PROJECT

FILE
OF
PHYSICS

Logic Gates

Submitted by:-

Sehajpreet Singh(XII F)

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CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the investigation
on the topic ‘LOGIC GATES’ has been
completed solely, sincerely, and satisfactorily
by Sehajpreet Singh of class XII-F of New Era
Public School during the academic year
2022-23 under the supervision of Mrs. Divya
Luthra

Signature of External Examiner:

Signature of subject teacher:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend a sincere thanks to my

teacher Ms. Divya Luthra whose valuable input
and timely suggestions helped me complete this
project.

I would also take this opportunity to thank the

school and our Director and Principal, whose
wisdom has always steered us to success.

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 INDEX
I. Introduction
II. Principle
III. Basic Gates
IV. The ‘or’ gate
V. The ‘and’ gate
VI. The ‘not’ gate
VII. The ‘nor’ gate
VIII. The ‘nand’ gate
IX. The ‘ex-or’ gate
X. The ‘ex-nor’ gate
XI. Bibliography

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A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some
logical relationship between the input and output voltages. 
It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass
through as a stop, it is called a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics.  They are used in digital electronics to change on
voltage level (input voltage) into another (output voltage)
according to some logical statement relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one
output.  The relationship between the possible values of
input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table
called truth table or table of combination.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the
input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic
called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA.  A logical statement can have
only two values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc.  The two values of
logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. 
The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.  The
logical statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean
expressions.

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Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs
and outputs that represent the statements of Boolean
algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may
all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three
different types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR
gate and the NOT gate.

LOGIC STATES
1 0
HIGH LOW
+ve -ve
ON OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES NO
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 :-
1)

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The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the
fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or
both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the
output is "false." In other words, for the output to be 1, at least
input one OR two must be 1.

Truth table:

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The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is
called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and"
operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit
symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol,
the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.)
The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the
output is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only when both
inputs one AND two are 1.

Truth table:

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A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it
from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It
reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the
input is 0, then the output is 1.

Truth table:

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The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter.
Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output
is "false”.

Truth table:

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The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT
gate. It acts in the manner of the logical operation "and"
followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are
"true." Otherwise, the output is "true”.

Truth table:

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The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the
logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of
the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are
"false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this
circuit is
to observe that the output is 1 if the
inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs
are the same.

Truth table:

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The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate
followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the
same, and "false" if the inputs are different

Truth table:

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Bibliography
1. google.com
2. tutorialspoint.com
3.https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/
logic_1.html
4.techtarget.com
5. NCERT.nic.in

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