FACULTY OF CIVIL AND BUILD ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING (FKAAB)

SECTION :1

COURSE NAME : STATIC AND DYNAMIC

COURSE CODE : BFC10103

SESSION : 2022/2023

SEMESTER :1

LECTURER’S NAME : DR. NOORLI BINTI ISMAIL

GROUP NAME : BLACK CROWN

GROUP MEMBER :

No. NAME MATRIX NO.

1. FATIN NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI ZALIHIN AF220041
2. NUR FARISYAH IRDINA BINTI MOHAMAD AF220069
HAFIZU
3. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI ISMAIL AF220030
4. KATERINA ROSS BINTI MOHAMED RADZUAN AF220090
5. MAWADDAH BINTI MUHAMAD MAHMUD AF220044

MARKS:

1
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Background of study 4

1.2 Problem Statement 5
1.3 Objectives 6
1.4 Scope of study 6
Chapter 2: METHODOLOGY 7

Chapter 3: Structural Elements 8

3.1 Introduction 8
3.2 Roof 8
3.3 Beam 14
3.4 Gate 20
3.5 Bridge 27
3.6 Cantilever Slab 33
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION 37

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 38

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES 39

CHAPTER 7: APPENDIXES 41

CHAPTER 7: PBL ASSESSMENT RUBRICS…………………………………………………………………………44

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 List of Figures
FIGURE 1. Process conducted in completing the project 7
FIGURE 2. Roof at Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr. Ismail, UTHM 9
FIGURE 3. Free Body Diagram of the roof structure 10
FIGURE 4. Estimate load of the roof structure 11
FIGURE 5. Roof structure on the cartesian plane 12
FIGURE 6. Beam at Kolej Tun Dr. Ismail, UTHM 15
FIGURE 7. Reaction of Beam 16
FIGURE 8. Free Body Diagram of the beam structure 16
FIGURE 9. Centroid of Beam 18
FIGURE 10. Main gate of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia University (UTHM) 22
FIGURE 11. Free Body Diagram of the gate structure 22
FIGURE 12. Estimate loadings on gate structure 23
FIGURE 13. Centroid of the gate structure 24
FIGURE 14. Bridge at Persisiran Tun Ghafar Baba, Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr Ismail, UTHM 28
FIGURE 15. Idealization of the bridge structure 28
FIGURE 16. Free body diagram of bridge structure 29
FIGURE 17. Support reaction of beam structure 29
FIGURE 18. Centroid of the bridge structure30
FIGURE 19. Cantilever beam at Taman Sri Lambak , Kluang 33
FIGURE 20. Free Body Diagram of the Cantilever Slab structure 34
FIGURE 21. Support Reaction of the Cantilever Slab structure 34
FIGURE 22. Centroid of the Cantilever Slab structure 35

List of Table
Table 1. Loading estimations of the roof structure 11
Table 2. Loading estimations of beam structure 17

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Statics is the study of forces which is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces in

the absence of changes in motion or more formally that deals with the effects that forces have

on the motion of objects. Static refers to any system in which the sum of the forces and

torques on each particle is zero. The physical state in a system's components is at rest, the net

force through the system is zero or relative motion is zero. Static forces are also in balance or

equilibrium. In this project, civil engineering is concerned with the construction, design and

maintenance of a physical environment. This includes various types of civil engineering

structures such as building, bridge, dams, railway or offshore structures. These projects

require knowledge of physics to solve problems creatively.

In engineering, the free body diagram (FBD) is also known as a force diagram which

is a representation used to visualize the applied forces and moments on a body in a specific

condition. This diagram is used to determine the loading of particular structural components

as well as to calculate internal forces within a structure. It also used to illustrate the relative

magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. This project

analyzes forces that exist and determine the direction in which each force is acting. There is a

structural load which is a force that is applied to structural elements and estimating the total

load acting on a structure is very important.

The forces and moments exerted on a rigid body by its supports are called reactions.

These forces and moments are reacting to external loads that are applied to the rigid body. In

general, if a support prevents translation in a given direction, then the support exerts a force

in that direction.

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 A centroid is the geometric center of a geometric object: a one-dimensional curve, a two-

dimensional area or a three-dimensional volume. Centroids are useful for many situations in

Statics and subsequent courses, including the analysis of distributed forces, beam bending,

and shaft torsion.

Meanwhile, moment of inertia is defined as the quantity expressed by the body

resisting angular acceleration which is the sum of the product of the mass of every particle

with its square of a distance from the axis of rotation.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the modern world, structural engineering is a very important branch of engineering.

Engineers are responsible for almost all of the building, bridge, and airport construction you

see around you. In building a country's infrastructure, they are crucial. Big responsibilities,

however, go along with great duties. The majority of civil engineers have a demanding

schedule to follow and put in long hours. But in addition to their rigorous schedule, civil

engineers often encounter other challenges specific to their line of work. When one of these

structures collapses, it results in severe financial loss as well as human loss and injury. The

structural engineering of a structure has a significant impact. Because of this, structural

engineers must consider the problems, options, and possibilities in the industry for the

demands of the present. Therefore, to assure the strength of the buildings and the safety of the

construction, a civil engineer must understand the calculation of support response, centroid,

and moment of inertia. In addition, the estimates could reduce unnecessary expenses in the

construction process, making the buildings more affordable.

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1.3 OBJECTIVES

1. The objective of this experiment is to identify and analyze the static equilibrium

conditions for a scenario in which some of the forces may be at an angle to the rigid

body is the goal of this experiment.

2. The purpose of this experiment is to estimate the moment of inertia acting on a rigid

body and to determine the conditions necessary for equilibrium to occur.

3. The aim of this experiment is to construct a free body diagram for a structural element

in static equilibrium

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

Our scope of study focuses on the types of civil engineering that can be chosen to draw

the free body diagram and estimate the actions/loadings on the structure. From this study, we

can calculate the support reactions, centroid and the moment of inertia of the structure.

The case study was completed in early January of 2023. The case study focused on

finding structural elements that are suitable for the principle of equilibrium in static and

dynamic. A roof, beam, bridge, fence and a cantilever beam has been chosen. All of the

structural features taken at different places. To gather systematic information, the case study

approaches a combination of studies with the topics ,issues, and questions of other sources of

information. The case study was created to identify a specific structure in finding the

centroids and moment of inertia.The structural details analysis of its measurement are

required to identify the support reaction and calculate the centroids and moment of inertia of

each structure. A free body diagram was also included. A case study was conducted in order

to identify and analyze the static equilibrium conditions for a different scenario.The studies

are concisely summarized and written chapter by chapter.

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 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

This chapter explains about the flows in this project. The flow chart is very important to illustrate the

sequence of operations to complete this project. Figure 1 shows the process conducted in completing

the project for our project is going smoothly.

Figure 1. Process conducted in completing the project

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 CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss about the structural elements of the selected structure which is roof,

beam, fence, bridge, cantilever slab.

3.2 Roof

This chapter explains about the truss roof structure functions, components and

calculations.

3.2.1 Introduction to Roof Structure

The roof is the highest component of the building envelope, which covers the

structure or house's top floor. It rested on the building's walls for support. It offers protection

from extremes of temperature, wind, rain, snow, and sunlight. It shields against weather

conditions. A good roof is just as essential as a safe foundation. Just as a well-designed

foundation safeguards a building against destruction starting at the bottom, a good roof

provides protection for a building's contents and itself and stops degradation from the top.

The roof's design and construction should adhere to the following functional specifications in

order to effectively carry out its primary duty. Incomparably, roofing raises a home's worth.

A roof is considerably more than just a building's ornamental top. The roof framework must

be sufficiently solid and robust to support the roof covering. Additionally, a roof needs to be

soundproof, fire resistant, and thermally insulated.

A truss, a structural structure created to support and reinforce a roof, is crucial as the

roof's frame. Essentially, they are triangular wooden constructions created to preserve the

integrity of a roof. Trusses provide a lot of advantages over rafters, including maximizing

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strength for supporting external loads and reducing total project costs. A truss is put under

compression and tension, although it is not meant to bend. Additionally, it can support and

carry weights that are vertical, horizontal, and inclined. A truss can only carry loads along the

axis of each individual component, or member, because the loads are mostly applied to the

joints. Commercial and residential structures will benefit structurally from its durability and

wide range of advantages. Every building may have a slightly different roof, but each of it

has a roof truss.

3.2.2 Actual Structure

The actual structure of the roof selected is located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor. Figure 2 shows the frame structure
at Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr. Ismail, UTHM

Figure 2. Roof at Kolej KediamanTun Dr Ismail, UTHM

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3.2.3 Free Body Diagram of the Structure

Figure 3. Free Body Diagram of the roof structure

3.2.4 Support Reaction acting on the Structure

⃗ Fy = 0
∑ Fx = 0
Ay + By – 600 – 600 – 600 – 600 – 600 = 0
Ax – Bx = 0
Ay + By = 3000
Ax = Bx = 0

∑ MA = 0
-600(2) + 600(2) + 600(6) + 600(10) + 600(14) – By(12) = 0
18000-By(12) =0
By=1500 N

Ay + 1500 =3000
Ay = 1500 N

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3.2.5 Estimation of loadings/Actions of the Structure

Table 1. Loading estimations of the roof structure

Structure Calculation

Roof Self-weight of truss = 0.2 kN/m

Total dead load (gk) = 1.08 kN/m2
Live load (qk) = 0.75 kN/m2
Span of truss = 16 m
Nodal spacing of the trusses = 4m

Mass of load =37.5 kN/m

Length of roof = 16m

Magnitude = 600kN

Figure 4. Estimate load of the roof structure

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3.36 Centroid of the structure

Figure 5. Roof structure on the cartesian plane

Part Area (m 2 ¿ x ( m) y (m) Ax(m3 ) Ay(m3 )

1 1 8 10 40 × 2.67=106.8 40 × 3.33=133.2
( 8 ) ( 10 )=40 =2.67 =3.33
2 3 3

2 1 8 10 40 × 2.67=106.8 40 × 3.33=133.2
(8) ( 10 )=40 + 8=10.67 =3.33
2 3 3

∑ A=80 ∑ A x =533.6 ∑ AY =266.4

∑ Ax 533.6
x= = =6.67 m
∑A 80

∑ A y 266.4
y= = =3.33 m
∑A 80

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3.2.7 Moment of Inertia of the Structure
i. Moment of inertia about X-axis

Part Area (m2 ) 4

I x (m ) d (m) 2
A d (m )
4

1 1 8 ( 10 )
3 1
( 8) ( 10 )=40 =222.22 3.33− (10)=0
2 36 3 40 ( 02 )=0

2 1 8 ( 103 ) 1
( 8) ( 10 )=40 =222.22 3.33− (10)=0
2 36 3 40 (02 )=0

∑A = 80

∑ I xx =[ I x + A d ]1+[I x + A d ]2
2 2

¿ [222.22+0]+[222.22+ 0]
= 444.44 m4

ii. Moment of inertia about Y-axis

Part Area (m 2 ¿ I y (m4 ) s(m) A s 2 (m 4 )

1 1 3
8 (10) 6.67−6.67=4.0 40 ( 4 ) =640
2
( 8) ( 10 )=40 =142.22
2 36

2 1 3
8 (10) 10.67−6.67=4.0 40 ( 4 2) =640
( 8) ( 10 )=40 =142.22
2 36

∑ A=80

∑ I yy=[ I y + A s ]1 + [ I y + A s ]2
2 2

¿ [142.22+640]+¿
=1564.44 m 4

3.3.1 Conclusion

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 Based on the study that has been conducted,the structure is concluded as strong and
stable. The material used to build the structure is timber which is very common and widely
used in building design. Support reaction, centroid and moment of inertia has been calculated
and the values are logical and reasonable of the structure. The material, size, strength and
durability of the structure is taken to make sure the structures made are strong, safe and long
lasting.

3.3 Beam

3.3.1 Description of Beam Structure

A beam structure,usually a horizontal structural part of a building that carries loads

perpendicular to their longitudinal direction such as walls,columns and foundation Its primary

mode of deflection is bending. All of the forces operating on the beam produce shear forces

and bending moments within the beam, which cause internal stresses, strains, and beam

deflection. Loads applied to the beam cause reaction forces at its support points..That beam is

connected to the column, which is known as direct support, while the beam is connected to

the beam, which is known as indirect support.

Beams sustain the weight of a building’s floors, ceilings, and roofs and transfer the

load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure. Transmit beams, which are larger and

heavier, are sometimes used to support the cumulative weight of stacked walls or other beams

and transfer the load to the supports.

In this project, a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load is used.

A fixed beam is a beam that is fixed at both ends. Fixed beams are not allowed to turn

vertically or rotate. No bending moment will be produced in this beam. Fixed beams are only

subject to shear force and are commonly employed in trusses and other structures. A fixed

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beam is a beam that is fixed at both ends. Fixed beams are not permitted to move vertically or

rotate. No bending moment will be produced in this beam. Fixed beams are only subject to

shear force and are commonly employed in trusses and other structures.

Figure 6. Beam at Kolej Tun Dr. Ismail, UTHM

The fixed beam is located at D111, Kolej Tun Dr Ismail, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Malaysia

Material used for the fixed beam is cement.

Figure 1. Beam structure at Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr Ismail,UTHM

15
 F

Figure 7. Reaction of Beam

3.3.2 Idealization of the Structures

a) Free Body Diagram

Figure 8 . Free Body Diagram of the beam structure

3.3.3 Estimation of Loadings/Actions

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Assume :-

Mass of load 20kN

Length of beam 4m

Magnitude 20 x 4 = 80kN
Table 2. Loading estimations of beam structure

3.3.4 Support Reaction

∑ Fy = 0

∑ Fy = Ay + By

= 80kN

∑ MA = 0

∑ MA = 4By - 80kN(2) = 0

4By = 80(2)

By = 40kN

Ay = 40kN

3.3.5 Centroid of Structure

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 Figure 9. Centroid of beam

Part Area (m²) x(m) y(m) Ax(m²) Ay(m²)

1 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 4/2 = 2 0.2/2 = 0.1 0.8 x 2 = 1.6 0.8 x 0.1 = 0.08

∑ Ai = 0.8 ∑ Ax = 1.6 ∑ Ay = 0.08

Therefore,

∑ Ax 1.6
x= = =2 m³
∑ A 0.8

∑ A y 0.08
y= = =0.1 m ³
∑A 0.8

3.3.6 Moment of Inertia

i) Moment of inertia about x-x axis,

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 Section Area(m²) Ix = bh³ / 12(m⁴) d(m) Ad²(m⁴)

1 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 4(0.2)³/12 = 0.00267 0 0.8 x 0 = 0

∑A = 0.8 ∑Ix = 0.00267 ∑Ady² = 0

∑Ix = (Ix + Ady²)

=( 0.00267 + 0)

=0.00267 m

ii) Moment of inertia about y-y axis,

Section Area (m²) Iy = b³h / 12(m⁴) s(m) As²(m⁴)

1 0.2 x 4 = 0.8 0.2(4)³/12 = 64 0 0

∑A = 0.8 ∑Iy = 64 ∑Ady² = 0

∑Iy = (Iy + Adx²)

=(64 + 0)

=64 m⁴

3.3.7 Conclusion

According to calculations based on the estimated beam, the moment of inertia of axis X-X

and Y-Y are 0.00267 m⁴ and 64 m⁴, respectively. With a support reaction of 20 kN, the beam

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is considered to be a robust and stable structure. Design is then widespread in building and

simple to build. According to the calculation that was done, the support reaction, centroid,

and moment of inertia are all rational and logical.

3.4 Gate

This chapter explains about the gate structure functions, types of gate, components and

calculations.

3.4.1 Introduction to Gate structure

The gate is an important component in a building, covering the structure or the front of

the house. It is located at the base of the floor. It offers protection from various threats. The

strong structure of the gate is able to withstand various temperatures and conditions such as

wind, rain and heat. A good gate is just as important as a secure foundation. The design and

construction of gates must comply with the following functional specifications to effectively

perform their primary duties. Incomparably, a gate can increase the protection value of a

home. A gate is more than a decoration of a building.

Gates mainly act as security, they ensure that no thieves or criminals commit crimes

inside the house. The height of the gate makes it difficult for outsiders to jump over it, thus

protecting it from unwanted outsiders. Knotwood in Albury is one of the most popular

materials for gate.The gate also acts as a sign of safety. It is a clear boundary so that external

threats are avoided and small children cannot run away. Behind the gate is the outside world

filled with good and bad people. The fence provides security to the parties involved so that

they are in a safe condition in the building compound.

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 A gate also acts as a clear boundary for one's property. Therefore, when selling your

house or building it is easy to determine the land area. It keeps your land separate from the

neighboring land of other parties.

The gate also adds to the beauty of the house. Many cool and creative designs can make

the gate an attraction for the house and building, the fence can increase its architectural value.

Knotwood in Albury is one of the materials that provide beautifully designed gates. It allows

the installation of aluminum gates that look like they are made of wood, which gives the

gatees in Wodonga a very royal look. Many innovative ideas can be brought to life with a

fence, which adds to the glory of your home.

The gate is not only a zone of safety and security of the house, but it is also a statement.

They act as a style statement when someone has poured millions into creating and building

the perfect home, their fences need to match the standard of the home.

3.4.2 Actual Structure

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The actual structure of the gate selected is located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

(UTHM), Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor. Figure 4 shows the frame structure at the main

gate of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia University (UTHM).

Figure 10. Main gate of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia University (UTHM)

3.4.3 Free Body Diagram of the Structure

Figure 11. Free Body Diagram of the gate structure

3.4.4 Estimation of loadings/Actions of the Structure Mass of load

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Assume:

Mass of dead load :10 kN/m

Length of bridge = 24 m

Magnitude = 10 x 24 = 240 kN

Figure 12. Estimate loadings on gate structure

3.4.5 Support Reaction acting on the Structure

∑ MA= 0 ⃗
∑ Fx = 0
∑ Fy= Ay+By= 240 Ax – Bx = 0
∑ MA= By (24) - 240(12) = 0 Ax = Bx = 0
By(24) = 2880
By = 120 kN

Ay + 120 = 240
Ay =120 kN

3.4.6 Centroid of Structure

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 Figure 13. Centroid of the gate structure

Part Area (m²) X(m) Y(m) Ax(m²) Ay (m²)

1 24(10) = 240 12/2 = 6 5/2 = 2.5 1440 600

∑Ai =240 ∑Ax = 1440 ∑Ay = 600

Therefore,

∑ Ax 1440
x= = =6 m³
∑A 240

∑ A y 600
y= = =2.5 m ³
∑ A 240

3.4.6 Moment of Inertia

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i) Moment of inertia about x-x axis,

Section Area(m²) Ix = bh³ / 12(m⁴) d(m) Ad²(m⁴)

1 24(10)= 240 24(10)³/12 = 2000 0 240(0)² = 0

∑Ai = 240 ∑Ix = 2000 ∑Ady² = 0

∑Ix = (Ix + Ady²)

=( 2000 + 0)

=2000 m

ii) Moment of inertia about y-y axis,

Section Area (m²) Iy = b³h / 12(m⁴) s(m) As²(m⁴)

1 24(10) = 240 24(10)³/12 0 0

= 11520

∑Ai = 240 ∑Iy = 11520 ∑Ady² = 0

∑Iy = (Iy + Adx²)

=(11520 + 0)

=11520 m⁴

3.4.7 Conclusion

The calculation of the moment of inertia from the x-axis and y-axis that has been done is
appropriate to show that the gate has its own load with the support reaction. The most

25
important thing before building a gate is to have a load weight such as dead load which refers
to the weight of the gate itself. The fence also has its own support reaction like a wheel.

Furthermore, the type of material such as steel plays an important role in acting on the gate
because it can warp and rot with weather conditions without using the appropriate material.
Finally, the construction of the gate must be taken seriously from different points of view of
calculation, design, and materials.

3.5 Bridge

This chapter explains about the bridge structure functions, types of bridge,
components and calculations.

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3.5.1 Introduction of bridges

A bridge is a structure that is built to span a physical obstacle such as road without
blocking the path underneath that is constructed to provide passage over the obstacle that is
difficult to cross. Bridges are considered transportation infrastructure since they directly
connect between two destinations which are commonly used to cross rivers, valleys, lakes
and roads. Building bridges whose function is to carry vertical loads, must take the analysis
and structural design into all the loads that the bridge must support during its life period. The
support must be strong enough to hold structure up and the span between supports must be
strong to carry the loads. Therefore, as a result, bridge design must be efficient, economical
in order to reduce the costs of construction and maintenance while retaining efficiency and
elegance which puts value on the personal expression of the designer’s without
compromising performance or economics as much as is safely possible.

A bridge typically includes a deck and supports that keep the bridge up by forces exerted
on a supports that are called as reactions and the loads are the forces that act on the bridge
exerted by the weight of the object plus the bridge itself. The arc bridge is one of the most
natural bridges and also the greatest example of dissipation. In an arc bridge, everything is
under compression that actually holds the bridge up and dissipates all the way to the end of
the bridge where all the force gets transferred to the ground. Furthermore, arcs have their own
unique shape which they do not break instead of flex or bend under pressure and it also
distributes the load instead of just pushing it straight down that has supports on the ground at
both ends.

3.5.2 Actual Structure

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 The actual structure of the bridge selected is located at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), Parit Raja, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor. Figure 5 shows the actual structure
of the bridge at Persisiran Tun Ghafar Baba, Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr Ismail, UTHM.

Figure 14 : Bridge at Persisiran Tun Ghafar Baba, Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr Ismail, UTHM

3.5.3 Idealization of The Structure

Figure 15. Idealization of the bridge structure

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3.5.4 Free Body Diagram of The Structure

Figure 16. Free body diagram of bridge structure

Assume:

Mass of dead load : 19.62kN/m

Length of bridge = 5m

Magnitude = 19.62x 5 = 98.1 kN

3.5.5 Support Reaction Acting on The Structure

Figure 17. Support reaction of bridge structure

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∑ MA= 0 ⃗
∑ Fx = 0
∑ Fy= Ay+By = 98.1 Ax – Bx = 0
∑ MA= By (5) - 98.1(2.5) = 0 Ax = Bx = 0
By(5) = 245.25
By = 49.05kN

Ay + 49.05 = 98.1
Ay = 49.05kN

3.5.6 Centroid of Structure

Figure 18. Centroid of the bridge structure

Part Area (m²) X(m) Y(m) Ax(m²) Ay (m²)

1 1.5(1) = 1.5 1/2 =0.5 1.5/2 =0.75 0.75 1.13

2 2(5) =10 5/2 =2.5 2/2 +1.5=2.5 25 25

3 1.5 (1)= 1.5 1/2+4=4.5 1.5/2 =0.75 6.75 1.13

∑13 ∑32.5 ∑27.26

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Therefore,

∑ Ax 32.5
x= = =2.5 m³
∑A 13

∑ A y 27.26
y= = =2.1 m³
∑A 13

3.5.6 Moment of Inertia

i) Moment of inertia about x-x axis,

Part Area (m²) Ix = bh³ / 12(m⁴) d(m) Ad²(m⁴)

1 1.5(1) = 1.5 1(1.5)³ /12 =0.281 2.5-2.1=0.4 0.24

2 2(5) =10 5(2)³ /12 =3.333 2.1-0.75=1.35 18.23

3 1.5(1) = 1.5 1(1.5)³ /12 =0.281 2.5-2.1=0.74 0.821

∑A = 13

∑Ixx = (Ix + Ad²)₁ + (Ix + Ad²)₂ + (Ix + Ad²)₃

=(0.281+0.24) + (3.333+18.23) + (0.281+0.821)

=23.19 m⁴

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ii) Moment of inertia about y axis,

Part Area (m²) Iy = b³h / 12(m⁴) s(m) As²(m⁴)

1 1.5(1) = 1.5 (1)³ (1.5)/12 =0.125 2.5-1=1.5 2.25

2 2(5) =10 (5)³(2) /12 =20.83 0 0

3 1.5(1) = 1.5 (1)³(1.5) /12 =0.125 2.5-1=1.5 2.25

∑A = 13

∑Iyy = (Iy + As²)₁ + (Iy + As²)₂ + (Iy + As²)₃

=(0.125+2.25) + (20.83+0) + (0.125+2.25)

=25.58 m⁴

3.5.7 Conclusion

The calculation of the moment of inertia from x-axis and y-axis that has been done is
wise and suitable, which shows that the bridges have their own load with support reaction.
The most important thing before building a bridge is to have the weight of load such as dead
load which refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Furthermore, the type of materials such as
truss or steel have an important role to act on bridges since they could simply collapse
without good materials. Lastly, for the building the bridges must have been taken seriously
from different views from calculation, design, and the materials.

32
3.6 Cantilever slab

This chapter explains about the cantilever slab structure functions, types of cantilever slab
, components and calculations.

3.6.1 Introduction of cantilever slab

A cantilever beam is a rigid structural element supported at one end and free at the
other, as shown in Figure-6 . The cantilever beam can be either made of concrete or steel
whose one end is cast or anchored to a vertical support. It is a horizontal beam structure
whose free end is exposed to vertical loads.A cantilever beam bends downwards when it is
subjected to vertical loads. A cantilever beam can be subjected to point load, uniform load, or
varying load.
A cantilever beam bends downwards when it is subjected to vertical loads. It can be
subjected to point load, uniform load, or varying load. Irrespective of the type of load, it
bends downwards by creating a convexity upwards. This bending creates tension in the upper
fiber and compression in the lower fibers. Hence, during the design of cantilever beams, the
main reinforcement is provided to the upper fiber of the concrete beam, to withstand the
tensile stress safely.

3.6.2 Actual Structure

The actual structure of the cantilever slab selected is located at Taman Sri Lambak,
Kluang, Johor. Figure 6 shows the actual structure of the cantilever slab at Taman Sri
Lambak , Kluang.

Figure 19. Cantilever beam at Taman Sri Lambak , Kluang

33
3.6.3 Free Body Diagram of The Structure

Figure 20. Free Body Diagram of the Cantilever Slab structure

3.6.4 Support reaction of The Structure

Figure 21. Support Reaction of the Cantilever Slab structure

Axial Force at point A

Σ F x =0
A x= 0
Shear force at point A
Σ F y= 0
A y −120=0
A y =120 kN
Moment at point A
M a=F × D
¿ 120 kN ×2 m
¿ 240 kN

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3.6.5 Centroid of The Structure

Figure 22. Centroid of the Cantilever Slab structure

Part Area (m2) y (m) x (m) Ay(m2 ) Ax ¿)

1 16 8 2 64 16
=4 =1
2 2

2 15 2.5 6 18.75 45
=1.25 =3
2 2

Σ: 31m
2
Σ=82.75 Σ=61

Ax Ay
x=Σ y=Σ
A A
61 82.75
¿Σ ¿Σ
31 31
¿ 1.97 m ¿ 2.67 m

35
3.6.6 Moment of inertia of The Structure
Moment of inertia Axis - X

Part Area (m 2 ¿ b h3 4 dy =| y− y|(m) Ad y 2 (m 4 )

ly= (m )
12

1 16 85.33 -1.33 28.30

2 15 7.81 1.42 30.25

Σ: 31

Σl xx=¿
¿ [85.33+28.30 ]+[7.81+30.25]
= 151.69 m4

Moment of inertia Axis -Y

Part Area (m 2 ¿ b3h 4 dx=| x−x|(m) Ad x 2( m4 )

lx= (m )
12

1 16 5.33 0.97 15.05

2 15 45.00 -1.03 15.91

Σ: 31
Σl yy =¿ ¿ ¿
= [ 5.33 + 15.05] + [ 45+ 15.91]
= 81.29 m4

3.6.7 Conclusion

The structure or building is a double-storey terrace corner house located at Taman Sri
Lambak , Kluang . It can be deduced from the calculations for the free body diagrams,
supporting reactions, centroid , and moments of inertia that the following structures support
all loads and reactions that may be expected in the future.

36
 CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

This project has to identify and analyze the static equilibrium conditions for a

scenario in which some of the forces may be at an angle to the rigid body. The purpose of this

project is to be able to construct the free body diagrams, estimate the moment of inertia

acting on a rigid body of building and to determine the conditions necessary for equilibrium

to occur. There were some structures of the building that have been used from this project

which are roof, beam and column, fence, bridge and cantilever slab.

Static equilibrium for structure in building is very important for engineers to design

them in good condition. This is because all the structures must remain balanced in which all

of the forces that act on the structure must have resultant force is zero to prevent the structure

from moving and could stand strongly. The calculation of centroid and moment of inertia in

this project is also important for having a structure that has great stability in many situations.

37
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

From this project, we can conclude that each structure has a role in construction that is
visible in daily life. We identified the structure such as roof, beam, fence, bridge and
cantilever slab .We succeeded in drawing the free body diagram of the structure. We
calculate centroid and moment inertia of the structure that has been chosen. This project
shows us that static and dynamic play a major role in the structure of civil engineering to
ensure that the structural members meet the safety and serviceability demands of the regional
building code and the location in which the structure is situated. Based on the calculation, we
realized that calculation is very important to determine the bending stress value. If the
engineers don't have enough understanding about the relationship between the centroid and
the moment of inertia, the building will suffer severe damage, endangering the lives and
property of the occupants.

We recommend this project to be used for the next generation as a reference to

understand more about each structure in civil engineering.In this project, student able to
calculate the centroids for a single and composites bodies.The moment of inertia for a
structural elements can be calculated after the centroids determination. By examining each
outcome obtained in this project, it is safe to conclude that this project was a complete
success as a model for others, as it featured many sorts of structures to be computed for their
centroids and moments of inertia.

38
 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

Liang, Z. (2019, February 21). How to Calculate the Moment of Inertia of a Beam? |

SkyCiv. SkyCiv Cloud Structural Analysis Software | Cloud Structural Analysis

Software and Calculators. https://skyciv.com/docs/tutorials/section-tutorials/calculating-

the-moment-of-inertia-of-a-beam-section/

‌Moscovitch, N. (2019, May 11). What are Beams & Columns in Structures? Structural

Engineering Basics - Fundamentals of Structural and Building Engineering; Structural

Engineering Basics. https://structuralengineeringbasics.com/what-are-beams-and-columns-

building-construction/

Mets, M. (2010, June 10). Ask MAKE: How do trusses work? - Make: Make: DIY

Projects and Ideas for Makers. https://makezine.com/article/maker-news/ask-make-how-

do-trusses-work/

What is a Roof Truss? | Amazing Roof Restoration. (2018, September 10). Amazing Roof

Restoration. https://www.amazingroofrestoration.com.au/what-is-a-roof-truss/

BigRentz ( 2021, March 9). 7 Different Types of Bridges - Types of Bridges.

https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/types-of-bridges

Gonzalez, A. (2020, January 16). Bridges: Structures and Materials, Ancient and Modern.

IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70758

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Figure 1. (a) Cantilever beam model; (b) free-body diagram; (c) a... (2016). ResearchGate;

ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Cantilever-beam-model-b-free-body-

diagram-c-a-section-of-beam_fig1_316556412

Lecture 23: Cantilever Free Body Diagram Example | CosmoLearning Engineering. (2015).

CosmoLearning. https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/cantilever-free-body-diagram-

example/

‌10 Benefits of a Residential Gate | XL Fencing. (2018, May 11). XL Fencing.

https://xlfencing.com/10-benefits-of-a-residential-gate/

innovate. (2017). 7 Benefits of Security Gates for Your Home | Innovate Security.

Innovatesecurity.com. https://www.innovatesecurity.com/7-benefits-security-gates-home/

40
 CHAPTER 7
APPENDIXES

7.1 Minutes of the 1st project meeting

Date : 3 January 2023
Time : 1:00 p.m - 2:00 p.m
Venue : Whatsaap
Group : Black Crown
Members: 1. FATIN NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI ZALIHIN AF220041
2. NUR FARISYAH IRDINA BINTI MOHAMAD HAFIZU AF220069
3. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI ISMAIL AF220030
4. KATERINA ROSS BINTI MOHAMED RADZUAN AF220090
5. MAWADDAH BINTI MUHAMAD MAHMUD AF220044
Content of discussion:
a) All group members have read all the task provided which were downloaded from the
Author website
b) Distribute the task equally among the group members for report

41
7.2 Minutes of the 1st project meeting

Date : 6 January 2023

Time : 1:30 p.m – 2:30 p.m
Venue : Cafe Kolej Kediaman Tun Dr Ismail, UTHM
Group : Black Crown
Members: 1. FATIN NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI ZALIHIN AF220041
2. NUR FARISYAH IRDINA BINTI MOHAMAD HAFIZU AF220069
3. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI ISMAIL AF220030
4. KATERINA ROSS BINTI MOHAMED RADZUAN AF220090
5. MAWADDAH BINTI MUHAMAD MAHMUD AF220044

Content of discussion:
a) Checking progress and work with the team members before submitting the work

42
7.2 Minutes of the 3rd project meeting

Date : 18 January 2023

Time : 2:00 p.m – 3:30 p.m
Venue : Google Meet
Group : Black Crown
Members: 1. FATIN NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI ZALIHIN AF220041
2. NUR FARISYAH IRDINA BINTI MOHAMAD HAFIZU AF220069
3. NUR HIDAYAH BINTI ISMAIL AF220030
4. KATERINA ROSS BINTI MOHAMED RADZUAN AF220090
5. MAWADDAH BINTI MUHAMAD MAHMUD AF220044

Content of discussion:
a) Checking progress and work with the team members before submitting the work
b) Discuss about planning for the video presentation

43
 CHAPTER 8
PBL ASSESSMENT RUBRIC
Name of Course: Static and Dynamic
Course Code: BFC 10103
Semester: 1
Session: 2021/2022
Section; 1

44
45