Flow Past a Stationary and Moving Cylinder: DNS at Re=10,000
Suchuan Dong, Didier Lucor, and George Em Karniadakis
Brown University, Division of Applied Mathematics, Providence, RI
{sdong, didi, gk}@dam.brown.edu
Abstract
We conduct direct numerical simulations with 300
million degrees of freedom of turbulent flows past a
stationary and a forced oscillating rigid cylinder at the
Reynolds number Re=10,000. This one-order of
magnitude increase in Reynolds number (compared to
previous DNS) is accomplished by employing a
multilevel-type parallel algorithm within the spectral
element framework. Comparisons with the available
experimental data show that the simulation has captured
the flow quantities, mean, and rms statistics of the
cylinder wake correctly. We also examine the effect of the
randomness in the inflow on the vortex formation at a
lower Reynolds number. We demonstrate that noisy
inflows cause a vortex shedding-mode switching in the
cylinder wake.
1. Introduction
Fluid flows passing over rigid or flexible cylinders
arise in numerous engineering situations, such as power
transmission lines, marine cables, drilling and production
risers in petroleum production, mooring lines, and heat
exchangers[3,10]. From both design and operational
standpoints, it is important to be able to predict the
hydrodynamic forces and motion of such structures
caused by vortex-induced vibration (VIV). From the
fundamental point of view, it is important to understand
how the near wake is modified by the motion of the
cylinder, which in turn depends on the flow conditions,
the structural characteristics, and the type of support.
Significant progress has been made in understanding
the wake of a stationary cylinder in recent years,
especially in the low Reynolds number range[25]. Several
researchers have measured the forces on finite-span
cylinders undergoing forced harmonic and multi-
frequency oscillations[2,23,24,7], as well as undergoing
freely transverse vibrations[15,11]. However, considerably
less is known for the flexible cylinder subject to VIV[1,28].
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
Due to the complexity of the hydroelastic
cylinder/wake problem, theoretical models remain
incomplete. Simplified models rely on the force input as
well as the added mass coefficient and correlation lengths.
Until recently, prediction of VIV was primarily based on
semi-empirical methods. Direct numerical simulations
have been applied to investigate the flow past a freely
vibrating cable in both the laminar[19] and turbulent[6]
regimes. Two states are observed in the cylinder wake
from these simulations, corresponding to a traveling wave
response and a standing wave response, respectively. The
former state produces a vorticity field consisting of
oblique “rollers” shed off the cylinder, while the latter
corresponds to a three-dimensional staggered pattern
forming Ȝ-type vortices. The existence of both states has
been demonstrated by Olinger[21], who used low-order
modeling based on circle maps to represent shedding
patterns behind flexible cables.
Previous numerical studies of the flow past an
oscillating cylinder concentrated on relatively low
Reynolds numbers (up to Re=1,000 in[6]). In the current
work, we increase the Reynolds number by an order of
magnitude to Re=10,000 based on the inflow velocity and
the cylinder diameter. This is enabled by a multilevel-
type parallel algorithm in the computations. In this paper,
we focus on turbulent flow past a stationary cylinder and
a rigid cylinder undergoing forced sinusoidal oscillations,
and compare the simulation results with the available
experimental data at this Reynolds number.
2. Parallel Computation Method
Realistic simulations of flow past a cylinder subject
to VIV at high Reynolds numbers require high resolution
in the streamwise and cross-flow directions and a large
number of Fourier modes along the cylinder span.
Parallel computations employing a single-level
parallelism for this type of problem has clear performance
limitations that prevent effective scaling to the large
processor count on modern supercomputers. Careful
analysis indicates that VIV computations
 demonstrate inherent hierarchical structures when the
problem is discretized with spectral/hp element
methods[13]. Consider an incompressible flow past a
cylinder subject to VIV. We assume the flow and
cylinder variables are periodic in the homogeneous
direction. A combined spectral element-Fourier
discretization can be employed to accommodate the
requirement of high order as well as efficient handling of
complex computational domain in the non-homogeneous
planes. Spectral expansions in the homogeneous direction
employ Fourier modes that are decoupled except in the
nonlinear terms. Each Fourier mode is a 2D field and
solved with the spectral element approach. Computations
on the Fourier modes, spectral element plane, spectral
elements within the plane, and at the sub-element level
form the hierarchy of operations in the solution process of
the VIV problem. Multilevel parallelism naturally suits
such VIV computations with inherent hierarchical
structures[4].
To exploit the inherent hierarchical structures in the
computations, we employ an MPI/MPI two-level parallel
algorithm[5] for simulating the cylinder flow at
Re=10,000. Specifically, the flow domain is first
decomposed along the cylinder. Each sub-domain
consists of one or more Fourier modes in the Fourier
space. At the first level are groups of MPI processes,
with each group computing one sub-domain. The spectral
element mesh in the non-homogeneous planes are further
partitioned using a graph-partitioning algorithm[14] at the
second level. Each sub-domain at the second level
comprised of structured or unstructured elements.
Accordingly, each MPI process within the group
computes a sub-domain at the second level. The key
advantage of this parallel algorithm is that MPI processes
participate in communications at different levels and
communicate only with the other processes at the same
level. As a result, compared with a single-level
computation on the same number of processors, much
fewer processes are involved in the communications at
each level. This reduces the communication latency
overhead and enables the applications to scale to a large
number of processors more efficiently. This is
demonstrated by the performance result in Table 1
obtained on the TCS cluster at Pittsburgh Supercomputing
Center (PSC) for the cylinder flow at Re=10,000 with a
problem size of 300,000,000 degrees of freedom.
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
Table 1. Performance of MPI/MPI parallel algorithm for
cylinder flow at Re=10, 000 with a problem size of
300,000, 000 degrees of freedom on TCS at PSC.
Parallel speed-up is computed based on the time on
256 processors.
CPU Seconds/step Speed-up Efficiency
256 14.766 1.0 1.0
512 7.417 1.991 0.996
1024 3.882 3.804 0.951
1536 2.877 5.132 0.856
3. Simulation Parameters
We consider the turbulent flow past a rigid circular
cylinder. The cylinder is either stationary or undergoing a
forced oscillation in the cross-flow direction. Following
Newman and Karniadakis[19], we solve the Navier-Stokes
equations in a coordinate system attached to the cylinder,
which avoids the difficulty of a moving mesh. We
employ a stiffly-stable pressure correction-type scheme[12]
with a third-order accuracy in time.
We focus on the turbulent wake at Reynolds number
Re=10,000 based on the inflow velocity and the cylinder
diameter. For the moving cylinder case, the motion of the
cylinder in cross-flow y direction is expressed by
y = Y0 cos(2ʌf0t), (1)
where y is the cylinder displacement at time t, Y0 is the
cylinder displacement amplitude, and f0 is the cylinder
oscillation frequency. All length parameters are
normalized with the cylinder diameter D.
The computational domain extends from í20D at the
inlet to í50D at the outlet, and from í20D to 20D in the
cross-flow direction. The spanwise length of the domain
Lz is chosen as Lz/D = ʌ. A “z-slice” of the computational
domain (figure 1) consists of K = 6,272 triangular prisms
(elements). The polynomial order per element is varied
from P = 5 to 8. In Figure 1 we also plot the mean
streamwise velocity profile along a vertical line crossing
the cylinder axis. It indicates that there is over one layer
of spectral elements (and more than 6 grid points when
the element order is taken into account) within the
cylinder boundary layer with the current mesh.
Resolution tests were performed by varying the number of
grid points in the spanwise z direction. Table 2
summarizes the drag coefficient, base pressure coefficient
and the Strouhal number under several resolutions
together with their experimental values in the flow past a
stationary cylinder at Re=10,000. It is evident that the
computed values agree with the experimental data quite
well.
 4.1. Turbulent Flow Past a Stationary Cylinder
at Re=10,000.

To obtain the DNS results presented here, the

simulations have advanced more than 1,000 convective
time units (D/U0, where U0 is the inflow velocity).
Figure 2 shows a window of the time history of the drag
and lift coefficients with Nz = 128 at Re=10,000. The
nondimensional time step typically varies between
4.0×10í4 and 5.0×10í4. The discussion will be focused on
the flow statistics in the cylinder wake.

Figure 1. (a) Two-dimensional “z-slice” of the

computation domain consisting of 6,272 triangular
spectral elements; (b) mean streamwise velocity
profile along a vertical line crossing the cylinder.

Table 2. Physical quantities in the flow past a

stationary cylinder at Re=10,000: drag coefficient Cd,
base pressure coefficient Cpb and Strouhal number Dt.
The order of spectral elements is denoted by P, and Nz
is the number of grid points in the spanwise z
direction.

Cd íCPb St
DNS (P = 5, Nz = 16) 1.155 1.129 0.195
Figure 2. (a) Time history of drag coefficient and (b) lift
coefficient, of the flow past a stationary cylinder at
DNS (P = 5, Nz = 64) 1.110 1.084 0.209
Re=10,000.
DNS (P = 5, Nz = 128) 1.128 1.171 0.205
Bishop & Hassan (1964) — — 0.201 The mean pressure distribution on the cylinder
Gopalkrishnan (1993) 1.186 — 0.193 surface is first compared to the experimental data from[20]
Williamson (1996) — 1.112 in Figure 3. An overall good agreement is observed
Norberg (2003) — — 0.202 between the DNS at Re=10,000 and the experiment by
Norberg[0] which was performed at Re=8,000. The
simulation results show a lower value of the minimum
4. Cylinder Flows at Re=10,000 pressure on the cylinder surface.
We next compare the flow statistics between the
simulation and the PIV experimental data[22] at
Simulations have been performed on two
Re=10,000. In Figure 4 we plot contours of the Reynolds
configurations of the cylinder flow at Re=10,000. In the
first configuration the cylinder is stationary. In the stress  u cvc ! from PIV experiment (left) and from
second configuration the cylinder undergoes a forced current simulations (right). The contours from PIV and
sinusoidal motion described by Eq. 1. In this section we DNS are plotted on the same levels,
will compare the flow statistics of the cylinder wake with u cvc! min 0.03 and '  u cvc ! 0.01 . The
between simulations and PIV experiment for the computed Reynolds stress agrees with the experimental
stationary case, and compare several physical quantities data quite well. The Reynolds stress distribution shows
between simulations and the MIT experiment for the four distinct “lobes” which are anti-symmetric with
oscillation case. respect to the centerline. Comparisons of the mean and

Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)

0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
 rms velocity distributions (not shown here) also
demonstrate that the simulation has produced the same
distributions as the PIV experiment.
Figure 3. Comparison of pressure coefficient on
cylinder surface between simulation (Re=10,000) and
experimental data (Re=8,000) in Norberg[20].
Figure 4. Comparison of the Reynolds stress < u cv c >
between PIV experiment[22] (left) and current
simulations (right). Contours of the experimental data
and the simulation results are plotted on the same
levels: <u cv c> min
= 0.03 and ǻ < ucv c > = 0.01 .
4.2. Turbulent Flow Past an Oscillating Cylinder
at Re=10,000.
We next examine the turbulent flows past a circular
cylinder that undergoes forced sinusoidal oscillations in
the cross-flow direction (see Eq. 1) at Re=10,000. Our
emphasis is on the influence of the cylinder oscillation on
the physical quantities, and the comparison of simulation
results with the experiment data[7] at the same Reynolds
number.
We have considered two oscillation frequencies with
a moderate displacement amplitude Y0/D = 0.3 (see
Table 3 for the parameters). In Figure 5 we plot the drag
coefficient (left) and lift coefficient (right) as a function
of the nondimensional frequency foD/U0 from the
experimental data as well as from current simulations at
Re=10,000. The agreement between simulation results
and the measurements of[7] is reasonably good. The
simulation under-predicts the drag coefficients and over-
predicts the lift coefficient at frequency foD/U0 = 0.14. At
the two frequencies simulated, there is not much
difference in the drag coefficient, while the lift coefficient
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
increases dramatically as the oscillation frequency
increases.
Table 3. Simulated cases of the flow past an
oscillating cylinder. Y0 and f0 denote the cylinder
displacement amplitude and oscillation frequency,
respectively.
Cases Y0/D f0D/U0
M1 0.3 0.14
M2 0.3 0.25
Figure 5. (a) Drag coefficient and (b) lift coefficient
versus non-dimensional frequency; sinusoidal
oscillations; Y0/D = 0.3.
The lift force phase angle, the angle by which the lift
force leads the imposed cylinder motion, is an important
quantity as it determines the sign of the power transfer
between the cylinder and the fluid. The magnitude of the
power transfer depends on the lift coefficient in phase
with the cylinder velocity. In Figure 6 we plot the history
of the lift coefficient and the cylinder displacement in the
flow past an oscillating cylinder at Re=10,000 at an
oscillation frequency foD/U0 = 0.25. The lift force and the
cylinder motion are essentially in phase at this frequency.
The behavior of the lift force phase angle and the lift
coefficient in phase with velocity from[7] and from current
simulations are illustrated in Figure 7. The DNS results
are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Figure 6. Time history of lift coefficient and cylinder
displacement in flow past an oscillating cylinder at
Re=10,000; oscillation frequency f0D/U0 = 0.25; Y0/D =
0.3.
Figure 7. (a) Phase angle of lift force with respect to
cylinder motion; (b) Lift force coefficient in phase with
velocity; sinusoidal oscillations; Y0/D = 0.3.
5. Vortex Shedding-Mode Switching Caused
by Noisy Inflow
One of the main features of the flow past a cylinder
oscillating transversely in a free stream is lock-in, a
frequency synchronization phenomenon. In experimental
work, the motion of the cylinder is often prescribed in
order to mimic the vortex-induced oscillations of a free,
i.e., elastically-mounted cylinder, see[9,18] and references
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
therein. The different synchronization regions for such
prescribed cylinder oscillations have been mapped in a
amplitude-wavelength plane by Williamson & Roshko[26].
The dominant vortex patterns near the fundamental
synchronization region are 2S, 2P, and (P+S). A 2S
shedding-mode implies that in each half-cycle of the
oscillation, a single vortex is shed into the wake. A 2P
shedding-mode means that in each half-cycle, a pair of
vortices of opposite signs are shed into the wake. Finally,
a (P+S) mode is an asymmetric version of the 2P mode
where the cylinder sheds a pair of vortices of opposite
signs and a single vortex each cycle. Adopting this
classification, the standard von Karman vortex street is
equivalent to a 2S mode. Some vortex formation
processes, such as the ones leading to 2P and (P+S)
shedding-modes, appear to be more unstable than the 2S
and sensitive to different experimental conditions. More
generally, the boundaries between the different regimes
identified in the experiments of[26] seem not to be robust,
and indeed they depend on many parameters including
Reynolds number, thermal effects, turbulence level, start
up conditions, etc.
We consider the effect of noisy inflow on the vortex
formation behind an oscillating circular cylinder. More
specifically, we simulate stochastically laminar flow past
an oscillating circular cylinder with random inflow, i.e.,
consisting of a uniform mean inflow plus a random
component; the latter follows a uniform distribution. We
employ a new simulation method based on generalized
polynomial chaos (GPC) algorithms developed in[27,17].
GPC represents efficiently Gaussian and non-Gaussian
second-order random processes in terms of orthogonal
polynomial functional.
We examine the effect of different levels of noise on
the vortex formation behind the cylinder at a low
Reynolds number Re=140. The cylinder is forced to
oscillate in a purely harmonic deterministic motion with
amplitude A/d = 1.0 and reduced velocity based on the
excitation frequency Vrn Ud f e 7.5 . This choice of
parameters leads to a (P+S) shedding-mode in
deterministic simulations, i.e., in the absence of noise at
the inflow. Visualizations of deterministic vorticity at
different instants within one shedding cycle and spectral
analysis of the cylinder forces indicate that we do obtain a
stable (P+S) shedding mode. The top image in Figure 8
shows an example of the (P+S) shedding mode at y/d=0
with one pair (P1) of vortices (I & II) shed from the
cylinder upper side and one single (S1) vortex shed from
the lower side.
We now present results from the stochastic
simulations. The lower three images in Figure 8 show
instantaneous stochastic mean vorticity contours (at the
same time as the deterministic simulation) for different
level of noise. The location of the letters identifying the
 vortices does not change in the four different plots. The
effect of the noise is striking; the vortex street in the wake
is re-organized as the level of noise increases from 10% to
20% to 30%, see Figure 8. These results seem to indicate
that the noise affects primarily the formation of the
second vortex of each pair in the (P+S) mode; this is
particularly clear in the second plot from the top. For this
case, corresponding to a moderate level of noise, we see
that the second vortex (II) of the first (P1) and second
(P2) pairs are really affected while the other vortical
structures (I of P1, I of P2, S1, S2, S3) remain almost
intact. We also note that the circulation of the second
vortex of each pair of deterministic vortices is weaker
than the first vortex. This was also observed in the case
of the 2P shedding-mode in the wake of free rigid
cylinders in crossflow[8]. This suggests that the weakest
vortical structures of the wake are the first ones to suffer
the effect of noise[16].
Figure 8. Comparison between deterministic (a) and
stochastic mean instantaneous vorticity fields for
different levels of noise au at identical time and
y/d = 0; ı U = 0% U (b); ı U = 10% U (c); ı U = 20% U (c);
ı U = 30% U (d); Re = 140; p = 15
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
In Figure 9 we plot the isocontours of the pressure
field in the near wake for the flow past a cylinder at
Reynolds number Re=300. We have considered the
deterministic flow case and a case with a random inflow
(with 5% randomness, Vu = 0.05). Figure 9(a) shows the
deterministic pressure pdet = í0.15, and Figure 9(b) shows
the mean random pressure p0 = í0.15. The three-
dimensional nature of the near wake structures of the
deterministic flow is quite evident from Figure 9(a). On
the other hand, the randomness in the inflow effectively
suppresses the three-dimensionality of near-wake
structures.
Figure 9. Isocontours of the deterministic pressure
Pdet field (a) and the mean pressure p0field of random
inflow (randomness ıU = 0.05). p = í0.15, Re=300
6. Concluding Remarks
We have presented results of direct numerical
simulations of turbulent flow past a stationary cylinder
and a forced oscillating cylinder at the Reynolds number
Re=10,000, which is about one order of magnitude higher
than previously was achieved. This is accomplished by
employing a multilevel-type parallel algorithm within the
spectral/hp element framework. Comparisons with the
available experimental data for the stationary-cylinder
case show that the simulation has captured the flow
quantities and the mean, rms and Reynolds stress statistics
correctly. Comparisons with the experimental data for the
forced oscillation case indicate that the simulation has
captured the physical quantities such as the drag and lift
coefficients, and the phase angles reasonably well. DNS
 is now emerging as a promising and effective tool for
studying the VIV phenomena at high Reynolds numbers.
7. Significance to DoD
Vortex-induced vibration research is important to
DoD in general and is critical to naval and marine under-
water applications. High levels of VIV fatigue damage
can be accumulated in relatively short periods of time in
the severe currents encountered in most deep-water
operational environment. Our simulations are the first
direct numerical simulations in this area about the
interaction between turbulent flow and a flexible
cylinder/cable. The detailed comparisons between DNS
and experimental data at Re=10,000 in this paper have
demonstrated that direct numerical simulation has
emerged as an efficient tool with high accuracy for
studying vortex-induced vibrations at high Reynolds
numbers.
8. Systems Used
Simulations were performed on the IBM SP4 at
NAVO and ARSC, and on the SGI Origin 3800 at ERDC.
9. CTA
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by ONR. Computer time
was provided by HPCMP (NAVO, ERDC, and ARSC).
We would like to thank Professor M. Triantafyllou and
Professor D. Rockwell for providing the experimental
data.
References
1. Alexander, C., “The complex vinrations and implied drag of a
long oceanographic wire in crossflow.” Ocean Engineering, 8,
1981, pp. 379–406.
2. Bishop, R.E. and A.Y. Hassan, “The lift and drag forces on a
circular cylinder oscillating in a flowing fluid.” Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. A, 277, 1964, pp. 51–75.
3. Blevins, R., Flow Induced Vibration, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1990.
4. Dong, S., and G.E. Karniadakis, “Dual-level parallelism for
high-order CFD methods.” Parallel Computing, 30, 2004a, pp.
1–20.
5. Dong, S. and G.E. Karniadakis, “Multilevel parallelization
models for high-order CFD.” AIAA Paper 2004-1087, 2004b.
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
6. Evangelinos, C. and G.E. Karniadakis, “Dynamics and flow
structures in the turbulent wake of rigid and flexible cylinders
subject to vortex-induced vibrations.” J. Fluid Mech., 400, 1999,
pp. 91–124.
7. Gopalkrishnan, R., “Vortex-induced forces on oscillating
bluff cylinders.” Ph.D.Thesis, Department of Ocean
Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
8. Govardhan, R. and C.H.K. Williamson, “Modes of vortex
formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating
cylinder.” J. Fluid Mech., 420, 2000, pp. 85–130.
9. Griffin, O.M. and S.E. Ramberg, “The vortex street wakes of
vibrating cylinders.” J. Fluid Mech., 66, 1974, pp. 553–576.
10. Hover, F., A. Techet, and M. Triantafyllou, “Calculation of
dynamic motions and tensions in towed underwater cables.”
IEEE J. Ocean Engng., 19, 1994, p. 449.
11. Hover, F., A. Techet, and M. Triantafyllou, “Forces on
oscillating uniform and tapered cylinders in crossflow.” J. Fluid
Mech., 363, 1998, pp. 97–114.
12. Karniadakis, G.E., M. Israeli, and S.A. Orszag, “High-order
splitting methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes
equations.” J. Comput. Phys., 97, 1991, p. 414.
13. Karniadakis, G.E. and S.J. Sherwin, Spectral/hp element
methods for CFD, Oxford University Press, 1999.
14. Karypis, G. and V. Kumar, “A fast and high quality
multilevel scheme for partitioning irregular graphs.” SIAM J.
Sci. Comput., 20, 1998, p. 359.
15. Khalak, A. and C. Williamson, “Fluid forces and dynamics
of a hydroelastic structure with very low mass and damping.” J.
Fluids and Structures, 11, 1997, pp. 973–982.
16. Lucor, D. and G.E. Karniadakis, “Noisy inflows cause a
shedding-mode switching in flow past an oscillating cylinder.”
Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 2004, p. 154501.
17. Lucor, D., D. Xiu, C.-H. Su, and G.E. Karniadakis,
“Predictability and Uncertainty in CFD.” Int. J. Numer. Mech.
Fluids, 43, 2003, pp. 483–505.
18. Ongoren, A. and D. Rockwell, “Flow structure from an
oscillating cylinder – Part 1: Mechanisms of phase shift and
recovery in the near wake.” J. Fluid Mech., 191, 1988, pp. 197–
223.
19. Newman, D.J. and G.E. Karniadakis, “A direct numerical
simulation study of flow past a freely vibrating cable.” J. Fluid
Mech., 344, 1997, pp. 95–136.
20. Norberg, C., “Pressure forces on a circular cylinder in cross
flow.” IUTAM Symposium Bluff-Body Wakes, Dynamics and
Instabilities, Gottingen, Germany, 1992.
21. Olinger, D., “A low-order model for vortex shedding
patterns behind vinrating flexible cables.” Phys. Fluids, 10,
1996, pp. 1953–1961.
22. Saelim, N. and D. Rockwell, “Near-wake of a cylinder in the
range of shear layer transition.” Phys. Fluids, submitted 2003.
23. Sarpkaya, T., “Fluid forces on oscillating cylinders.” ASCE
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Division, 104,
1978, pp. 275–290.
24. Staubli, T., “Calculation of vibration of an elastically-
mounted cylinder using experimental data from forced
oscillation.” ASME J. Fluids Engng., 105, 1983, pp. 225–229.
 25. Williamson, C., “Vortex dynamics in the wake.” Ann. Rev.
Fluid Mech., 28, 1996, pp. 477–539.
26. Williamson, C.H.K. and A. Roshko, “Vortex formation in
the wake of an oscillating cylinder.” J. Fluids and Struct., 2,
1988, pp. 355–381.
27. Xiu, D., D. Lucor, C.-H. Su, and G.E. Karniadakis,
“Stochastic modeling of flow-structure interactions using
Proceedings of the Users Group Conference (DOD_UGC’04)
0-7695-2259-9/04 $ 20.00 IEEE
Generalized Polynomial Chaos.” J. Fluids Eng., 124, 2002, pp.
51–59.
28. Yoerger, D., M. Grosenbaugh, M. Triantafyllou, and J.
Burgess, “Drag force and flow-induced vibrations of a long
vertical tow cable–Part 1: Steady-state towing conditions.”
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 113,
1991, pp. 117–127.