Paint, varnishes

And
glass

Name- shivani kanaujiya

Enrollment – 180492
Subject- building
material
Batch- 2018-2022
Year- 1st
 PAINT

INTRODUCTION
• The final finishing of all the surface such as wall, ceiling, woodwork, metalwork, etc is necessary to make them look good and also
for their protection from moisture, termites etc.
• So according to the nature of the surface and the finishing required, the surface should be coated with different types of paints.
• PAINT is a solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles for protection or for
apperance.
• For different surfaces different types of paints from different companies are used.
• Some of the leading companies of India are Asian paints, nerolac, berger , nippon etc.

• To protected it from decaing.

• To prevent corrosion of metals.
• It protect any surface from harmful effect of atmospheric agencies.
• Decorative and asstetic to the surface.
• Paints renders the surface higenceraly safe &clean.

Characteristics of ideal paint

• Paint should retain it original colour for a long time.
• It should be economical.
• Paint should not pile of from the painted surface.
• Paint surface should not show paint crack.
• Paint should be moisture resistance
• Atmospheric agencies should not be able to affect the painted surface.
• The paint should have good covering power generally 1 litre paint should cover 12 feet.
• Paint should be free proof / good fire resistance.
• Paint should not contain any chemical which harms to user.
• It should be harmless to the user.
• It should have very pleasing appearance.
Types of paints
1. Aluminium paints:-
• It is used for painting wood work and metal surface.
• It is widely used for painting water pipes, gas pipes, gas tanks, oil storage tanks, radiators.
2. Asbestos paint:-
• This paint is mainly used in the area where damproofing is needed.
• It is also used leaking metal roofs.
3. Enamel paint:-
• It is metal base paint (Zn, Pb).
• It can be used in interior & exterior.
• To obtain the desired color, coloring pigments are also added in it.
4. Cement paint:-
• It is water based paint and is applied to either exterior or interior wall including brick work and concrete.
• It is used for painting exterior wall surface mainly for preventing water penetration and reductions of dirt
collection.
• There are limited shades of the colors offered.
• Durable and water resistant.
• It is extensively used for patios, garages, driveways, sidewalks, and concrete furniture.
• It prevents growth of fungus and bacteria on exterior surfaces.
5. Bronze paint:-
• It is Cu bronze and all bronze based.
• They produce reflective type of surface.
• Used in both interior and exterior.
6. Emulsion paint:-
• PVA dissolved as a base.
• It can be easily applied and can be wash to clean.
• Retain color for long time, surface is tough, can dry very quickly.
7. Plastic paint:-
• Available in attractive and pleasing shades.
• Mostly used in showrooms, display rooms, and auditoriums.
• Its base is plastic and solvent is any type of oil.
Characteristics of paint
1. Base :-
• It is the main body of the paint.
• Its function is to provide opaque coating(lustrous layer create) cracks, abression.
• It is the bulk of the paint.
• It should passes a good quality of good paints.
• White led, red led, zinc, iron, aluminium.
2. Solvent :-
• The main purpose of the solvent is to adjust the viscosity of the paint.
• It function as a thinner, it creates the consistancy so that paint can be easily appiled on the surface.
• Turpentine oil is the most commonly used thinner.
• Petroleum, spirit ( different form of alcohol) & naptha are also are a good solvent.
• Water is the main solvent for water- based paints.
3. Colouring Pigments :-
• These are colouring pigments are colouring agents which are use to develop desired shade of paint.
• Ex – Indigo, Pursion blue, cobalt blue.
• We use natural white / black colour as main colour .
4. carrier/ vehicles:-
• The vehicles helps in spreading the paint increase the covering power of the paint.
• Evenly on the surface & acts as a binder.
• linseed oil is one of the most common vehicles.
5. Dryer :-
• They are metallic compounds & when added to the paint in small quantities accelerate the process of drying.
• It absorb oxygen from the moisture.
6. Inert filler :-
• It reduces the weight of the paint and render the paint more durable.
Preparation of the surface
Surface is sand papered.
1. Sand papering :-
• To make the surface more smoother.
2. Putti (stopping) :-
• It is chalk powder in linseed oil.
3. Priming :-
• It is primer ( 1st coat of the paint).
• It ready the wall, metal or wooden surface to receive the paint properly.
• It is transparent liquid paint.
 VARNISHES

Introduction
• Varnish is a solution of resin or resinous substances ( such as common resin, amber, copal, shellac etc ) in alcohol,
turpentine or oil.
• It enhances and gives warmth to the grain of the wood and is resistant to impact, heat, abrasion, water and alcohol. It
can be used as a topcoat over worn finishes.
• Varnish consist of 2 parts of resin, 2 parts of Linseed oil, 1 part of turpentine is mixed & done with brush.
• Varnish provides a Glossy surface.
• It brightens the appearance.
• It is used to protect the surface from atmosphere.
• Varnish is not used on laminates.
• Varnish has a shine.

Characteristics of a good varnish

• It should dry rapidly.
• It should form a hard film on drying.
• It should not crack on drying. It should have sufficient elasticity.
• It should be durable and weather resistant.
• It should give uniform and pleasing appearance.
• It should not hide the natural grain of the inner surface of timber.
• The colour of varnish should not fade away with time.

Properties
• Transparent
• Hard
• Protective finish
• It is combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
• Glossy but may e designed to produce satin or semi- gloss sheens by the addition of “flatting” agents.
 PROCESS OF VARNISHING

Surface Preparation Knotting Stopping Coat of Varnish

The wood Process of It is done by On the clean

surface is covering or means of hot surface, two
made smooth killing all knots weak glue or more coats
by rubbing it in the wood size so that of varnish is
using sand works with a pores on the applied.
paper or substance surface are • The next
pumice stone. through which filled up. coat is
the resin cannot • Boiled applied
come out or linseed oil when the
exude since the can be previous
resin coming applied in coat has
out the knots 2 coats. dried up
would damage • The dry thoroughly.
the paint. surface
should
than be
rubbed.
Wood oiling
• These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in which hard resins such as amber and copal are
dissolved by heating.
• These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and durable surface.
• Recommended for all external wood work and for joinery, fitting.
• It is much more economical than painting.
• It is used where a dull, rich & matter finished look is desired.

Stains
• Liquid preparation of different paints applied to smooth unpainted surface of lower
economical range wood to give appearance of highly coloured wood of superior quality.

Waxing
• It is melted bees wax & turpentine mixed in the ratio of 2:1.
• The furniture piece is smeered with this mixture so that it is soaked into every pore of the
wood, then it is rubbed with flannel.

Graining
• It is imitation of colour & grain of wood upon any painted surface.
• The graining is brushed out in stricks with a thin at straight hair brush &
combed with 5min steel grain comb.

Polish
• Polish is like a varnish.
• It is a solution of resins or resinous substances either in alcohol, oil or turpentine.
• Protects painted surface from atmospheric actions.
• Protects the unpainted wooden surfaces of door, windows, roof trusses floors from action
of atmosphere.
• Colour should not fade away when surface is exposed to atmospheric actions.
 GLASS
Introduction
• Glass has been an important engineering material, since old times.
• Glass industry has progressed very rapidly and new techniques have been developed
with the help of which glass of any type and quality can be produced.
• The art of glass making is very old and today the industry uses basically the same raw
materials as did the ancient glass makers.
• Glass is a hard brittle, transparent, translucent material..

Composition of glass
• The glass is amorphous is structure.
• Sand + colouring agent + fusion material they all are put together & put into the furnance.

Properties of Glass
• It is extremely brittle and is available in beautiful colours.
• It has amourphous structure.
• It has no definite melting point.
• It can be polished.
• It absorbs, and refracts light.
• It is not easily affected by chemicals.
• It can be cast into any desired shape.
• Glass can be welded by fusion.

Manufacture of Glass
• Collection of raw materials.
• Mixing of material and forming a batch.
• Melting in the furnace.
• Fabrication
• Annealing
Types of glass
• Plate glass
• Float glass
• Tempered glass
• Laminated glass
• Insulated glass
• Reflection glass
• Pattern glass
 Wired glass
 Fiber glass

 PLATE GLASS
• This glass is made by pouring hot glass on casting table & then levelling the material to a uniform
thickness by running rollers over it.
• This process is followed by grinding smoothening & polishing.
• It is used for making- mirror & large panes , Glazing of shop fronts & wind screens of vehicles.

 FLOAT GLASS
• The process of creating temperature glass is to heat the original glass to a very high temperature &
cool it down rapidly to form surface compression on the glass.
• 3-4 times more stronger.

 TEMPERED GLASS
• The tempered glass is a float glass that receives a thermal treatment ( it is heated and cooled
quickly), which make it more rigid and resistant to breakage.
• If it breaks it produces tips and edges less cutting, and it fragments in small round pieces.

 LAMINATED GLASS
• The laminated glass is composed by two glass plates intercalated by a plastic skin of great
resistance.
• The laminated glass is used as cover, facades, balconies, guardrail, doors, windows, partitions,
showcase, flooring and other.
• The laminated glass has other benefits, as the reduction of external noise entrance ( when compared
to common glasses) and the protection against UV (ultraviolet) rays.
 INSULATED GLASS
• It is the set of two glasses separated by an air or gas layer, conferring a reduction in the sound
propagation, in the entrance of heat and endless decorative combinations.
• The double glass is present in our daily life, as for instance, in freezers and refrigerators doors
(with the thermal insulation function).
• The double glazing can be composed by any type of glass, improving the thermal and
acoustic performance.
• The double glazing can be composed by any type of glass, improving the thermal and
acoustic performance.
• Besides that, it can be equipped with in thermal blinds that give the set a differentiated
aesthetic effect.

 REFLECTION GLASS
• It is refers to coating the surface of the glass with one or many layers of metals, alloy or metal
compound film to effectively control the transmission of visible light & low infrared.
• In light of the different performance, the reflective glass can be classified into the following.
• It is heat reflecting glass, low emissivity glass electro pane etc.

 PATTERN GLASS
• It is produced by coating & rolling clear or body tinted, translucent clear flat glass.
• Obscure glass is the term used for any glass that distort the view.
• Patterned glass is mostly used in internal decoration and internal architecture.

 WIRED GLASS
• Wire mesh is put in a glass during manufacture of glass.
• It is used for fire resisting doors & windows, (kitchen shutters).
• It does not shatters into pieces.

 FIBER GLASS
• We make fiber out of glass fiber is composed of minute glass rod.
• It is soft to touch & flexible in nature.
• It can be developed either in the form of continuous strands or in a stapple form.
Use of Glass
• Glass is extensively used in building construction since long time for glazing doors & windows.
• It is also used for decoration.
• It is also used for sound insulation purposes.
• It is used for cut glass work, electric bulbs ( lead glass).
• It is used for manufacturing of laboratory equipments and cooking utensils ( Boro- silicate glass).
• It is used for partition walls.
• It is used for cabinets, show cases, shop fronts.
• It is also used as fire retarder.