DEVELOPMENT OF

WATER RESOURCES

WATER CYCLE

USES OF AVAILABLE WATER

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

SUSTAINABILITY
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
 a
^

¥÷÷%eao÷÷
on

thy
con
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
agg

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÷÷÷ii ÷i÷¥¥¥÷ii ÷
1 Precipitation

Terraforming
.
-

Infiltration .
v

Surface Runoff .

Underground
water
Table
\
soil Erosion
THE WATER CYCLE
.

roesihjonedi? .

USES OF WATER IN PAKISTAN

Domestic →
Washing cooking bathing gardening
purpose ,
, ,
others

Theft)
.

1,3%:*
Industrial → Mineral Water Juices
.

Textile Iron
q
Steel , .
Beverages . ,
.

Rice Irrigation
Irrigational → Water
given
to the Crops .
.
Sugarcane g wheat . Industrial
Thermal Power Stations to turn the turbines to
.
→
Boiling and
making steam Domestic

produce electricity .

HEP production The water is used to torn the Turbines to

→
flow of make HEP .

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN

-

TRADITIONAL MODERN METHODS

-

Chaka :
Draft power used to take out water Canal
Irrigation System Dame barrages and
.

is
from
:
,

the Ponds Canals connected toprovide water to

Lakes
field
are
q .

Shaduf The bucket Tobe Wells :

:
weight is used end anda Hosedin plain I via motors
-

on one areas .

tht other to pull out water Plastic pipes

on
from Lakes .
fetchwaterfrom underground
used to .

Persian : A chair of buckets connected

vertically g horizontal
,
°

Sprinklers the pressure of water is usedfor

:

wheel with bull to take out water the

a
from a well .

Spraying water fields accuses .

Kaney Used in Baluchistan Tank Irrigation

-

: water is
: Make use
provided by
.
.

of underground water and Collecting in a cemented tank and later

do the
irrigating domestic use .
Trupplied to farms on
fields .
 Departments responsible for the management of water resources in Pakistan.

WAPDA

Water and Power

Development authority .

Responsible for construction

of Large
Dems and power production in Pakistan What was the Indus Water Treaty?
"

To over come the problems created due to the irrigation System A

treaty b/w India
. was
signed
Provision
of Power to different supply companies through out Pakistan .
as Pakistan to resolve the
dispute
Stablish ment and maintain in the
of Power infrastructure ance
country .
over the control
of Indus Basin

q the 6 Rivers including Indus ,

Small Dams Organisation (SDO) Jehlum Chenab Ravi

,
,
, Sutlujg Bead .

SDO or Small Dams

Organisation was established in 1959 .
2 Dams ,
4
barrages g lo link canals .

Its major aim is to construct small storage Dems in areas

of heavy rain .

The water
rain
goes wasted in
many areas
q even causes
floods 4 Surface Runoff .

SDO construct dams that and

only stores water q does not
are
generally uni
purpose
produce electricity .

Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP)

Control and reclaim alton

Salinity project was also established in 1960 's .

The
To
prime objective is to overcome the problems of waterlogging and
Salinity .

save the land

from becoming sodie and
consequently useless .

To save the land

from desertification .

To reclaim the Land Lost to either tells

salinity desertification or .

28 reclaimed Doab and BWL

Zones
upTill now ,
including Sind Sagar a RYK districts .

Important Dams and Barrages constructed in Pakistan

Tarbela Dam. Mangla Dam Warsak Dam Ghazi Brotha Hydal Project Mohmand & Diamer Bhasha

Constructed at Indus constructed Jehlem Constructed at Kabul River Constructed Indus Vitalfor the
economy of
on on .

14 Turbines .
Azad Kashmir .
160 MWCHR .
20 km
upstream of Torbeta Pakistan .

Haripur District KPK .

1000 M W/HR HEP .
Peshawar Swabi Charsada
, ,
Produces 1450 MwIAR .
Dams
for the
future
243 Kmt Reservoir area Smaller than Tarbeta .
hlorsak Lake .
Only an HEP Project .
Large HEP
capacity .

6200 MW /HR HEP .

Mangla Lake 7.39 main .

No water
storage capacity More Catchment Area .

11Million Acre DB is 150

up of Gilgit
km
feetHater . Commission in 1965 .
Commission 1992
Taunsa Barrage Guddu Barrage Sukkur Barrage Kotri Barrage Jinnah Barrage

only barrage that is Built on the Rohr Cuesta

.
-

.
Built on Indus near Hyd
capable of Producing 4 Supplies water to North a Jamshoro .

M
w/Hk power .
Sindh
region .
Connect two bank
of Indos .

Built Indus in the Connect to ends Provide water to Hyd

on
of river via

North Punjab region Indus and Canal called the

'

facilitates major
Phalaili canal '
transport and commerce .

Controls lowerSind
floods in
.
 What was the Indus water Treaty?

At the time Partition India control water headworks waters

of got the
of from where were

coming into Pakistan .

Pakistan
being agricultural country rely heavily Irrigation
•
an on .

India Pk Indus
easily deprive of its due share
of water coming from Sys
°
could
very
Indian from day I tried to
strangle the Pakistan and it into
economy of force
o
an

disaster
economic and
bankruptcy .

Pakistan has 23 rivers but the most crucial India into Pakistan
system comes
from .

The Indus North Pakistan

System .
Balochistan .
and rivers in
of .

Pakistan dams 4
•
constructed 2
large storage ,
barrages and 10 link canals
.

Tor beta
o ,
Mangla were the dams constructed .

funding for these dams

barrages by International
o and was done
Community .
All the Bow countries
helped Pakistan
•
Being a member
of
British Common wealth , even India contributed .

° A number
of Perrin ni al canals were constructed through out Punjab under this
treaty .

Why was the Indus Water Treaty important to Pakistan?

This made Pakistan its share water

secure on
of .

This also allowed Pakistan to her HEP Taube la produces 6200 MWIHR
produce
o
own . .

• Economic
stability depended heavily upon
this treaty as the two
major industries depend upon agriculturalproducts .

Since India not construct dams Indus d-helium g Chenab PK retains exclusive
can
storage rights these
•
on
any , on

rivers that flow in Pakistan from eastern (Indian ) side .

Difference between Dams and Barrages?

Multi-purpose Hydro Electric Dams Barrages built across the River

Dams are
always constructed in the mountainous Barrages built in the plain
a re areas
of Punjab q Sind

region .
Barrages only diverts water
-

The wall No reservist

rocks
provide a solid
foundation for the .

for storage purpose -

The
Dams have man made lakes called Reserving Barrages are wide q connect two ends
of the

Dame multi river which it is built

ane -

purpose which
produces Power,
regulate across .

water Barrages do not produce electricity other than Tuansa

floods provide
. .

Dams need a
very large area .
for reservoir and
power
St.
barrage which produces 4MW/HR .

Usage of water
not
consumption
 IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS FOR PAKISTAN

Water Flood
for irrigation fertility of Soil in rivers the
ground water
• •

recharge
• .

Fish ( Rivers
• HEP .
•
Aquatic life) .
•

maintain and hold the soil that comes

from rain g
• Scenecc BEATY o Water
sports (Jets tie )
.

surface run
off .

TYPES OF CANALS USED IN PAKISTAN

BY FUNCTION

INUNDATION CANAL PERENNIAL CANAL LINK CANALS

✓ M e .

Canals that water These canals Since India

provide were constructed to provide retains the control
of lhiee rivers ,

during Seeing/flood seasons water

from Dams and Barrages .
Perrin ialcanal Ravi ,
Sutlej and Bias .
under the Indus water
Treaty ,

only
These canals
.
a re also
provide water
through out the year These
.
therefore India does not allow these water to
le b

called Saitabee and canals into Pakistan winter This

one are lined
from sides g bottom to flow during .

supply
very important
in avoid water is
areas
of seepage and absorption of water into
of crucial
for Pakistan 's
agriculture The
farming (
Rain
Barassi .
Fed
Farming) the
ground which is the
major cause
of water
link canals were constructed under IWT that
,

t.andainiy.name/unlined.ConneIIndusehumgChenabomdrmferhater.

BY TEXTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

UNLINED CANAL LINED CANAL

• The unlined canals a re not

Red Lined that

cemented or covered with canals are
huge water carriers

baked bricks the

on sides and Come out
of barrages or reservoirs
from
bottoms the dams
.

They do
supply water but and are cemented /bricked at

the base and the sides This

also cause water
logging s salinity on .
/
cement brick

by seeping H2o into the

ground lining saves the water
from seeping in and
the land
and
jump Underground from possible degradation Pakistan
\ ¥
in
causing a .

water table .

faces serious issues when these canals allow

seepage .

WARSAK
Shaft G_B HYDAL
KAREZ(only found in Baluchistan) TARBELA INDUS
water Table JHEHLUM
MANGLA \ n
A Kav
\
.

ez is
built
by the local tribes in Baluchistan
.

Rasul-Qadirabad LINK

.ae?.7. .mand.: ;dmmaywYe:5i sitnFpoint

Balloki Sulaimanki CANALS
"

:: Fairmount
.
CHENAB

g
.

built

Dates and other

by the co -

operation of

fruit
↳.
Io to 12
_*⇐# tribes .

"

:B
RAVI

SUTLAJ
crops grown using
%7B.si
are
BEAAS
the
knavery .

Tunnel
-
n
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION
- -
TRADITIONAL MODERN
CONVENTIONAL

Advantages Disadvantages .

Advantages Diisad
vantages .

Environmental Amount less Huge Expensive

•
is
friendly is
irrigated
area -

Less
Does not
damage the soil .
area is
irrigated .
.

Lange Lands are used - Land degradation

Yield is limited and Water
keeps the
fertility intact
profits low .
. Alone
profits
-

logging g salinity
Does not
No
displacement of people support commercial
agr
o Mone
jobs and better living Maintainarea is
difficult
-

.
. .

Cheap Industry grave to better crops Evacuations

°
lot
Expensive
-

due
.

very cause
o
.
.

Easy to run and maintain .

problem , re -
location .

Siltation in reservoir .

REGULATION OF WATER IN PAKISTAN- ORGANIZATIONS

WAPDA Water q Power Development Authority Built dams

barrages Produces Maintains
electricity
→ and distributes enhances
.
g .

Siltation
capacity . is cured .

Cleaning of reservoirs .

IRSA → Indus River System Authority .

Maintains the balance between the
provinces regarding their shame
of
Water and the Indus
power produced by the dams and
barrages on
System .

SCARP →
Salinity control a Reclamation
project Scamp . over comes the saline and
desebtified areas .
28 Reclaimed
zones
till now
up .

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED TO CANAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN

Lined .
unlined

TB
Water logging and Salinity

When tho
surface water that is not drained
properly into the
¥88087
§?!@÷&?
, ,
seeps
and increases the water table
ground ,
is called water
logging .
o
.

"

" it
'

WL alone twin called The Saline

^
i. .

Salinity
never comes
,
it has a
.
.

.¥"pzqz
water the salts that healthy
ground bring

qp'q g€ppgqg
under
coming from ane on
ag ,
and
high in sodium content and
destroys the arabie cultivatable Land

-
This saline water when

the Landas it become Iodic

evaporates
(High sodium
leave Salt

content )
patch and destroys £t¥Ef¥EEE
I.
.

If

The land
How to control water
logging s Salinity .

if not treated becomes sodie and

sudyptus trees sprinklers
-

,
properly completely ,
.

Soiltreatment q Rem
for faring and any
unusable other activities , Canal closure
agricultural resulting g limning .

the loss Limestone treatment Construction LBOD

in
of large cultivatable areas and
eventually a substantial .
of
decline in GDP .
(GROSS Domestic PRODUCT) Tube wells Flush ! the Salt . 9 RBOD to drain saline Hq
 SILTATION IN RESERVIORS
Methods to overcome siltation

Accumulation of Silt in the dams

'

reservoir is called siltation .

Install silt traps before the water enters

This silt
multiple problems that include the the reservoir
causes
following .
.

Reduction the hold water Increase the

capacity of afforestation in areas
in rate
of reservoirs to o
.
-

The Silt
disrupts the
flow of water through the turbines and where the natural
forest has been cut down
The Reservoir to be closed down
therefore reduces the HEP production Capacity .
0
for
a

The Silt also exerts the dam that

a
pressure on tho wall
of certain
period to clean it .

lead to Increase the

may cracks and
Subsequently a
flooding situation .
o
size of embankment or wall .

Not only the disturbed turbines

flow through the turbine it
self gets effected by becomes with access ive silt
•
, unusable

passing through it .

Repairs maintain once and replacement of turbines have a

huge cost which is
very difficult for an

economy like Pakistan to

afford .

Tube hell the

are
pvc pipes inserted in
ground to reduce the
seepage and avoid the chances
of water

logging and later

salinity binds
Ty ÷÷BT%ser
. .
=

¥fmo
voir
These tube wells used Punjab
.

generally in
-
are .
,

ay
The
o
government the Tube wells ① "
-

encourages use
of as

this controls water

logging and
salinity and keep the water table .

water table low .

Tank
°
Irrigation ,
is an other
useful mean
of irrigating lands .
Though the amount
of water
supplied through this

method is less and

therefore irrigates smaller area .

Why does Pakistan rely on irrigation for her agriculture activities?

Pakistan being an
agricultural country still can not rely on
rainfall .

The
timing
and amount rain are both inconsistent
of .
Every year that amount
of rain does not remain the same .

Pakistan also lies in the Rain Shadow the tail end the
area and receive
only of monsoon .

Variation
of the
timings of monsoon
destroys the cotton crop in particular .
Late arrival is
very harmful .

Rain in winters
important but it does not reach the major agricultural Pakistan Western
of
a re more areas .

Depression generally gives rain to South Western Western and North Western
,
regions which are
generally mountainous

and not known

a re
for agriculture

Explain the disputes on the distribution of water between the provinces in Pakistan.

KPK is
generally unhappy about the distribution of water KPK has .
a smaller population than
Punjab .

Punjab is blamed taking the bulk

of Water Punjab . has 55%
of PK's population with extensive
irrigation requirementforfood crops .

KPK demands major Royalty of power produced by Tar beta Dam however this by Punjab
, most
of electricity is used .

Sind claims that Dame constructed Indus

Barrages and on ,
deprives of the Sind Haters
of Indus
Shortage of fresh water
reaching the Indus Della is resulting in the
shrinking of Delta ,
which is
subsequently a

serious threat to the

mangroves g accociated
ecosystem .

Indus River
System Authority (IRS A) was established to over come this
dispute between the provinces .
SILTATION IN PAKISTAN
REASON

Accumulation of Silt in the bed of reservoir is called ,

Siltation .

For beta to
EFFECTS
and
Mangla are the
major areas
suffer from
Bi Halton .

Effects Chi
flow of Water .
volume =
surface Area Height x

Effect { Emba Ei
the
power generation ,
-

↳7s
.
a

Reduces An Reservoirs to hold water

capacity of
-

ht .

HE
-

i
SOLUTION
Reduced capacity

①
.

To clean tho 108 million

reservoirs
I
-

To install the silt

Traps 60 Million
-

. .

To increase Hw
frights of the calash of Reservoirs
•

SURFACE WATER POLUTION

CAUSES

The the
- water that is
polluted by factories .

Toxic wastes that released in

freshwater bodies
-

are .

Domestic waste thats released

- in rivers and
fresh water
bodies such Ravi River in Lahore River in Kh:
.
as
,
S Mali v
g Liyasi
EFFECTS

Reduces Itu amount water that

of fresh available
- is .

-
It kills the aerials that drink this water -

The
crops which
guier
this water is also
dangerous
-

are

human
for cons
umps ion .

How to reduce this pollution?

Water treatment plants to be established in all the

factories .

Heavy fines on the Units that release toxic material in the rivers or
fresh water bodies .

Construct
proper drainage system that ,
a re used to release water in
different other places .

Distillation plants to be introduced water should be Fractional

and
recycled .
Distillation is used as a method to
purify .

Desalination plants to be to domestic

established in coastal areas
produce more
fresh water for use .