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// Comparison // Schematic diagram // Basic concepts //

* The diagram below shows a cell observed under an electron microscope.

a Suggest three reasons why the cell is likely to be a palisade mesophyll cell, but
not an ox corneal cell. (3 marks)
b Complete the table below to compare structures P and Q. (4 marks)
Structure P Structure Q
Main chemical constituents
Permeability
c Using the letters in the diagram, state the structure which
i stores pigments other than chlorophyll. (1
mark)
ii absorbs light energy. (1
mark)
d Name the structures shown in the diagram which may also be found in a bacterium.
(3 marks)

-- answer --
a It has a cell wall.
1m
It has chloroplasts.
1m
It has a large central vacuole.
1m
b
Structure P Structure Q
Main chemical constituents Cellulose Phospholipids
Differentially
Permeability Fully permeable
permeable

4m
 c i U
1m
ii W
1m
d Cell wall
1m
Cell membrane
1m
Ribosomes
1m
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2
// Experiment // Basic concepts //
The photograph below shows a light microscope commonly used in school
laboratories.

a Sometimes we need to rotate Q during observation. What is the purpose of rotating

Q?
(1 mark)
b How is a microscope slide held in position on R? (1
mark)
c What is S for?
(1 mark)
d How can you control the amount of light passing through V? (1 mark)
e If you have a number of plant cells in focus under low-power magnification, how
would you go on to observe one of the cells in detail under high-power
magnification?
(3 marks)
f Why should you never lower P by turning U while you are looking through T?

(1 mark)
g Give two advantages of using electron microscopes over light microscopes.

(2 marks)
-- answer --
a To select an objective with suitable magnification.
1m
b It is held in position by the clips.
1m
c It reflects light to the slide from a light source.
1m
d By adjusting the diaphragm.
1m
e Move the cell you want to observe in detail to the centre of the field of view.
1m
Rotate the nosepiece to select a high-power objective.
1m
Focus with the fine adjustment knob.
1m
f To prevent pressing the objective against the slide, which may damage both
of them.
1m
g Electron microscopes can produce images with higher magnifications
1m
and resolution.
1m
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