a MCE Ulm eile Male tag ey Occurrence * Petroleum formed several million years ago from organic matter of marine deposit in a deficiency of oxygen * Also known as a fossil fuel which is a hydrocarbon-contai underground from the remains of dead plants and animals Petroleum and natural gas formationChe RT testi | ; & 1 ‘Chain or Aliphatic Compounds e. mparaffin series (C,H;,..)—comprises largest fraction of petroleum crudes . i series (C,H,,.,)—branched chains are desirable, but not paturally occurring to any extent; must be produced by alkylation, hydroforming, and isomerization 2. Ring or Cyclic Compounds . ne series (C,H,,)—same formula as olefins, but completely saturated (methyl cyclohexane, cyclohexane); second most abundantly occurring series in crudes . ‘tromatic or beazene series (C,H;,_.)—preseat only in small amounts in crudes; produced by hydroforming Asphalts Complex mutecials of relatively low value consisting of colloids of asphaltenes and resins ia oil. e "Asphaltencs—brownish-black solids soluble in aromatics, but not paraffins; chemically composed of C and H with appreciable quantities of S, O and N . Resins—highly adhesive, brown somi-solids of lower mol. wt. than asphaltenes, but same chemical compositionRefinery Crude Petroleum Classification _ Paraffin Base—prodominantly open chain compounds; furnish low grade gasoune int Nanddees pase—cyelic predominsts; Ibe olls must be solvest refined: asphalt present. Characteristic of most Indian crude oils. Intermediate Base—targe quantities of both paraffinic and naphthenic compounds; produces both wax and asphalt. .Ld cole lV if Crude Petroleum 2] ‘+ Petroleum exploration and production of crude oil are important jobs for both petroleum and chemical engineers Important steps for crude oil production 1, Reserve Q Reserves are known quantity of cruge petroleum, usually expressed in barrels & are available for further processing Q Itis similar to inventory of raw materials in other industries 2 India’s hydrocarbon reserves are found in three basins of upper Assam, Combay and Bombay High O India’s share in total world reserve in only around 0.5%, almost negligible.498 424 9.22 20.82 6.09 m5) 20.62 14 77.86 20.16 1S 291 an 853 29.64 Rn 9.67 31.99 20.37 9.83 0.20 171.63 977 77.40 14.95 10.05 35.00 9,731 13,088 14,082 14,393 E14,000 1,517 1,641 1977 2,385 2,398 E2,425 2,500 1,610 6,581 8,222 9,900 11,708 15,473 16,480 16,818 £16,500Types of Exploration r ] Onshore drilling Offshore drillingExploration Method r B 1. Surface geological method ** The presence of volatile hydrocarbons near the surface is an indication of oil formation at some distance beneath @ Sensitive gas chromatography, Radioactive exchange method, etc. are used to detect the presence of hydrocarbons 2. Geophysical method % Air survey from 250-350 kph low flying planes with a magnetometer for magnetic survey Sonic and ultrasonic probing during core sampling to measure porosityMethod of Production eS Drilling * Making holes in rock faster and cheaper, together with optimum spacing of holes for release of oil from reservoir, is the constant goal of production research Holes as deep as 5 miles are often requiredleum Refinery Products S ° + Crude petroleum must be separated into various products to achieve maximum economic retum “+ A portion of the separation takes place in the oil fields are natural gas, LPG & other lighter products are removed before the remainder of the crude is put into pipelines or tankerspS Cd eum Cia aeel+| tla) & 1. Gas fraction ¥ Natural gas, mainly methane (CH,) with some C, as separated at the well Y Lightgas, from the distillation of petroleum crudes at the refinery; C, and C2 Y Offgas, from the petroleum conversion operations at the refinery; H,, HS, SO,, ete, v LPG as propane and butane in the liquified form used as domestic fuel.Classification of Petroleum Refinery Products 2. Lightends | 2.1 Petrol or motor sprits Y Petrol is the principal refinery product and the aim of the refinery is to increase the yield of petrol to maximize its profit ¥ Petrol is mainly used in the combustion process in the automobiles O Characteristics of Petrol ¥ Octane number: Arbitrary number which shows the percentage of “isooctane” in a mixture of “isooctane and n-heptane” v Measure the quality of petrol. High octane number indicates high-quality petrol. Y Detonation or knocking: Undesirable sound during combustion due to high compression. Antiknock compound (lead tetraethyl) is added to control knocking.Ll! Production of petrol Q Natural Petrol v Recovered at the oil fields by absorbing in a gas or straw oil in the stripping of e natural gas O Refinery motor spirits ¥ Produced by blending from various refinery conversion processes to give correct octane number and other characteristics 2.2 Solvent naphtha and kerosene Y Used for jet fuels and as a reformate stock. Octane number >100A ll O Light heating oils Y Low viscosity grades of fuel oil used for fumaces or boilers used for home heating and in other buildingsLecture_12 - 2/7/20... Q 9 uel ere Ma (lag Intermediate distillates v Heavy fuel oils Y Diesel oils ¥ Gas oils Heavy distillates ¥ Mineral oil ¥ Flotation and frothing oil v Waxes Y Lubricating oilUte) Residues v Lubricants v Fuel oils Y Greases Y Petrolatum v Asphalt, petroleum coke, etc, By-products Y Detergents ¥ ammonia Y Sulfur and derivatesAtmosoheric Distillation Flow Sheet of Refinery Operations Industrial Fuel Oi) Domestic Heating Oit Leg Phenol >| Solvent JExtraction|