Group 2, 1B-PH

Barroga, Beltran, Bocalan, Castro, Cordero

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT
EXPERIMENT 4
Comparative Investigation of Organic Compounds

1. Differentiate these two types of functional groups: principal and subordinate groups.

In the nomenclature rules established by the International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC),
hydrocarbons may contain functional groups and are named accordingly. Functional groups are substituents or
moieties that provide different characteristics and reactions to different chemicals. These are divided into principal
and subordinate groups.

Principal functional groups have assigned priorities that must be considered when naming compounds. Carboxylic
acids have the highest priority of all substituents, followed by acid anhydrides and so on. The moiety with the highest
priority becomes the parent structure, which determines the parent name. It also receives the lowest locant.

Subordinate functional groups, on the other hand, have no difference in priority. The substituents are simply written
alphabetically. These include alkyl halides, ethers, and alkyls. These only become the parent chain when no principal
functional groups are present.

2. Enumerate the different interactive forces involved during a solution process

London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole forces are examples of
intermolecular forces that occur in solution.

London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force and happens when electrons from two neighboring
atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This is where non-polar molecules dissolve in a
nonpolar solvent.

Next, dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between opposite poles between polar molecules. Water may dissolve
polar compounds through this interaction.

Ion-dipole forces are an electrostatic interaction between an ion and a neutral molecule with a dipole. It occurs when
water is mixed with either a strong or a weak electrolyte.

Lastly, hydrogen bonding involves hydrogen and a very electronegative molecule such as nitrogen, oxygen, and
fluorine. A molecule executing hydrogen bonding is polar, which means that it is soluble in a polar solvent as well.
DATA SHEET

Test Compounds Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol

Condensed CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 CH2Cl2 CH3CH2OH CHCHCHCHCHC

structural formula OH

Physical state at RT Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

Appearance Clear Clear Clear Clear

Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless

Odor Gas-like Sweet, pleasant, Vinous / wine-like odor Pungent

chloroform-like odor

Solubility in

H2O Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble

5% NaOH soln Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Soluble

5% HCl soln Insoluble Insoluble Soluble Insoluble

Reaction with litmus No observed changes in red No observed changes in No observed changes Turns blue litmus
paper and blue litmus paper. red and blue litmus in red and blue litmus paper into a red
paper. paper. color.

Ignition Test Highly Flammable Not flammable Highly Flammable Flammable

Yellow Flame Blue Flame Yellow Flame

Observed principal
IR peaks (cm-1)

Test Compounds Benzoic Acid Ethyl acetate Ethylamine

Condensed structural CHCHCHCHCHCCOOH CH2COOCH2CH3 CH3CH2NH2

formula

Physical state at RT Solid Liquid Liquid

Appearance White, crystalline Clear Clear

Color White Colorless Colorless

Odor Pungent Plastic balloon-like Fish-like odor

Solubility in:

H2O insoluble Insoluble Soluble

5% NaOH soln Soluble Soluble Insoluble

5% HCl soln Insoluble Soluble Soluble

Reaction with litmus paper Turns blue litmus paper No observed changes in Turns red litmus paper
into red color. red and blue litmus paper. into blue color.

Ignition Test Not flammable Highly Flammable Highly Flammable

Yellow Flame Yellow Flame

Observed principal IR
peaks (cm-1)

POST-LAB ASSIGNMENT

EXPERIMENT 6
Comparative Investigation of Organic Compounds

1. Based on the solubility properties observed, which organic compound/s studied:

a. is/are polar?
- Ethanol
- Ethyl Amine
b. is/are acidic?
- Phenol
- Benzoic Acid
c. is/are basic?
- Ethylamine
d. exhibit/s strongest interactive forces at room temperature?
- Ethanol, phenol, benzoic acid, ethyl acetate, and ethylamine exhibit hydrogen bonding.

2. Which organic compounds studied charred on ignition? Explain why this happened.
- Cyclohexane, phenol, ethyl acetate, and ethylamine are the organic compounds that charred on
ignition since they had undergone incomplete combustion. These organic compounds have a high
carbon-hydrogen ratio. Thus, they have excess unburnt carbon in the flame due to the limited
supply of oxygen, producing a sooty flame.