterns

of life in a community. Earthquake as a hazard is beyond human control, therefore the

only way to reduce risk is increasing the capacity of potential victims to cope with the

impact of potential earthquake (Jimee, et al., 2012).

As per records, from National Geophysical Data Center since March 19, 1951 to

the present the Philippines encountered 100 destructive earthquakes and 2 000

earthquakes every year but most of them are weak and not too destructive. According to

the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, the most severe and destructive

earthquake experienced in the Philippines known as Casiguran Earthquake happened last

August 02, 1968, with an intensity of VIII in the Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale rocked the

town of Casiguran, Aurora. Where two hundred seventy persons were killed and two

hundred sixty-one were injured because of the earthquake. A six-story building in

Binondo, (Ruby Tower) Manila collapsed instantly during the quake while several major

buildings near Binondo and Escolta are in Manila sustained varying levels of structural
 17

damages. The cost of property damage was several million dollars. Extensive landslides

and large fissures were observed in the mountainous part of the epicentral area. In the

recent times last December 15, 2019, in Mindanao particularly in Davao City

encountered a 6.8 magnitude earthquake, plenty of people died, and damage of properties

increases.

Tsunami

Tsunami is a Japanese word for "large harbor wave," which refers to a series of

large water waves produced by a sudden vertical displacement of water. Tsunamis are

among the most terrifying natural hazards known to man and have been responsible for

the tremendous loss of life and property throughout history. According to Wikipedia

tsunami is a natural disaster that is a series of fast-moving waves in the ocean caused by

powerful earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or simply an asteroid or a meteor

crash inside the ocean. It has a very long wavelength and can be hundreds of kilometers

long. The destructive power of a large tsunami is colossal, and it takes several years to

rebuild the damaged settlements and infrastructure. Because of their destructiveness, a

tsunami has an important dangerous impact on the human, social, and economic sectors

of our societies.

Last August 17, 1976, the coastal districts of Santa Lucia, Santiago, San Pablo,

San Roque, and White Beach Barangay in Pagadian City were hardest hit by a tsunami.

Almost all the houses along the coast within 500 meters inland were destroyed. Some

houses made of reinforced concrete hollow blocks were able to withstand the force of the

waves and served as protection to other houses made of light materials. The approach to
 18

the Pagadian City wharf settled down, causing cracks in the slabs of the approach area

and the concrete deck. The five-story reinforced concrete building of Saint Columban

College had noticeable cracks in the masonry infilled walls. Shear cracks in two columns

were observed at the junction. Just after the earthquake stopped, the sea, stirred by the

powerful movement of the earthquake, swelled, and moved away from the coastline for

about three kilometers. About ten minutes later, it roared back to the shore and beyond in

three succeeding waves soaring as high as the treetops according to some reports. The sea

unloaded its fury on everything near the shore. Houses and properties along the coastal

beaches of Lanao del Sur and Pagadian were practically washed out. Bits of houses

littered the sea and bodies littered the shore. The casualties and victims of the tsunami

numbered thousands in region 9 covers Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga

City, Basilan, and Sulu while region 12 covers the areas of Sultan Kudarat,

Maguindanao, Cotabato City, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte.

Disaster

According to the International Federation of Red Cross, the accident may be an

unexpected and destructive event that severely interrupts the performing community and

causes loss of life, livelihood, property, and environmental destruction that go beyond the

ability of the society to cope utilizing its resources. Disaster can also split into a natural

or human-made disaster but all of them can slash funds, lives, and even dreams of an

individual.

A natural disaster is simply a phenomenon that may cause thousands of life

losses, damage of property, livelihood and services destruction, environmental damage,

 19

social and economic disruptions. Earthquakes, landslides, eruptions of the volcano,

floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all-natural that may

kill thousands of lives. It destructs billions of property and territory every year, while

human-instigated calamity is the effect of technological or human hazards. Stampedes,

fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear

explosions or nuclear radiation, war, and deliberate attacks are some examples of human

hazards. Other types of induced calamities involve the more cosmic scenarios of

catastrophic global warming, nuclear war, and bioterrorism.

In the time of Ferdinand Marcos last 1976, there have been plenty of disasters that

happened, including the Moro Gulf earthquake that unexpectedly came to the islands of

Mindanao and Sulu. It is calculated as being as high as 8.0 on the instant magnitude

scale. In keeping with some reports, the earthquake recorded around 16:10 UTC and

there have been 5, 000 people who died during the earthquake, followed by a tsunami. It

affects 700 kilometers of coastline, including Zamboanga City, Pagadian City, and Lebak

in Sultan Kudarat Cotabato City. Throughout the cities, Pagadian City noted a total of

746 casualties, there are 447 dead and 229 missing while Zamboanga City recorded 198

victims (111 dead and 87 missings). It might happen again if we have lower actions in the

preparation. Amid 2000 – 2009, more than 85 percent of the people reported littered with

catastrophe goes to the Asia- Pacific Region, where most of its international development

assistance provided by Australia (International Federation of Red Crescent, World

Disaster Report, 2010).

 20

Underdeveloped countries experience the best costs when a disaster strikes -

greater than 95 percent of all casualties caused by hazards occur in growing nations. As a

percentage coming from Gross Domestic Product, there were 20 times greater from

developing countries compared to industrialized countries that lost exactly from natural

hazards. (New Oxford Dictionary of English, 2013). Disasters are a fact of life within the

Philippines. A socially and economically vulnerable population combines with one of the

world's most hazardous landmasses to form disasters a frequent life experience (Bankoff

& Hilhorst, 2009). Disaster often follows natural hazards. The severity of an apocalypse

hangs on what quantity of effects a risk has on society and the environment. The

dimensions of the impact successively depend on the alternatives we make in our lives

and for the environment. It bonds to where we build our homes, how we increase our

food, what kind of government we have, mainly how our financial set up operates.

Disasters in Schools

The right to education without fear of violence or attack a child must experience.

But accelerating numbers of kids have an experience that their school serves as an

evacuation center, being damaged by different disasters, or maybe bombed by military

forces all over the world. Natural disasters can mean children miss out on vital education

and are bereft of a secure place to be in very traumatic situations. Alberto Muyot, the

Chief Executive Officer for Save the Youngsters Philippines, once said that “Children are

not just little adults; they require specific support to satisfy their emotional and

psychological needs. Infants, toddlers, and children require special care and supplies

during and after disasters.”

 21

About 75 million school-age children are either not receiving a quality education

or having at risk of dropping out of school altogether (Briggs, 2018). Because they do not

have places for learning, they are in danger of child labor, teenage pregnancy, being used,

and recruit by the armed groups. During 2013 and 2017, there have been over 12, 700

attacks on places of education that over 21 000 students and teachers in a minimum of 70

countries were harmed and killed.

Charity made some announcement that the Philippines Department of Education

reported a minimum of one hundred seventy schools suffered flooding and almost two

thousand classrooms were damaged and useless. The National Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Council assessed the Provinces of Bohol, Cebu, Iloilo, Negros

Occidental, and Leyte that over 2, 000 homes and damage to seaports, airports, churches,

government or public buildings, hospitals, and private establishments in the city have

been damaged and destroyed. The Department of Education - disaster risk reduction and

management office made an action. It announced that the classes in Cebu City and the

whole of Bohol were suspended for they suffered the foremost severe impacts. For the

possible resumption of classes, the higher authorities with the team now assessed the

buildings' safety and alternative classrooms in the affected areas. And for this, the

standard of education has been disrupted, under fire, and battered by natural disasters. A

lot of children have not experienced safe, non-violent, inclusive, and even effective

learning environments in the school (Briggs, 2018).

In Syria, they suffered seven long and bloody years of conflict that ruins their

country where thousands of people were killed, injured, panic, and were traumatized. The
 22

way forward for innumerable children doubtful. Over 8 million school-age children are

full of the war, and 6 million of them were from Syria, and there were 2.6 million

registered refugees from other countries, and others were still not enrolled to study.

Around twenty-one thousand students and teachers during the attacks of schools and

universities were involved and were damaged and injured. They were the first target in

bombings, airstrikes, kidnapping, bullying, sexual harassment, and getting them to join

armed groups. A 7.5- magnitude earthquake ruins Papua New Guinea last March 2018,

destructing school buildings and destroying the dreams of ten thousand kids. Last August

2018, a strong earthquake devastated the island of Lombok located in Indonesia, where a

legion of schools on the favored tourist island was fully damaged. Last September, over a

meg studying children, were affected by a super typhoon Mangkhut because there have

been 4 300 schools that were not available, compromise, and others were used as shelters.

Last January 14, 2019, when the Taal volcano continues to erupt, 60 km from the capital

Manila, a lot of children were forced to leave their homes and evacuate into safe areas.

Some experienced hunger and disease in cramped, and mainly they were no longer in

school, for they were the victims of erupting volcano. As identified by the Philippine

Government, there were twenty-one children who live nearly in Taal volcano leave their

homes to lessen the risk. Recently, on October 16, 2019, a 6.3 – magnitude deadly

earthquake strikes the island of Mindanao, considered the second powerful earthquake,

and hit about 60 miles southwest of Davao City, the capital of Mindanao, and was

centered in Tulunan in Cotabato Province, according to the United States Geological

Survey and Philippine officials. Davao has 1.6 million folks where most people were
 23

panic, running away from their homes and caused damage to structures to assemble and

killing a minimum of seven people (Gutierrez & Mullany, 2019).

Community and the school premise play a significant function in raising

community awareness and actual actions for disaster reduction. Future disaster education

in school should be integrated into every subject and aims to promote active learning to

students. Continuous community involvement is an essential factor for school disaster

education (Shiwaku, 2007). Community- based disaster preparedness (CBDP) approaches

are crucial elements of vulnerability reduction and disaster management strategies, for

they are related to a policy trend that prioritizes the knowledge and capacities of local

people and builds on local resources (Allen, 2006).

Keeping students and teachers safe during disasters and ensuring that education

minimally disrupted after seismic events are simple goals with complex solutions. There

is a school program that provides the security of the students, staff, and their families

when the disaster came and that they are the school disaster management. Some schools

are generally prepared to assist students when disasters hit, but it is still a decent idea for

students equipped with emergency kits, first aid, and what to do before, during, and after

a disaster.

Disaster Preparedness

Preparedness is important and essential because effective preparedness helps

saves lives, reduce injuries, limit property loss, and minimize all sorts of disruptions that
 24

disasters cause (Said, 2011). Preparing for a disaster can substantially minimize loss and

damages from natural hazards. Disaster preparedness is actions that will secure any

necessary resources that will accomplish an effective and efficient response that are

available ahead of disaster happens. It is both a condition and a choice. On the other

hand, knowledge of catastrophe is a qualification for learning their contingent

management. The opportunity of capacities to create is directly proportional to the degree

of disaster risk reduction, which the researchers may deem acceptable or tolerable to a

particular community. Disaster preparedness is a matter of development and adaptations

such as having a stock of food and water, a household emergency plan including the

preparation of emergency kit to lessen the risk or injury and damage in a disaster (Najafi,

et. al., 2017).

Preparedness is anticipatory activities such as planning, resource identification,

warning system, training, risk communication, public awareness, and education, and

exercising which are undertaken to improve the safety and effectiveness of a community's

response during a disaster (Said, 2011). Disaster Preparedness receives the key to

strategic actions that give importance to activities that will revolve around the knowledge

and awareness of the community, contingency planning, conduct a local drill, and the

growth of a national disaster response plan. Risk-related information coming from the

prevention and mitigation aspect are programs used to aware of the community in

disaster preparedness.

For more than twenty years, disasters have inclined 4.4 billion individuals,

causing $2 trillion of people harm, and 1.3 million people killed. These losses have
 25

surpassed the full worth of official development assistance in the same period. Natural

disasters cannot affect people living equally in developing countries and also the most

open communities within those countries. Over 95 percent of individuals who died

because of natural disasters are from underdeveloped countries (Extreme Weather and

Natural Disasters, 2012).

It has been said by some, that when disaster strikes, the time to organize has

passed. Risk Perception is substantially related to disaster preparedness because people

must perceive a risk to be motivated to initiate preparedness actions (Muttarak &

Pothisiri, 2013). Self-education is effective in realizing the importance of implementing

measures. However, some scale demonstrates unproductive, and may they become a

source of increased vulnerability when severe events occur. For instance, the building and

structures for where we live and even in our workplace often come agents of death,

injury, and damage when wind, water, or ground shaking cause them to fail (Perry, et. al.,

2015). Consistent with a man of science, if we fail to organize, we are preparing to fail.

And it can damage plenty of property and destroy lives. In Indonesia, their most wanted

concern is that the psychosocial wellbeing of children, they need teams that provide

psychological care to children, further direct the teachers to create and organized a

psychosocial support activity in the curriculum to diminished trauma.

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan are first mentioned

in (e), Section 3-Declaration of Policy of the IRR of R.A. No. 10121:

“It is the policy of the State to develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. It aims to strengthen the
 26

capacity of the national government and local government units, along with partner

stakeholders, to create the disaster resilience of communities, and – to institutionalize the

arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected global climate

change risks, and to enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities the least bit

levels”. R.A. No. 10121 provides a strong legal and institutional basis for DRRM in the

country and gives a boost to the development of policies and plans, implementation of

actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management,

including good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and

awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective

response and early recovery. The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas such as disaster

prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and disaster

rehabilitation and recovery, which correspond to the structure of the National Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC).

In the No. 2 Priority Area of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan, disaster preparedness is about to "establish and strengthen capacities

of communities to anticipate, cope and get over from the negative impacts of emergency

occurrences and disasters." The core mission of the World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) in Disaster Risk Reduction. WMO has its scientific and technical programs and

its network of Global Meteorological Centers and Regional Specialized Meteorological

and Climate Centers will provide scientific and professional services. This program

involves observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting, and early warning of a broad range

of weather, climate, and water-related hazards. Disasters are associated with

meteorological, hydrological, and climate hazards. It caused remarkable life and dreams
 27

losses and set back again the development of social and economic by years, if not

decades. In the middle of 1980 and 2007, jointly, seven thousand five hundred natural

disasters all over the world took the lives of over two million individuals and produced

losses in economic. And it was assessed at over 1.2 trillion US dollars. With this, 90

percent of the natural disasters, 71 percent of casualties, and 78 percent of economic

losses caused by weather, climate, water-related hazards. Such as droughts, floods,

windstorms, tropical cyclones, storm surges, extreme temperatures, landslides, and

wildfires, and some are of health epidemics and insect infestations. These are linked

directly to meteorological and hydrological conditions. More than five decades in the

past, economic losses associated with hydro-meteorological hazards have accelerated, but

the human toll has fallen dramatically. It often due to scientific advances in forecasting,

combined with proactive disaster risk reduction policies and tools, including contingency

planning and early warning systems in a very number of high-risk countries (World

Meteorological Organization, 2011).

The Department of the Interior and Local Government as Vice Chair for Disaster

Preparedness of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council was one

of the government agencies that spearhead advocacy programs for building disaster-

prepared and resilient local government units and communities. Last October 2014 the

DILG has been doubling its efforts to mitigate and reduce the impact of disasters so they

formulated Operation LISTO manual, a national advocacy program for disaster

preparedness that guides LGUs and DILG personnel on actions they need to take before,

during and after a disaster. It also aims to strengthen the capacity and level of

preparedness of LGUs through the LISTO teams in national and local governments.
 28

There were three general actions for early preparations; create and institutionalize

structure, systems, policies, and plans, build competencies, and mobilize resources. It has

been stated in the programs that the barangay captain should create and strengthen the

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC), formulate, and

implement the BDRRMP, use the BDRRMP template and quality assurance tool,

formulate a contingency plan for each hazard, create and enact barangay ordinances on

disaster risk reduction-climate change adaptation (DRR-CCA) and conduct regular

unclogging of canals. LGUs can carry out actions, conduct trainings, and acquire

resources for an early preparation in every earthquake and tsunami prone barangays in

the city of Pagadian. They need to follow the Checklist of Minimum Critical

Preparedness Actions that provides only the minimum actions to be undertaken by

mayors and their teams. Local chief executives, together with their LDRRMOs, are

encouraged to do more and adapt the checklist to local context and conditions. They also

should undertake careful planning and preparation based on local hazard and disaster

risks as well as the results of their regular monitoring (Local Government Academy &

Department of the Interior and Local Government, 2014). DRRM programs in the

barangay must be connected to the city disaster risk reduction management.

UNESCO has promoted Education for Disaster Risk Reduction at a variety of

international events, including the workshop on “ESD and disaster Risk Reduction,

building disaster-resilient societies”, organized during the 2009 Bonn Conference on

ESD (UNESCO, 2011).

 29

For Martires, C.R. (2011), a social structure is “a complex and dynamic set of

relationships among its actors interacting with each other.” Thus, R.A. No. 10121

acknowledges the requirement to “adopt a disaster risk reduction and management

approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socio-

economic and environmental impacts of disasters including global climate change.

Promotes the involvement and participation of all sectors and everyone stakeholder

concerned, the least bit levels, especially the area of people.”

Schools are densely populated places that will have youths and little children,

who are among the first vulnerable groups in society. It has been proven time and again

that in disasters, schools and school children are the most affected. It is vital to possess a

School Disaster Management Plan to measure the vulnerability of the school. Schools, if

better prepared for disasters, may play a lead role within the community in responding to

emergencies. Therefore, the school, as an integral part of society, has the responsibility

towards its immediate locality for the security of its members, even as the neighboring

community linked to the varsity (Ministry of Education Human Resource Development

Solomon Islands, 2011).

Based on the review of related literature, it has been found that there is a shortage

of materials related to disaster preparedness. However, this research would like to focus

on the readiness of a coastal barangay in times of earthquake and tsunami hazard. Hence,

this study proposed to target the earthquake and tsunami preparedness of barangay White

Beach.
 30

Chapter 3

Research Method

This chapter presents the research method of the study. It includes discussion on

the research design and research methods covering the research environment, research

participants, sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering technique, data

analysis, and ethical considerations in research.

Research Design

This study utilized qualitative research, particularly a case study design of Yin

(2014). A case study was defined as "an empirical inquiry that investigates an up-to-date

phenomenon (the 'case') in-depth and with its real-world context" (p. 16). It was address

how or why questions concerning the event of interest. It was useful for testing whether

scientific theories and models work in the real world. It always referred to studying

personal and reporting their lived experience because it was related to the phenomenon in

question. Naturally occurring cases where the aim is not to control variables and

quantification of data was not a priority. One of the strengths and weaknesses of case

studies was that it was going to expose problems like this study wants to explore. A case

study presentation was not sorted of a stereotype, but it was as damaging as employing a

stereotype when a case study presentation was employed as evidence. In accordance with

the national and city disaster risk reduction and management standards, the community of

barangay White Beach was identified as lack in preparedness in terms of earthquake and

tsunami hazard due to lack of resources, facilities, trainings, and awareness.

 31

Research Environment

This study was conducted in Barangay White Beach and White Beach Elementary

School, Pagadian City, Province of Zamboanga Del Sur. Barangay White Beach was

originally called "Isla Puting Balas". Isla Puting Balas is a Cebuano term that means

white sand island. When the barangay was established in 1948 the name Isla Puting Balas

was changed to White Beach because, during an assessment, they knew that it was not an

island. This is surrounded by the sea and a lot of people live in the present but after the

disaster – earthquake, and tsunami this place was no longer inhabited for a long period.

People were evacuated to different places away from the sea where they can live safely.

But people were not contented with their way of living and they were not used to it that is

why some went back to the place they belong. The total land area of this barangay was

16.583 hectares. They had a total population of 1 716. White Beach was situated at

approximately 7.8244, 123.4613, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these

coordinates was estimated at 3.0 meters or 9.8 feet above mean sea level. White Beach

Elementary School was situated in an islet called White Beach: "Isla Puting Balas",

within the eastern part of Pagadian City. It was appropriately two and a half kilometers

aloof from town. The school site has a total land area of 19, 612 square meters. It has

eight classrooms and one temporary classroom near the stage used for academic

instruction and 11 teachers, composing 339 children from Kinder to Grade 6 classes. In

times of disaster, like a tsunami, for example, this school was in the frontline to be

affected. Tracing back during the 1976 tsunami, this school was severely damaged. The

location of the old school building was now part of the sea. During High tide, one can
 32

only see the remnant of the water tank of the previous school. Therefore, disaster

preparedness was very relevant for this school and the community.

Figure 1. The picture showed the White Beach map which the researcher was

chosen to study in White Beach because it was the most vulnerable barangay among the

five barangays such as Muricay, Tawagan Sur, Kawit, Tiguma, and Tuburan, Pagadian

City that shares a common border.

High Tide
Low tide

Figure 2. The pictures above were the remnant of the school tank before the

massive Moro Gulf earthquake. The pictures were taken during low tide and high tide.
 33

Figure 3. The above photos were the school fences, which were made of bamboo

wood and steel sheet. The wall does not have a strong foundation because if there was

heavy rain with strong winds, they will be automatically damaged.

Figure 4. The strong waves were destroying the sea wall that surrounds the school

to be safe and this might be hazardous to the children and teachers if there was a disaster.

Research Participants

The research participants of this study were the selected sixteen (16) persons

comprising the barangay captain, school principal, barangay council, school incident risk

team, residents, and other stakeholders. They were the focal persons for disaster risk

reduction and management in the school and barangay White Beach.

Sampling Technique

This research was used for non-probability purposive sampling. The inclusion of

the research participants was based on their involvement and knowledge about disaster

risk reduction management. The researcher would select those individuals who are
 34

involved in the preparation of the barangay and school in times of earthquake and

tsunami.

Research Instruments

The primary instrument of this research was the researcher aided by the interview

guide. The language used will be in the English Language, but it will be translated to

vernacular to make it clearer to interviewees. It was focused on the questions enumerated

in the statement of the problem. There has one central question that highlights the

problem and six sub-questions that were related to the central issue. The content of the

interview guide had three parts- the engaging question, the exploratory question, and the

exit question. The engaging question asked what are the possible calamities that the

barangay White Beach is vulnerable to. The exploratory questions were the central

question and the six sub-questions with descriptive questions and probing questions.

These questions were simplified and designed to encourage deep thoughts about the

topic. This study made use of the documents available in the barangay and school as well

as pictures in the area and nearby places.

The gathering tools of Yin as sources of information for this study was

documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observation,

and physical artifacts, each of which has its strengths and weaknesses. The use of

multiple sources of evidence (evidence from two or more sources but converging on the

same set of facts or findings for triangulation). A case study database (a formal assembly

of evidence distinct from the final case study report which helps the novice researchers

understand how to handle or manage data). A chain of evidence (explicit links between
 35

the questions asked, the data collected, and the conclusions significantly drawn included,

which helps "follow the derivation of any evidence, ranging from initial research

questions to ultimate case study conclusions;" Yin, 2002, p. 83).

Data Gathering Techniques

The process involved was obtaining official permission to conduct the study from

the Schools Division Superintendent in Pagadian City. After seeking the consent, the

researcher asked for the approval of the White Beach barangay captain and school

principal that was the environment of the study.

After securing permissions, the researcher then approached her target research

participants. She informed them about their potential involvement in the study. She gave,

explained, and allowed them to sign the informed consent.

After getting their consent, she scheduled a one-to-one interview with them at

their convenient time.

The data gathering influenced by the case study investigator’s skills, training for a

specific case study, the development of a protocol for the investigation, the screening of

the case study nominations (making the final decisions regarding the selection of the

case), and the conduct of a pilot study.

Data Analysis

This study lies on the useful analytical strategies and techniques of Yin (2014).

Yin’s methods and procedures during analysis were conducive to enhancing validity and

reliability. It is analyzed by examining plausible rival explanations that will define and
 36

test plausible rival explanations. It was applied in combination with the other three

analytic strategies. Initial theoretical propositions (strategy 1), working from the ground

up (strategy 2), may produce rival inductive frameworks; and case descriptions (strategy

3). Some researchers increasingly used these analytical strategies. A frequent hypothesis

in evaluations is that the ‘observed outcomes was the result of a planned intervention.

The awareness of direct rival was needed early on to ensure data collection includes the

collection of evidence on it, and this should be vigorous rather than so limited as to be

more of a reason to reject them (Paton, 2002, cited by Yin, 2014).

Ethical Considerations in Research

The researcher observed the right way of conducting research. She upheld the

different ethical principles and address the research issues that she encountered in the

conduct of the study. She was mindful of the following principles: Informed consent, not

harmful, alms, and human dignity, privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, deception,

fairness, and reciprocity (Cohen, Manion & Morrison, 2018).

The researcher made an informed consent before the conduct of the study. The

benefits and risks of participating in the survey were elaborated here. This consent was

explained to the participants. Once the participants agreed to participate in the study, that

was the time when the researcher was set an appointment with them for one-on-one

interview.

Part of the responsibility of the researcher was the assurance of not harming the

research participants. The researcher ensured that no harm or danger accompanies in

participating in her study.

 37

She preserved the privacy of the research participants. This research would not

infringe on their privacy. She made sure of the confidentiality of the data. They were

used only for the study. After a year of keeping them, she disposed of the data that she

was using in her research. She preserved the anonymity of the research participants. As

they participated in her study, the researcher was responsible to keep their identity.

This research also would employ no deception to the research participants. The

researcher was honest about the purpose of the study to them. She assured the research

participants that they were treated fairly. Lastly, the researcher was responsible for

reporting the findings survey study to the research participants. They were also benefiting

from this study.

 Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the data gathered as well as their analyses and interpretation

of the Earthquake and Tsunami preparedness of Barangay White Beach.

Earthquake and tsunami preparedness of Barangay White Beach

Benjamin Franklin once said that failing to prepare is also preparing to fail.

Preparation is as significant as planning, for not having, can cause destructions when

disaster strikes. White Beach community was vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis in

which preparedness action is very significant to execute to lessen the impact of a disaster.

To describe further how prepared is barangay White Beach in terms of earthquake and

tsunamis, the compliance, activities, accomplishments, the conduct of planning,

execution of evacuation plan, and the contributions of the focal person presented below.

In terms of Earthquake and Tsunami preparation in general, the following are the most

common structure of the participants' responses: Lacking in Preparation and Reminding

constantly the people about the risk of a tsunami and an earthquake.

Lacking in preparation. It has been identified by the majority, that barangay

White Beach lacks preparedness in terms of earthquake and tsunami. Though they

execute different DRRM activities from the national, it was not enough to say that they

were one hundred percent prepared. The participants revealed:

“100% delikado ang among lugar, inig ka buntag kay mahibaw-an man
namo, mahibaw-an nato ang balod, primero gamay dayon magkadako, so
sa amoang sitwasyon diri kami jud ang pinaka front sa delikado nga
sitwasyon, kay naa man gud tas dagat. Ug dili naku maistorya nga
 39

preparado jud kaayo mi tungod sa kakulangon sa budget ug materyales

nga pwede magamit namo”. [Our place is 100% vulnerable cause we are in
front of any dangerous situation that might come. And our area surrounds
by the sea. I cannot say that we were all prepared because of lack of budget
and supplies to be used] -BC7
"When we talk about preparedness to a tsunami and earthquake, I can't say
that we are 100% prepared for that situation even we do some national
standards because it is not enough that we can say that we are much
prepared. For a reason, that we are prone to that disaster and the place
itself surrounded by the sea wherein many adult and children are
vulnerable to". - P1

“Kung kaandam ang atong gihisgutan, kung morate ko gikan 1 to 10 naa

ragyud siya sa mga 7 kay lisud man gyud diri sa White Beach ang
pagpangandam kay naa gyud siya, natunga gyud sa dagat. Ug
pinakahazardous jud siya nga place sa tanang coastal areas sa Pagadian
kay kung mudagan ta diri sa pantalan kung magpamboat ta posible gyud
nga maabtan pud ta sa gitawag nilag tsunami, kung didto pud magdagan
ka it takes 15-20 minutes base man gyud sa seminar kay pwede ang
tsunami moabot after sa linog 20-30 minutes lang siya kung diri sa White
Beach ang mga bata kung naa ta sa school for example ako kay teacher
man ko diri akong mga bata kay kindergarten lisud kayo siya lisud gyud
kaayo kanang ang basehan raman gud sa pagpangandam diri sa
skwelahan is mao lang man ang drill, mao ragyud na siya dayun usahay
gani ato pagani ipahinay ug lakaw kay usahay mangatunok so ang agianan
man gud maglisud gyud ta kay pagdagan didto kay muabot pagyud didto
duol sa airport so maglakaw pa ang mga bata unya pila ray tikang sa mga
bata ng 5 years old imaginon lang na nato sa base sa lugar siguro ang
pagpangandam naningkamot ta pero lisud kaayo siya iimagine kung
muabot najud siya ang panahon nga linog ug naana ang tsunami ilabina
ug daytime maglisud gyud ta kay ang mga bata anaa sa skwelahan mao na
nga dili gyud ingon nga 100% prepared and tanan ug dili jud masave ang
tanan sa tinuod lang jud”. [If I were to rate the preparedness of our school,
I might say that 7 out of 10 preparedness. It was not easy in barangay
White Beach to be ready when it comes to calamities or emergencies, for
we were here in a dangerous place surrounded by the sea. It takes 15-20
minutes to evacuate from here to the port and even though the pump boat. I
am a teacher here in White Beach, is difficult for me to handle kindergarten
pupils ages 5-year-old if an earthquake and a tsunami will happen. I will do
my best as their teacher to save them if a disaster might happen. I am not
 40

sure if I could keep all the children inside my room during the school day
even, they participate in the earthquake drill, but still, a simple practice
cannot guarantee safety. But I cannot say that we were 100% prepared in
the school] -P2

“Kung pananglitan nga naay maabot nga usa ka katalagman sama sa linog
ug tsunami, so dili ta makaingon nga andam jud o 100% andam kay kaning
katalagman dili natu ni mahibaloan kung kanus a maabot pwede ugma,
sunod semana or sunod bulan so mahitabo man gani na diri sa barangay
White Beach, naa puy gamay nga kahibalo ang mga katawhan diri tungod
kay nakaundergo ang mga ginikanan ug ang mga bata ug mga orientation
sa barangay ug sa skwelahan”. [For instance, a disaster will happen like a
tsunami and an earthquake, was no assurance that we are 100% prepared to
face such a situation because disasters come like thieves. We never know
when it will come may it be tomorrow, next week, or next month. So, if a
disaster might happen in Barangay White Beach, the people here, including
the parents and students, have already some basic knowledge on disaster
preparedness because they have undergone some orientations in the
barangay and the school]– P3

The DRRM focal persons of the Barangay have identified that they lack in

preparation based on what they observed and experienced, for they were prone to any

disaster that will strike to White Beach community. They say that they were no assurance

for safety because a tsunami and an earthquake cannot be predicted and avoided. It is

difficult for them to escape to a disaster because it takes hours for them to evacuate. It has

been said by many that they have no nearer place for them to evacuate. It takes hours for

them to evacuate and went to a safe place. They have mentioned that they lack the budget

and materials to be used.

Said (2011), in his case study on the community preparedness for a tsunami

hazard, has emphasized that preparedness is significant because effective preparedness

helps saves lives, reduce injuries, limit property loss, and minimize all sorts of

disruptions that disasters cause. Having an effective earthquake and tsunami preparedness
 41

can save the people in the community, keeping properties, and get entire populations

back to normal faster than would be possible if you were unprepared when the disaster

strikes.

Reminding constantly the people of the risk of earthquakes and tsunami. Public

awareness is a primary element of risk reduction and serves to convey knowledge about

existing solutions that can reduce the vulnerability to hazards to be ready. It also builds

understanding to the people, develops their knowledge, and can share the information

they learned. The participants discussed:

“Ang among gihimo diri wala man gyud mi serene sa barangay nga
napalit by purok adviser namo diri adunay bell nga ibagting na
magpahibalo kon aduna nay linog. Sila ang muaware sa tanang kauban sa
purok”. [What we did was we had a bell in every Purok leader to make the
people aware and be ready] – BC1
“Ang gihimo namo dinhi sa amoa kung naay ibutang nga kusog nga ulan
dili na muundang amo nanang gipahibalo ang mga tawo nga
magbantaybantay nga basin mudagko ang balod nga kong dili jud sya
moundang niya padulong na sa bagyo maghinayhinay nagbakwit ang mga
tawo dayon ang among mga gamit ana, ang gitawag namo ug E-balde kay
kompleto nana siya, naay bugas, flashlight, kandila, pagkaon ug ubang
importanteng butang”. [What we did here, if we experience non-stop
heavy rain, we announce it to the community to be prepared and aware if
there is a big wave. We need to evacuate for safety. We have so-called
EBALDE that includes significant documents, foods, flashlights, candle,
and other useful things] -BC6
“Sauna, sa wala pa ang Covid among gibalikbalik diri sa council ngadto
sa purok leader ug down to the different teams, bisan adunay panagtapok
ang mga 4p’s beneficiary kanunay nga gipahibalo ang mga tawo
mahitungod sa pagpangandam sa kalamidad nga mahitabo ko ugaling
naa. Kon magmaot na ang tempo magprepare jud ta sa atong kaugalingon
tungod kay wala tay laing mabuhat kay anaa dinhi ang atong
panginabuhi. Bisan wala mi mga materyales anaa mi mga sakayan aron
masakyan. Ibutang sa hunahuna kanunay nga mangandam jud. Ug dili
kami muundang sa pagpahibalo kanila kung unsay maayo nga buhaton.
Ang 4P’s pud ug ingon man ang dili 4P’s naa silay E-BALDE kanang E-
 42

balde – usa ka balde, panahon kung naay mahitabo nga tsunami, linog,
sunog ug uban pa mao nay unahon pagcheck, una ang birth certificate sa
bata, marriage contract, tambal, o biscuit, tubig, pagkaon ug uban pa.
Naana didto nakasulod sa E-balde mao na among bitbiton panahon nga
naay mahitabo ug mao nay usa ka preparedness nga gihimo namo dinhi.
Mag-andam na lang pero ang City Government aduna puy gihimo nga
pagpangandam kay lain-lain man pud ang sitwasyon pero sa akoa sa una
morobing dayun sa probinsya sauna pero karon phone call nalang kung
naay kusog nga bagyo”. [Before the pandemic, we always inform the
council down to the president and the different teams in every t. Every
time there is a 4P's FDS, we always put awareness of them when there's
bad weather. We need to prepare ourselves and our family. Even we don't
have enough materials for safety but always bear in mind that we need to
be ready and oriented on what to do. The 4P's beneficiaries and all the
community here in White Beach, we have EBALDE- 1 pale to bring if
there is a tsunami, earthquake, fire, and other calamities. EBALDE
includes the birth certificate, marriage contract, medicine, biscuits, water,
foods, and others that were also our way of preparation. The city
government before visited our barangay if there's an emergency or
calamity, but now, I just called them through the phone to seek help and
assistance if disaster might happen] -BC7
“Sa akong gikaingon ganina, nakasulay og nakaattend sila ug orientation
or drill diri sa skwelahan, ang mga bata naa silay experience o kahibalo
ug unsay angay nilang buhaton kung mahitabo ang linog ug tsunami sama
sa usa sa angay nga buhaton nga kung mulinog nga ang duck, cover, and
hold so dili sila mudagan dayun ug naay linog, muhapa sa o muduck,
cover, and hold usa sila ug pagmuundang na ang pag-uyog o ang
paglinog usa pa sila muexecute paggawas hangtod padulong didto sa
evacuation area kong asa maluwas sila. Ug walay undang nga
pagpahinumdom sa tanang lumulupyo dinhi sa barangay White Beach
aron aware sila sa ilang angay nga buhaton”. [As I have said, they have
attended an orientation or an earthquake and tsunami drill in the school.
The children are already aware of what they should do during an
earthquake and tsunami. Such as duck, cover, and hold, which is one of
the most important things to do in times of earthquake. These will help
them not to run outside the building while the earthquake is still happening
and, when the earthquake stops, that will be the time for them to go out
and head immediately to the evacuation area. And to have a constant
awareness of people so that they always be reminded about what to do] -
P3
“For me, the preparations of the NDRRM are helpful to everyone.
Particularly to the people living in this community. And one thing we have
 43

done was to always give awareness to the teachers, children, and parents
to be prepared and be informed on what to do”. – P7

Unending awareness to people is one way of disaster preparedness that

can also reduce future damages and protecting themselves during times of emergencies.

The people who are living in the community need awareness to prepare. To always be

reminded of what to do before, during, and after a disaster. Education and enhanced

awareness are connected. A Key reflection of education is we can see it into action

(Shaw, 2011).

Public awareness includes posting DRRM preparedness posters, disaster

risk reduction orientation, training, seminars, symposia, planning, and other ways of

telling people about the steps of an earthquake and tsunami preparation. To be

educative aims to acquire knowledge, values, and skills for respecting and searching for

knowledge and wisdom (UNESCO, 2005).

Activities of barangay White Beach for Earthquake and Tsunami preparation

Disasters hit in every corner of the world, during every season, and on

different scales throughout the year (Ferry, 2017). It needs preparedness to reduce the

impact of disasters. But how will we prepare for them? A need for public activities to

execute by the community. DRRM activities help to equip every individual to be ready

for a disaster to come. It might help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses that accompany the

earthquake and tsunami. But activities alone will be meaningful without the actions and

participation of the people who are living in the community.

The activities executed by the people in White Beach; were barangay

assembly, yearly planning, mangrove planting, coastal clean-up, earthquake drill, and
 44

tsunami orientation, preparing Emergency Balde (1pail of essential things), conducting

training and seminars, film showing, lectures, conducting an annual student-led risk

identification and mapping within the school premise, presenting on how to handle

injuries, bandaging, lift and carry, and putting disaster preparedness posters to the

school, every purok, and within the barangay for awareness and preparedness of

everyone. The participants revealed the activities of earthquake and tsunami preparation:

“Sa asembliya namo mapaimproved mana namo para sa katawhan. Ang

amo pud kalihukan sa barangay, adunay mangrove planting kada tuig,
coastal clean-up drive, symposium kay panahon pud simbako ug naay mga
kalamidad, ang city ug ang province muhatag sila ug budget na mabuhatan
ug sea wall aron safety gamay ang katawhan sa White Beach”. [During
assembly, we made sure to improve for the good of our community. Our
activities in the barangay, we have mangrove planting every year, coastal
clean-up drive, symposium if calamity might come it might lessen the
impact of a disaster. The city and province will also give a budget to
construct a sea wall for safety in the White Beach community.] -BC7
“Ang among gihimo nga kalihukan mao ang pagtanom ug mga bakhaw
kilid sa sea wall aron sa dugang pangpalig-on sa sea wall”. [The activities
we did was planting mangrove beside the sea wall to increase the firmness
of the sea wall.] – BC6
“Ang nakatabang jud sa pagpangandam diri sa atong skwelahan is
kalmado sa unsay atong buhaton, kabalu nata sa flow naa tay mga drill
nga ginabuhat unsaon nato, naa tay mga student led nga gicreate diri sa
school nga nahimong mutabang sa school GSP and BSP, mga SPG leaders
nga mahimo nga muassist o magbantay kanato. Ang pagpangandam jud
sauna ra gyud na ang lisud pero pagkadugayan na mahimong maanad
napud ang mga bata, constant practice lang gyud ang mga bata is
mufollow lang gyud na sila kay mao namay ginabuhat sa ilaha quarterly
magdrill gyud. Ug kini nga drill isip usa ka coordinator pud diri sa school
muapil jud ta kay dili pwde nga ang bata ray imong paapilon kita man
tanan kay wala may exempted niini mga teacher, mga bata, mga ginikanan
tungod kay kung adunay tsunami apil man ta tanan. Ang akong experience
though kapuy, usahay mubati ug kakapoy kay init baya kaayo usahay
magdrill, alas 2 sa hapon kay ipabuhat jud sa central office kay naay
memo. Bisan paman sa kakapoy makita lang nimo nga naay mga bata nga
seryoso buhaton nimo malipay pud ka atleast kabalu na sila nga mao diay
 45

ni buhaton. Gawas sa drill naa sad mi film showing, lectures nga himoon
mismo sa school ug gipresent sad namo sa ilaha kon unsaon paghandle
ang common injuries, bandaging, ug lift and carry. Ingon ana gitudluan
gud nato sa ilaha ng anaa gyud sa ilang balay kanang nay ready unsa to
diri sa White Beach kay BALDE o EBALDE kanang naa na didto tanang
mga gamit nga kanang kung magtsunami mao tuy dalhon nimo ingon ana
gitudluan pud ang mga bata danhi nga dili unsay nakat-unan nila diri sa
skwelahan mahimong madala pud nila sa balay. Oo kini nga drill man gud
makatabang gyud kaayu ni kay usahay man gud kaning atoang mga bata
diri sa White Beach dili kaayo sila ingon nga dali makakat-on, dali
makakuha unsay itudlo nimo but kung imuha na siyang pirminte itudlo sa
ilaha makuha na nila ug maapreciate na nila. Ginabalikbalik lang jud
namo aron makalearn rajud ang mga bata. Ming-apil ang tanan niini
walay exempted. Kinder to Grade 6, teachers ug principal apil jud”. [We
need to stay calm always on how to deal with calamities. We, teachers,
know what to do, the usual drill that we organized quarterly, and we have a
student pupil government, student-led, and the GSP to assist and help us.
When it comes to preparation, on the first try, it will be difficult. But
eventually, the pupils will get used to it with constant practice and quarterly
drills. All of us need to participate in DRRM activities. It includes teachers,
pupils as well as parents. Even it was tiring because of the heat of the sun
still thankful to the children who were motivated and curious to learn
because they remembered what we did. Aside from drill, we also have film
shows, lectures, and presentations on how to handle injuries, bandage, lift
and carry. And we practiced them so that what they learned from school;
they can bring to their homes. They have so-called EBALDE- one pail that
everything essential is in there to be ready all the time.] – P2
“Ug mingparticipate ang tanan sa mga activities nga gihimo sa skwelahan
ug barangay alang sa pagpangandam ug mahimong safety ang tanang
katawhan sa White Beach. Samtang among gibuhat ang drill so dili pud
pwede na ang bata ray moexecute so apil pud ang teacher ug labi najud
ang among maabtikon nga principal so iyang giexecute pud para mashare
pud niya or matabang niya sa mga bata”. [They participated in all the
activities conducted by the school and barangay for disaster preparedness.
And as well as the safety of the people of barangay White Beach. During
the activities, the principal, teachers accompanied the children in the
execution of safety precautions during a calamity.] -P3

"Earthquake drill is one of the activities of the barangay and the school. In
my experience, the pupils are cooperative in doing it. The parents were
observing how to execute earthquake and tsunami drill, so while doing it,
 46

the people in the community are now aware of what to do if the earthquake
and tsunami will happen". -P4

“Ang gihimo sa barangay nagtanum sila ug mga bakawan sa White Beach

ingon man kaming mga maestra mutabang sad kong unsay pagabuhaton sa
mga barangay council ug gipractice namu kanunay ang mga bata ug unsay
maayong buhaton kung ugaling adunay kusog nga linog ug tsunami. Kon
unsay mando sa taas amo kining pagabuhaton uban sa mga magtutudlo ug
mga kabataan” [The activities of the barangay were mangrove planting.
We, teachers, also help the barangay for whatever activities they did, then
we always practice the children for what is the best thing to do if ever there
is an earthquake and tsunami. We always follow what the higher authorities
would like us to do.] – P5
“We do an orientation to the children and the parents to let them know and
aware of this kind of calamities. We also informed the things that they are
going to be prepared for when the time comes”. -P7
Preparedness is anticipatory activities such as planning, resource identification,

warning system, training, risk communication, public awareness, and education, and

exercising which undertaken to improve the safety and effectiveness of a community's

response during a disaster (Shaw, et. al., 2011). One reason why people participate,

execute, and share this kind of DRRM activity is just we wanted to save lives and protect

human life.

Accomplishments of barangay White Beach of earthquake and tsunami preparedness

Being prepared is an accomplishment already to the community. (Domingo, 2016)

argue that institutional leadership and initiative are solutions not only for the current

level of achievements but also for future successes in DRRM. The biggest

accomplishment that the White Beach community had if all the learnings and activities

they had, is when they can use it in the actual scenarios. And there will be no loss of life
 47

and huge damages. The participants emphasized: Improving School Surroundings,

Preparation of Water Ambulance, and big boats, and Successful DRRM activities.

Improving School Surroundings. The school plays a significant role in giving part

in disaster awareness in the community. Schools are not exempted when disaster

happens. And it is known that children are always the ones who suffer the most in cases

of natural disasters. It needs preparedness action so that we cannot have damage and

casualties. The first thing is to improve the school surrounding and even concreting it to

keep the teachers and children away from harm and lessen the impact of an earthquake

and tsunami hazard. The participants disclosed:

"When I will compare the school structure before, I can say that in my
administration. And I am thankful for all the barangay officials, PTA
officers, teachers, parents, and other stakeholders who have helped me
improve the school surroundings and their unending support to the
activities in the school. Even the activities in DRRM headed by Ma'am
Jocel Camillo they were there to help us facilitate the parents and children.
For now, we have a lot of accomplishments in the school that can be
helpful to the community". -P1

“Dako jud kaayog kabag-uhan ang among skwelahan karon compared

sauna bisan wala pjud nasemento tanang koral atleast naghinay-hinay na
ug kaconcrete tanan aron pud dili kaayo dako ug impact kung adunay
mahitabo nga tsunami or linog”. [ It has a change to our school
surroundings compared before even not all. But as we can see inside, the
school was almost concrete. And it might mitigate the impact of a disaster.]
– P2

The schools vulnerable to disaster not only will increase safety risk to students,

teachers, and school, but also influence the flow of a teaching-learning process of schools

(Preventionweb, 2014). Improving school surroundings might decrease the damage of

 48

properties and the number of casualties because the impacts may intensify and potentially

claim many lives when disaster strikes during school hours, like strong earthquakes and

tsunami.

Preparation of Water Ambulance and big boats. Like what we always

heard, prevention is better than cure. They have procured rescue equipment and materials

as preventive equipment. Preparing and having a water ambulance and big boats are some

of the preventive measures that can help the community evacuate immediately and

reduces the severity of a disaster's effect. It strengthens the ways of preparedness of the

people and just made sure that water ambulance and big boats are all standby for

emergencies. The participants discussed:

“Ang pinakanindot nga preparasyon ana naghimo ug dako nga gaket, aron
sa pag-abot sa linog ug kusog gyud na linog didto na mamatong sa gaket
aron pagrise sa tubig makapagpundar na daan didto, di gyud tu sya
mounlod ug ingon ana ang preparasyon aron sa safety”. [The most
important preparation is making a big boat so that if there is a high-intensity
earthquake and the water will rise, people can use and ride the boat for
safety.] – BC2
“Ang among gigihimo gyud as a public servant, nabalaka jud ko sa
panahon na sa hilabi na sa ting-ulan, hangin, naay balud unya tan-awon
unya ning panahon sa kagabhion mao nang mabalaka jud ko nga sa among
sitwasyon dili me kadalidali modagan, so ang kabahin ni governor kay
nakakita man sya sa among sitwasyon diri gitagaan me niyag water
ambulance pero dili jud mi masulod tanan pero although naka scape me
gamay. Kanang water ambulance kay kana bang kuan ma’am murag
pamboat ma’am 10-20 persons ang makasakay”. [What we did as a public
servant, we were afraid during the rainy season if there are strong wind and
big waves. I was frightened at night for our situation because we cannot run
directly to escape the calamity if it happens. But our governor gave us a
water ambulance good for 10-20 persons. And it cannot be suited to all of
us. But the most important thing at least we can escape.] -BC7
 49

“Ang among Kapitan Rey Rabanos adunay giandam na mga makatabang

jud sa iyang mga katawhan sama sa bangka naa ni siyay bangka na
giprepare na in case naay linog or tsunami mao kini ang magamit or
gamiton sa mga katawhan na moevacuate padulong sa area nga luwas”.
[Our barangay captain Rey Rabanos prepared a boat that will help in the
evacuation of people to safety area during an earthquake or tsunami.] - P3

Water ambulance and big boats are a big help to the people in the

community to escape from an earthquake and tsunami hazard. It secures the White

Beach people from a disaster and assures prompt assistance to victims. Najafi, et. al.,

2017 emphasized that preparing for a disaster is a matter of development and adaptations

such as having a boat to ride on, a stock of food and water, a household emergency plan

including the preparation of an emergency kit to lessen the risk or injury and damage in

a disaster.

Successful DRRM activities. Activities can be an accomplishment if it

successfully made by the community. But how can it be successful? There is a success

in every exercise of disaster if there's learning on it. And it can be useful for them for

future use.

They have coordinated the city mayor and provincial governor to put

additional seawall and repair the damaged seawall to lessen the impact of strong waves.

Activities done in the national disaster risk reduction management were followed by the

people of barangay White Beach.

“Ang among gihimo nga kalihukan mao ang pagtanom ug mga bakhaw kilid
sa seawall aron sa dugang pangpalig-on sa sea wall”. [The activities we
did was planting mangrove beside the sea wall to increase the firmness of
the sea wall.] -BC6
 50

"For now, we have a lot of accomplishment in the school that can be helpful
to the community especially accomplishing all the DRRM activities and
having success upon doing it because all of us were learning". -P1
“So kini sya na activities dako jud ni siyang tabang sa mga bata or sa
tanang katawhan dri sa barangay White Beach kay usa kini ang hinungdan
na maluwas sila sa delikado or para dili sila madisgrasya ug kini kay para
man sa tong kaluwasan gi encourage namo ang tanan na moapil, so mao na
tanan jud ni participate ning apil”. [These activities are a great help to the
children and all the people in barangay White Beach because this will save
them from danger and disgrace. These activities are for our good and safety,
and it is the reason why we encourage them to participate, and fortunately,
they able to participate.] -P3
"DRRM Activities became successful and useful because it helps us a lot to
concur our fear and anxiety when disaster might happen". - P4
"For me, being prepared and well-oriented about this kind of disaster are
accomplishment enough. And the activities we made are all accomplishment
because it is useful for all the people here in White Beach and it changes the
mindset of every individual that is living and working here in White Beach".
-P7

Activities of DRRM might be helpful to them if they will use it to save

themselves and keep them away from a disaster. They usually said that there is no harm

in hoping for the best if you prepare for the worst. Preparedness measures should start in

participating in all the DRRM activities that can save us from harm and keep us away

from the worst.

The conduct of BDRRM planning

According to (Ferry, 2017) in designing a coordinated plan reduces the waste of

resources, time, and efforts. Planning is a significant avenue to community emergency

preparedness. The barangay disaster risk reduction and management council (BDRRMC)

conducted planning through the presence of the barangay council, parents, teachers, and
 51

other stakeholders. They shared their suggestions and ideas for better preparedness of the

community. Research new updates for disaster preparedness, that could help the people to

be informed on whatever preparation, to mitigate the impact of an earthquake and

tsunami.

They do not execute without proper planning. We plan because it is a solution for

preparation with the collaboration and full participation of the people in the barangay that

includes the barangay council, parents, teachers, and students. And planning puts into

practice then, it became successful. Participants have mentioned:

“Ang pamaagi sa among pagplano mahitungod sa BDRRM hisgutan namo

kini matag meeting pero aduna kami matag tuig na pagplano aron sa
pagpalig-on sa pagpangandam kon adunay umaabot nga kalamidad sa
among lugar ug gitambungan kini sa barangay council ug sa tanang purok
leader. Ug muhimo kami ug dugang resolution aron mahatagan kamig
budget alang sa matag kalihukan ug proyekto sa BDRRM”. [Our ways of
BDRRM planning were during the meeting. We also have one-year
planning of BDRRM to strengthen the ways of preparedness of barangay
White Beach when a calamity will happen. And this was participated by the
barangay council and every leader. And we also resolved to have a budget
for every activity, project, and program of BDRRM.] -BC7

"We conducted DRRM planning through the cooperation of everyone in the

community and contributed their ideas on how to be prepared when
disaster comes. We were able to execute and simulate the evacuation plan,
teach them the routes from the school to the evacuation area. Orient them
to the ways of DRRM preparation and combined the different ideas during
the planning. And the planning became successful for they were able to
contribute their ideas during the planning". -P1

“Una ang pagplano gyud ana by school nga naa sa coastal area ug tibuok
DRRM coordinator sa tibook Pagadian City Division maghimo ug action
plan dayun pag-abot sa school ayha na dayun magsabot ang principal ug
ang mga teachers. Mao ni atong buhaton una gyud iorient ang mga
teacher’s para pagkabuhat nata sa maong buluhaton kita tanan nagplano
iopen sa tanan para ug naay suggestion ingon ana, naay parents, katong
mga classroom officers, ug GPTA Officers involve sila sa maong pagplano.
 52

Nahimo kining nagmalampuson ang pagplano kay ning kooperar pud ang
mga teachers ug mga parents ilabina si ma’am Zolaika ang atoang
principal. Ang uban wala minghatag pero ming-agree sila, naa puy uban
nga daghan pud silag suggestions pero nahimo gihapong malampuson”.
[We do the planning first in the division participated by all DRRM
coordinators in Pagadian City and, we implement the action plan in the
school. But we have an orientation first in the school together with the
school principal, teachers, PTA officers, classroom officers, parents, and
students. During the planning, everyone participated and able to give their
suggestions. And we made the planning successful through the cooperation
of the teachers, parents, especially our school principal. Even others were
not able to give their ideas, but they agree on what was in the planning] –
P2

"So, we are conducting DRRM planning through meetings. By this, we can

give opinions and sharing of ideas on how to achieve a better plan for
earthquake and tsunami preparedness. I am not so sure if we can execute
this plan because people will get tensioned in a real scenario of an
earthquake and tsunami. The responsible person to attend to are the
barangay officials, rescue team, and the incident risk team of our school. In
making an evacuation plan, the first thing to plan is the place if the place is
far from the coastal areas. The planning so far, became successful because
everyone contributed their ideas and participated well in the planning and
we able to include the evacuation plan in our school and even in the
barangay". -P4

“Ako sa akong katigulangon, muapil lamang ako kung unsay ilang

pagabuhaton ug sa mugna nila ug plano uban sa mga ginikanan muuyon
ako kanunay tungod kay ang ilang gihimo alang lamang sa kaayuhan sa
tanan ug among gihisgutan ug gipahinumdom kanunay kong asa ang
evacuation area, ang exit ug unsay angay nga buhaton aron maluwas sa
katalagman”. [In my older age, I still joined for what they did regarding
disaster preparedness in planning and any other activity. I always agree
with what the teachers, parents, and students agree on the planning because
it is for our own sake. We always remind all the teachers, parents, and
students regarding evacuation routes, exits, and other ways to escape from
disaster.] -P5

Planning for a disaster is more important in coastal barangays because it

helps us consider our emergency response activities in a minimal and disaster. It

 53

enables us to design or adjust our DRRM activities so that people and

communities become safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding

efforts to create and expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty

alleviation and development (Care International, 2020).

Focal persons to execute the evacuation plan in times of earthquake and tsunami.

During the planning, the evacuation plan was being prioritized, because it ensures

the necessary measures are in place to protect the people in the community. The area does

not have a nearer and safer evacuation areas in the three purok near the barangay council

office they need to ride a boat going to Pantalan. But the purok near the airport can

escape and run immediately to a safer place.

To execute the evacuation plan, they simulate it together with the community,

they set a timer to know the time going to the evacuation area, and test if they will be in

the safe areas, away from the coastal within the set time. They communicated and

coordinated the city personnel to prepare and check the evacuation center if it is safer for

the people. They were able to give first orientation on what and how to do before they

simulate or practice it. But on the other hand, there is no assurance that they will be able

to execute the evacuation plan properly if a real scenario might happen. The participants

discussed:

“So pagbuhat namo sa evacuation plan, ginackeck jud namo, gitesting

namo, gisulayan jud namo ug time among giexecute sugod sa exit hangtud
pagawas padulong sa evacuation area gitesting jud namo siya nga anaa na
time maabot mi ana nga area nga dili maabot ang dagat, na safety jud sya
pag-abot namo didto. Nahimo jud siyang malampuson tungod kay
nagtinabangay man ang tanan ug nagcooperate man ang tanan ug mihatag
sad sila sa ilang ideas ug nagkauyunay ang tanan”. [ In making our
 54

evacuation plan, we check, test, and try to set a time to execute from the
exit to the evacuation area. We try that we will be in safe areas away from
the coastal within the time we have set. Everything ended up successfully
because of everyone's cooperation, and they also share their ideas that were
accepted by everyone.] -P3

“Naa mi sign nga mubakwit na. Ang gihimo namo sa drilling duna mi line
of routes ang line of routes sa drill namo diring dapita magtapok mi dinha
sa pantalan manakay mig pamboat padulong didto. Ang sa pikas pud didto
rapud sila sa muricay dapit. Para sa actual simbako na iyahay nalang
dayun mig sakay ug pamboat lisud pud kaayo ug hulat-hulaton namo
among kauban pamilya gyud unahon”. [We had signed to evacuate. What
we did in the drilling we had a line of routes here, we went to the safe
place, and we need to ride a pump boat going there. And on the other side,
they went to Murcia. For the actual scenario, we will ride to our respective
pump boat to escape from danger and disaster together with our family.]-
BC5
“So eguide pa tawag sila, Kap unsa man among buhaton manawag pud ko
sa City Government so aron makaprevent o makaandam pud sila ug
sakyanan namo ug nahitabo nani ma’am atong 2016 dayon mao tu ma’am
sa sampulan namo na ako nay gagasto ug Elf so ang gibuhat namo
samtang gadagan mi gacontact mi sa city aron pag abot namu didto naa
nami lugar nga pwede namo mabakwitan”. [We always communicate with
each other for the prevention and preparedness of our barangay. What we
did last 2016, we prepared everything such as pump boat for the sea, Elf to
the evacuation area, and while riding, I communicate the city personnel to
ready the evacuation area.] -BC7
"We able to execute and simulate the evacuation plan, teach them the
routes from the school to the evacuation area". -P1

Evacuation plans are essential in disaster risk reduction planning to be involved

because they let the people live in the community know where to go after leaving the

dangerous place. The evacuation plan serves as a guide to everyone to displace people

from a danger area where they are and when they evacuate to be there after the

evacuation begins and, it is necessary to prepare to have a good response in an emergency

(Saadatseresht et al., 2009).

 55

Contributions of barangay White Beach Disaster Risk Reduction Management focal

persons to improve the community-based disaster risk reduction plan

Every person has his role and, it takes greater responsibility if we talk about

disaster preparedness but somehow, in a little thing, in them lies the strength of the

people. Every small contribution, it is being united, will be useful for the community.

The Role of Local Government Unit Decentralization becomes a significant factor

that contributed to the vital role of the Local Government Unit under the NDRRMP. It

encourages more direct participation and the role of the Local Government Units through

their Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (LDRRMC). To further

empower the LDRRMC, the RA 10121 provided that all LGUs shall establish an

LDRRMO in every province, city, municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Policy

Notes on the Institutionalization of DRRM in the Philippines Reduction Management

Committee (BDRRMC) in every barangay.

One contribution is they plant an additional mangrove for protection from a strong

wave. Follow instructions in the NDRRM to be reminded of the things to do before,

during, and after a disaster. Participate in any DRRM activities to get informed and

monitored to the proper ways of preparedness. Install a serene or bells to awaken the

people. And use a big amplifier for the announcement if in case of emergency. If there is

a budget, they wanted to construct a big boat exclusive for emergencies and provides life

jackets to every people in White Beach to lessen the losses and damages when an

earthquake and tsunami strikes. Seek help from the higher authorities to provide a budget

for concreting the school fence and strengthening DRRM activities. Also integrate

disaster preparedness into every subject so that children will be able to understand how
 56

will be done. And lastly, always pray to our Almighty Father to protect us from any

calamities and take us away from earthquake and tsunami.

They made a committee in disaster risk reduction management to be able to

perform their duty under their role in the council. They also prepare a barangay disaster

risk reduction and management fund (BDRRMF) to strengthen the barangay disaster risk

reduction and management council (BDRRMC). The participants disclosed:

“Kwarenta naku katuig nagpuyo dinhi, mibati kog kahadlok apan ania
dinhi ang among panginabuhian pagpanagat ug pagtanom ug agar-agar.
Ang akoang matabang mao ang pagpaimplement o pagpahibalo sa tanang
mga katawhan sa barangay o pagremind naka sa tanang tawo basin ug
nakalimot sila sa mga butang nga angay buhaton sa panahon nga adunay
kalamidad nga moabot”. [I am forty years of staying here, I am afraid but,
we lived here such as fishing and planting seaweeds. What I can do is to
implement or announce it to the people in the barangay or remind the
community if ever they forget the things that they need to do if there is a
calamity.] -BC4
“Ang akong matampo sa pagpauswag sa barangay-based disaster risk
reduction plan nga maghimo ug serene gamit ang dako nga amplifier aron
kon adunay mga panghitabo sa barangay amo kini patingogon ang serene
para mapahibalo ang mga tawo ug adunay pagpangandam nga
pagabuhaton sa matag panimalay”. [My contribution to improving the
barangay-based disaster risk reduction plan was to install a serene using a
big amplifier so that If there's calamity in the barangay. We can use the
serene to announce it to the people and, there's always preparedness in each
house.] -BC6
“Sa akong 3 ka tuig nga pagpuyo, nagpabilin ako dinhi tungod kay ania
dinhi ang among panginabuhian, nabalaka kaayo apan nalipay kay
nakatabang o nakacontribute ug kaayuhan sa among barangay ug
nakatabang sa pagprotekta tungod kay ming apil sa mga kalihukan nga
ipahimo sa taas matag bulan. Ug kon adunay budget, maghimo unta ug
dako nga sakayan nga intended sa isa ka pamilya aron malikay sa maong
katalagman”. [In my three years of staying here, I stayed because this was
the place I live. I am afraid but happy while I contributed goodness to our
barangay for protection because I attended BDRRM activities every month.
If there is a budget, I wanted to construct a big boat intended for the family
of White Beach in case of emergencies.] -BC8
 57

“Sa akong 28 na katuig nga pagpuyo dinhi, nagpabilin pagihapon kami

tungod kay ang among panginabuhi anaa dinhi. Isip usa sa mga barangay
opisyal sa among lugar kinahanglan nga kanunay magmonitor kon
pananglit adunay mamatikdan nga kalamidad pariha sa linog. Kon adunay
kwarta nga gigahin para sa maong plano kinahanglan pinaka importante
nga butang ang pagabuhaton. Ang pinakaimportante mao ang pag-ampo
nga unta ipahilayo ang maong katalagman”. [In my 28 years of living
here, I still stay because our way of living was in here. And as a barangay
official in our place, we need to monitor always. And if we feel that there is
a calamity like an earthquake. If there's money for the plan, it needs to
prioritize the important things. The most important is to pray that God
protects us from harm and disaster.] -BC9
“As the school principal of barangay White Beach, all I can contribute to
the school-based disaster risk reduction plan is to strengthen the
preparedness of the school. Support the activities of the DRRM and seek
help from the higher authorities to keep us safe during a disaster by putting
a fence around the school to mitigate the direct effect of the strong waves
and heavy rain”. -P1

“Ang akong mahimo lang gyud is nga more lng jud nga research. Adunay
pagpangandam kon unsa pay angay nga iprepare aron sa wala pa lang
ready na daan. Mangayo pud ug suggestions sa mga teachers ug principal
basin adunay bay mga bag-ong kabag-uhan. Mao tu ako sang giingon naa
njud ni action plan sa seminar palang from division level gipahimo na
matag DRRM focal persons ug action plan kana nga action plan nakaready
na ug ginabuhat gyud na siya diri sa school. O nahimo siyang epektibo kay
ginabuhat man nato every quarter nga naa gyud tay drill so ang problema
ug kon simbako adunay umaabot nga linog o tsunami hinaut mahimo nila
tanan”. [For me, we need to research, for us to be ready and for us to know
what else we need to prepare and what to do. So that when calamities
happen, we are ready already. And ask for suggestions from the principal
and co-teachers. We already had an action plan from the seminar and from
the division level where DRRM focal persons made an action plan ready
and, the school will be the one to implement the plan.] -P2

“So isip usa ka safety officer so ang ako lang ikatampo ang pagshare lang
nako sa ilaha sa akong kaalam so iadvice sa ila nga dapat moparticipate
sila o cooperate sila kong unsa man galing ang mga activity nga
pagabuhaton diri sa skwelahan kay kani dili lang man para sa akoa kong
dili para sa ila pud para sa tanan unya nagpuyo diri sa barangay White
Beach”. [Being a safety officer, all I can contribute was my knowledge. I
 58

will impart my knowledge to them. And my advice to them is to participate

and cooperate in the activities. And it will be done by the school for the
benefit of my family and to the people of barangay White Beach.] – P3

"So, we are conducting DRRM planning through meetings, and by this, we

can give opinions and share of ideas on how to achieve a better plan for
earthquake and tsunami preparedness. I am not so sure if we can execute
this plan because people will be frightened in a real scenario of an
earthquake and tsunami. The responsible person to attend to are the
barangay officials, rescue team, and the incident risk team of our school. In
making an evacuation plan, the first thing to plan is the place if the place is
far from the coastal areas. The planning so far, became successful because
everyone contributed their ideas and participated well in the planning and
we able to include the evacuation plan in our school and even in the
barangay". – P4

“Ang ako ra gyud nga mahimo mao ang walay hunong sa pagpahinumdom
kanila ug unsay angay nga buhaton kon adunay kusog nga linog ug
tsunami. Ug ang walay hunong nga pag ampo ug pag andam kanunay sa
kaugalingon”. [All I can do is to remind them what to do if there are an
earthquake and tsunami. Always pray and prepare us for what will happen]
-P5

“Ang akong matampo rnga ragyud ma’am kini ragyung tree planting
ma’am mao ragyud akoa. Kini diri ma’am wala gyud ni kahoy diri ma’am
murag pagkakapitan nako ma’am mao gyud na akong gipaningkamotan
nga tanom jud kog kahoy paghuman sa tidal wave bahala na ug dili
mutubo o unsa diha dako-dako jud kaayo kog napatanom kay
maobserbaran man gyud namo ma’am kong naay kusog nga hangin ug
balod ug makatabang gyud kaayo kini sa mga lumulupyo diri pero
nagkinahanglan jud ug proteksiyon kay naa may muato sa pagpamutol
“Ayaw ninyo na putla kay kaayuhan nato nang tanan kay makahawid nata
ana, ilabina kon mudako ang dagat”. [What I can contribute to this matter
is tree planting. We do not have many trees here, that is why I am doing my
best to plant more trees. It does not matter if it will be of no use after a
tsunami. Because as we have observed during windy days that causes huge
waves, trees do help us. Aside from it, protect some people who violently
cut trees. Not able to cut trees because it will help us during calamities in
the future.] -P6
 59

Every individual can help the community even in a small thing like

participating in any BDRRM activities and helping others to save lives. As

Audrey Hepburn once said that "As you grow older, you will discover that you

have two hands: one for helping yourself, the other for helping others." The

DRRM focal person in the school strives hard to help the community and protect

its people and economy against the damages caused by the disasters. They wanted

all the people living in barangay White Beach because this is the barangay they

live and survive.

 Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings of the problems, the conclusion

drawn from the findings as well as the recommendations.

Summary of Findings

Based on the data gathered from the participants, the following are the significant

findings of the study:

1. How compliant is barangay White Beach to the DRRM standards?

Barangay White Beach in the DRRM standards is lacking in preparation but, what

they did is a constant reminder to the people of the risk of earthquakes and tsunami.

2. What are the activities of barangay White Beach for earthquake and tsunami

preparation?

The activities of barangay White Beach concerning DRRM were barangay assembly,

yearly planning, mangrove planting, coastal clean-up, earthquake, and tsunami

orientation, preparing EBALDE (1 pail of essential things), conducting training and

seminars, film shows, lectures, conducting an annual student-led risk identification and

mapping within the school premise, presenting on how to handle injuries, bandaging, lift

and carry, and putting disaster preparedness posters to the school, every team, and in the

barangay for awareness and preparedness of everyone.

 61

3. What are the accomplishments of barangay White Beach in terms of earthquake

and tsunami preparedness?

The accomplishments of barangay White Beach in terms of earthquake and tsunami

preparedness were improving school surroundings, preparation of water ambulance and

big boats, and successful DRRM activities.

4. How does the local government unit of barangay White Beach conduct DRRM

planning?

The local government unit of barangay White Beach conduct DRRM planning

through the presence of barangay council, parents, teachers, and another stakeholder.

They plan by sharing suggestions and ideas for better preparedness of the community and

searching for new updates for disaster preparedness that could help the people to be

informed on whatever preparation to mitigate the impact of an earthquake and tsunami.

5. How do the focal persons execute the evacuation plan in times of earthquake and

tsunami?

Focal persons execute the evacuation plan in times of earthquake and tsunami by

setting a timer, ensures the safety of the people through the evacuation area, coordinated

the city government to check the evacuation center, giving an orientation to the people

before the execution of the evacuation plan.

6. What are the contributions of barangay White Beach Disaster Risk Reduction

Management focal persons to improve the community-based disaster risk

reduction plan?
 62

The contributions of barangay White Beach Disaster Risk Reduction Management

focal persons to improve the community-based disaster risk reduction plan were planting

mangrove, following instructions from the national, participating in any DRRM

activities, seeking help from the higher authorities, strengthening DRRM activities,

integrating disaster preparedness and disaster risk to every lesson, always pray for

protection and guidance.

Conclusion

The result of the study concludes that they were a lack of preparation even they

execute the DRRM activities in accordance with NDRRM standards. It was not enough

that they were fully prepared and ensures the safety of the people in the community

because they do not know when an earthquake and tsunami will happen. But the

barangay officials together with the teachers, parents, students, and other stakeholders

strive for the goodness and safety of the people. They have projects and programs to

impose to strengthen disaster preparedness of the barangay White Beach. The Local

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office shall be under the Office of Governor, City

or Municipal Mayor and Punong Barangay for BDRRMC. Furthermore, RA 10121

mandated the LGUs to allocate not less than five percent (5%) of their total revenue from

regular sources for the LDRRM Funds. The LDRRMF shall be used to support all

disaster risk management activities from pre-disaster preparedness to post-disaster

activities. DILG, as Vice Chair for Disaster Preparedness, seeks to strengthen the

capacity of LGUs and increase their preparedness in averting the loss of lives and assets

in the face of disaster. To prepare for disasters, LGUs must meet certain minimum

requirements to be considered prepared. In the effort to capacitate LGUs, DILG created

 63

Operation LISTO, and one of its components is the publication of the disaster

preparedness manual. In accordance with the given checklist written in the disaster

preparedness manual- Operation LISTO, barangay White Beach has been identified that

they lack early preparedness action, and even in the checklist under institutionalizing and

creating systems, policies, and plan in the barangay they are not 100% prepared. Another

checklist of building competence that includes conducting training, the residence has

experienced such training but there is no assurance that their barangay is safe and secured

for they lack equipment, supplies, and stockpile. Thus, based on the city disaster

preparedness manual and checklist, barangay White Beach, Pagadian City was

considered as lack of preparation.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this investigation, the following recommendations are

hereby offered:

1. Barangay officials and school personnel shall plan for disaster preparedness

and implement projects and programs for the barangay and executes different

DRRM activities for disaster preparedness.

2. Residents of barangay White Beach should provide an individual life jacket to

lessen the impact of a disaster and helps save lives.

3. Barangay officials must seek help from the higher authorities to provide

budget and impose projects to strengthen Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction

 64

Management Council and for the safety and protection of the barangay White

Beach community.

4. The community should have mangrove planting, coastal clean-up, planning,

seminars, training, and participate in any DRRM activities to increase disaster

preparedness and raise awareness of the people living in the community.

5. The residents of barangay White Beach should provide a boat per family for

security and emergencies.

 65

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Appendix A

SAINT COLUMBAN COLLEGE

 68

Pagadian City
-oOo-
GRADUATE SCHOOL
July 11, 2020

DANNY B. CORDOVA, EdD, CESO VI

Schools Division Superintendent
Pagadian City Division

Sir:
Panagdait sa tanang Kabuhatan!
The undersigned is glad to inform you that she is about to finish her master’s degree in
Education, major in Educational Management at Saint Columban College. Part of the total
requirements for the degree is actual research to be conducted in the researcher’s environment,
Pagadian City Division. The study will focus on the EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAY WHITE BEACH: A CASE STUDY.
The research participants of the said research are the focal persons for disaster risk reduction and
management of White Beach Elementary School specifically the principal, teachers, and PTA
Officials. Thus, I would like to ask permission from you to allow me to interview some teachers
in the chosen research environment for this study. The purpose of this research is to investigate
how prepared is barangay White Beach in times of earthquake and tsunami in accordance with
the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards and what improved barangay-based
disaster risk reduction plan can be formulated based on the findings of this study. The researcher
promises to submit a copy of her thesis result to your good office.
I am looking forward for your favorable response. Thank you and more power. Your continuing
support to the educational research in this institution shall go along in providing a safe and
friendly school in the region and improving the quality of education, particularly in the division.
In Saint Columban,
MYRENE D. OMAC
Researcher

Noted by:

GILBERT A. CELESIO
DEAN, Graduate School

Approved:

DANNY B. CORDOVA, EdD, CESO VI

Schools Division Superintendent
SAINT COLUMBAN COLLEGE
Pagadian City
-oOo-
 69

GRADUATE SCHOOL
July 11, 2020

MR. REY C. RABANOS

Barangay Captain
White Beach, Pagadian City

Sir:
Panagdait sa tanang Kabuhatan!
The undersigned is a student of master’s degree in Education, major in Educational Management
at Saint Columban College. Part of the total requirements for the degree is actual research to be
conducted in the researcher’s environment, White Beach, Pagadian City. The study will focus on
the EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAY WHITE BEACH:
A CASE STUDY.
The research participants of the said research are the focal persons for disaster risk reduction and
management of barangay White Beach specifically the barangay captain, barangay officials, and
the residents. I would like to ask your permission to allow me to interview you, your other
Barangay officials, and some constituents for this research. The purpose of this research is to
investigate how prepared is barangay White Beach in times of earthquake and tsunami in
accordance to the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards and what improved
barangay-based disaster risk reduction plan can be formulated based on the findings of this study.
I am looking forward for your favorable response. Thank you and more power. Your continuing
support to the educational research in this institution shall go along in providing a safe and
friendly barangay in the region and raising awareness to the people in the barangay in times of
disaster.
In Saint Columban,
MYRENE D. OMAC
Researcher

Noted by:

GILBERT A. CELESIO
DEAN, Graduate School

Approved:

REY C. RABANOS
Barangay Captain
SAINT COLUMBAN COLLEGE
Pagadian City
 70

-oOo-
GRADUATE SCHOOL

January 5, 2020

MR. RICHARD D. FABRIA

OIC - CDRRMO
Pagadian City

Thru:

HON. SAMUEL S. CO
City Mayor
Pagadian City

Sir:
Panagdait sa tanang Kabuhatan!
The undersigned is glad to inform you that she is about to finish her master’s degree in
Education, major in Educational Management at Saint Columban College. Part of the total
requirements for the degree is actual research to be conducted in the researcher’s environment,
Pagadian City Division. The study will focus on the EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAY WHITE BEACH: A CASE STUDY.
Thus, I would like to ask permission from you to allow me to ask for a copy to the available
documents in the City disaster such as City Map, City Disaster Program, and other documents
which can help improve and assess my study. The purpose of this research is to investigate how
prepared is barangay White Beach in times of earthquake and tsunami in accordance with the
National and City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards and what improved barangay-
based disaster risk reduction plan can be formulated based on the findings of this study. The
researcher promises to submit a copy of her thesis result to your good office.
I am looking forward for your favorable response. Thank you and more power. Your continuing
support to the educational research in this institution shall go along in providing a safe and
friendly community in the city and provides a good impact in the disaster preparedness.

In Saint Columban,
MYRENE D. OMAC
Researcher

Noted by:

GILBERT A. CELESIO
DEAN, Graduate School
 71

Appendix B

SAINT COLUMBAN COLLEGE

Pagadian City
-oOo-
GRADUATE SCHOOL

CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH INTERVIEW

1. I volunteer to participate in a research study conducted by MYRENE D. OMAC from

White Beach Elementary School, Pagadian City. I understand that the project is designed
to gather information on the Earthquake & Tsunami Preparedness of Barangay White
Beach: A Case Study. I will be one of the respondents to be interviewed for this research.

2. My participation in this project is voluntary. I understand that I will be not paid for my
participation. I may withdraw and discontinue participation at any time without penalty.
If I decline to participate or withdraw from the study, no one in my school will be told.

3. I understand that most interviewees will find the discussion interesting and thought-
provoking. If, however, I feel uncomfortable in any way during the interview session, I
have the right to decline to answer any question or to end the interview.

4. The interview will last approximately 20-30 minutes. Notes will be written during the
interview. An audio tape of the interview and subsequent dialogue will be made upon my
consent.

5. I understand that the researcher will not identify me by name in any reports using
information obtained from this interview, and that my confidentiality as a participant in
this study will remain secure. Subsequent uses of records and data will be subject to
standard data and policies which protect the anonymity of individuals and institutions.

6. Faculty and administrators from my campus will neither be present at the interview nor
have access to raw notes or transcripts. This precaution will prevent my individual
comments from having any negative repercussions.

7. I understand that this research study has been reviewed and approved by the Graduate
School of Saint Columban College.

8. I have read and understood the explanation provides to me. I have had all my questions
answered to my satisfaction, and I voluntarily agree to participate in this study.

9. I have been given a copy of this consent form.

__________________________________ _________ _____________________

Participant’s Signature over
printed name Date

Name: MYRENE D. OMAC ______________________________

Contact # 09386856197/09456002312) Signature of the Investigator
 72

Email: myreneomac@deped.gov.ph

Appendix C- Interview Guide Questions

A. Engaging Question
What are the possible calamities you think barangay White Beach is vulnerable?

B. Exploratory Questions

Central Question:

1. Based on the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards, how

prepared is Barangay White Beach in times of earthquake and tsunami?

Sub Questions Descriptive Questions Probing Questions

1.Do you know about the Could you give me some
NDDRM standards? Based examples of NDRRM
on the NDRRM standard, standards in earthquake
how prepared is barangay and tsunami hazard?
White Beach in terms of How prepared is barangay
earthquake and tsunami? White Beach during
disaster?
2.In your opinion, what Could you tell me your Tell me more about your
constitutes Disaster risk opinion on how you preparation with the
reduction management prepared from earthquake community when earthquake
(DRRM) preparation? and tsunami? and tsunami come.
3. In your Assessment, Could you tell me more Tell me more about that.
how vulnerable is the about how risky or
barangay and the school dangerous is the place in How did you feel then?
when there is a disaster? where you live?
Why did you stay in this
place?
4.What are the Could you give me what Will you able to participate
accomplishments of activities that barangay upon doing such?
Barangay White Beach in White Beach are able to do
terms of Disaster as earthquake and tsunami Can you bring me to your
Preparedness? preparedness? experience upon doing the
activities as disaster
preparedness to your school
and barangay?

Are the activities conducted

by the barangay officials and
the teaching staff helpful to

5.How do you conduct the
DRRM planning in the
school or in the barangay?
Can you describe how will
you execute your
evacuation plan in times of
disaster?
6. As part of the school and
barangay DRRM focal
person, what can you
contribute in improving the
barangay-based disaster
risk reduction plan?
C. Exit Question
1. Do you have additional information concerning the disaster preparedness of the
barangay?
73
the community?
Who are responsible Is the planning become
persons to attend to? successful?
What are some strategies Is everyone contributed their
you use in handling the ideas in the planning?
DRRM planning?
Will you able to include the
Can you give some ideas in evacuation plan in your
making an evacuation plan barangay?
in your barangay in terms
of earthquake and tsunami
hazard?
If you were to improve the What other plans you have?
barangay-based disaster
risk reduction plan, what How can you say that it is
would be your action plan effective?
if ever there will be
earthquake and tsunami What do you think? Is it
hazard? helpful if there were disaster
like tsunami and
earthquake?
 74

Interview Guide Questions

Verbatim
A. Engaging Question
Sa imong hunahuna, unsa kaha ang kalamidad nga posibleng muabot dinhi sa
atong barangay?

B. Exploratory Questions

Central Question:

Basi sa National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Standards o NDRRM

standards, unsa ka andam ang Barangay White Beach kung adunay linog ug
tsunami?
Sub Questions Descriptive Questions Probing Questions
1. Nakabalo o nakadungog Makahatag ka ba og mga
kana ba sa mga NDDRM pananglitanan sa NDRRM
standards? Basi sa standards kung adunay
NDRRM standards, unsa muabot nga linog ug
ka andam ang barangay tsunami?
White Beach kung adunay Unsa ka andam ang mga
linog ug tsunami susama sa tawo ug tibuok barangay sa
nahitabo kaniadtong tuig White Beach kong adunay
1976? linog ug tsunami nga
muabot?
2.Sa imong kaugalingong Makahimo kaba nga Unsa ang imong gihimo nga
opinyon, unsay muhatag sa imong opinyon mga pagpangandam kon
nakapahimo sa Disaster kung unsa ka kaandam kon adunay muabot nga linog ug
risk reduction management adunay muabot nga tsunami?
(DRRM) nga mga kalamidad sa atong lugar?
preparasyon?
3. Sa imong pagsumada, Mahimo ka ba nga Hatagi pa ako sa lain
unsa ka delikado ang muhatag ug laing opinyon nimong opinyon.
barangay White Beach kon kon unsa ka delikado ang
adunay kalamidad sama sa barangay nga imong gipuy Unsa ang imong gibati?
linog ug tsunami nga -an ug andam ka ba niini?
mahitabo? Nganung nagpabilin pa
gihapon ang imong pagpuyo
dinhi?
4.Unsa ang mga nahimong Makahatag ka ba sa gihimo Ming-apil kaba niini?
kaayuhan o nila nga mga kalihukan
accomplishment sa alang sa pagpangandam Mahimo ba nga maistorya
Barangay White Beach kon kon adunay muabot nga nimo ang imong mga
adunay kalamidad nga linog ug tsunami? kasinatian sa dihang
nahitabo? inyo/imo kini nga gibuhat sa
inyong barangay?

5.Giunsa ninyo paghimo
ang DRRM nga plano
mahitungod sa
pagpangandam sa muabot
nga kalamidad sama sa
tsunami ug linog?
Mahimo ba nimo nga
mahulagway kon unsaon
paghimo ang inyong
evacuation plan sa panahon
kon adunay kalamidad?
6. Isip usa ka kabahin sa
mga nagdumala sa
skwelahan ug barangay nga
DRRM, unsa ang imong
matampo sa pagpauswag sa
barangay-based disaster
risk reduction plan?
C. Exit Question
1. Aduna kabay laing ikadugang nga mga impormasyon mahitungod sa
pagpangandam ko adunay linog ug tsunami nga mahitabo sa inyong barangay?
Appendix D – Plagiarism Scan Result
75
Makatabang ba kini pag-ayo
kanimo/kanato?
Ning apil ba ang tanan sa
maong kalihukan?
Kinsa ang nagtambong sa Nahimo bang malampuson
maong pagplano? ang pagplano?
Unsa ang mga stratehiya Ang tanan ba minghatag sa
nga gigamit aron hapsay ilang mga ideya o opinyon?
ang panagsabot o
panaghimo sa plano? Giapil ba ninyo ang
evacuation plan sa inyong
Makahimo ka ba sa barangay?
paghatag sa imong
maalamong hunahuna sa Aduna ba kamoy wala
paghimo sa inyong masabuti o mga babag sa
evacuation plan sa panahon inyong mga plano?
nga adunay linog ug
tsunami sa imo mismong Aduna bay budget ang
gipuy an? matag pagahimoon nga
kalihukan mahitungod sa
DRRM?
Ug imong mapausab ug Unsa ang ubang plano nga
mapalambo barangay- imong mahatag?
based disaster risk
reduction plan, unsa nga Epektibo ba kini alang sa
mga aksyon ang imong tanan?
pagahimoon kon adunay
linog ug tsunami nga Sa imong hunahuna,
mahitabo? Makhimo ka ba makatabang ba kini sa
ug action plan alang sa lumulupyo sa barangay
pagpangandam kon adunay White Beach kong adunay
kalamidad nga mahitabo? kalamidad sama sa linog ug
tsunami nga mahitabo?
 76

Appendix E – Grammarly Result

 77

Appendix F- LISTO Disaster Preparedness Checklist

78
79
 80

DOCUMENTS FROM CITY DRRMC REGARDING EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS

Appendix G- Action Plan to improve barangay-based risk reduction plan

Action Plan to improve barangay-based disaster risk reduction plan

Rationale: This plan serves as the guide on how to improve barangay-based disaster
risk reduction plan and on how sustainable development can be achieved through
inclusive growth while building the adaptive capacities of communities, the
vulnerability of barangay White Beach can be decreased and in case of an impact, the
capacity to withstand, to respond and to recover will be stronger.
 81

Key Objectives Activities Person/s Resources Success

Rank Involved Needed Indicator
Areas
Physical Finan
cial
To help the BDRRMC Barangay Covered They able to
Lack of people Planning Council, court, finish
Preparat conduct School Head, Projector, 1000 planning
ion effective DRRM Manila successfully
disaster Coordinator, paper, with full
response Incident Risk Pentel Pen participation
and Team, and
reducing Parents, SPG collaboration
risk when a Officers .
disaster
will occur
To stabilize Mangrove Barangay They able to
shorelines Planting Council, Mangrove plant
Fewer by slowing School Head Seedling mangroves
plants erosion and DRRM Bolo 1000 successfully
provide Coordinator Shovel and stabilize
natural Incident Risk shorelines to
barriers Team, protect
protecting Parents, coastal
coastal Youth communities
communiti organization, .
es from a NGO
tsunami. SPG Officers
To engage Coastal Barangay The people
people in Clean-up Council, Sack 500 living in the
A lot of the School Head Broom community
garbage community DRRM Gloves able to
to remove Coordinator Rake participate in
trash and Incident Risk the coastal
debris from Team, clean-up and
beaches Parents, they made it
and Youth successful.
waterways Organization,
to protect NGO
the SPG Officers
environme
nt.
To be Earthquake Barangay
Lack of oriented on and Council, Covered The
knowle the ways of Tsunami School Court, 500 Barangay
dge in preparation orientation Incident Risk Projector, Council able
disaster before, Team, and laptop, to conduct
 82

risk. during, and Parents White DRRM

after a Screen orientation
disaster. and they
able to
participate in
the
orientation.
To be Earthquake Barangay Covered The
prepared and Council, Court, participants
Lack of and equip Tsunami School Projector, 5000 able to listen
training when the trainings Incident Risk laptop, and execute
s and disaster and Team, and White properly the
seminar strike. seminars PTA officers Screen, training.
s training
materials
To raise Posting Barangay DRRM The person
awareness DRRM Council, posters involved
A for disaster signages, School Head Flyers and 1000 able to give
dearth preparedne DRRM leaflets the needed
of ss and Disaster Coordinator materials to
posters manage Education Incident Risk all White
for disaster posters Team, Beach
disaster risk. Parents, residents for
awarene Youth awareness
ss Organization, and disaster
NGO, SPG education.
Officers
Lacks To help the Covered The teachers
knowle teachers Film Barangay court were able to
dge on and showing Council, Handouts perform
how to students Lectures School Head, Triangular 500 different
perform know the Handling DRRM bandages ways of
first aid first aid common Coordinator Spine administerin
and and basic injuries Teachers, board g first aid.
basic skills on Bandaging parents, First aid
skills performing Lift & SPG Officers materials
when an tsunami Carry
earthqu and
ake and earthquake
tsunami preparedne
will ss.
occur
Not To Barangay Covered The people
enough capacitate Council, Court living in the
informa the Earthquake School Head, Alarm/ community
tion on teachers & DRRM Buzzer 5000 were able to
 83

perform and Tsunami Coordinator Signages perform the

ing first students on drill Teachers, First aid tsunami and
aid with performing parents, earthquake
basic first aid SPG drills
survival with basic Officers, and properly.
skills survival City DRRM
during skills Personnel
earthqu during
ake and earthquake
tsunami and
disaster. tsunami
disaster.

CURRICULUM VITAE
 84

MYRENE OMAC- BUCOL

Address: Ramon Magsaysay Street, Sumadat, Dumalinao, Zamboanga Del Sur
E-Mail: myrene.omac@deped.gov.ph
Mobile No.: 09386856197 / 09456002312

PERSONAL PROFILE

Age : 24
Date of Birth : January 06, 1997
Place of Birth : Sumadat, Dumalinao, Zamboanga Del Sur
Civil Status : Married
Spouse : Willy M. Bucol
Occupation : Police Officer
Father : Ereneo D. Omac (Deceased)
Mother : Concepcion C. Dinopol
Years of Teaching : 3 year

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Graduate Studies
Saint Columban College
Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management
San Francisco District, Pagadian City
December 2020
Tertiary
 85

Western Mindanao State University

Bachelor of Elementary Education
Sta. Maria District, Pagadian City
April 2017
Secondary
Immaculate Heart Academy
Pag-asa, Dumalinao, Zamboanga Del Sur
March 2013
Elementary
Sumadat Elementary School
Sumadat, Dumalinao, Zamboanga Del Sur
March 2009

WORK EXPERIENCES

White Beach Elementary School

Teacher I
White Beach, Pagadian City
2019 – Present

Pagadian Golden School Learning Center

Lead Teacher
Sta. Maria District, Pagadian City
2018 – 2019

Powerhouse Training and Review Center

Associate Review Director
Santiago District, Pagadian City
2017-2018