M HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE ESTA DLISHMENT OF AM INDEPEND EMT NATION BETWEEN 1947 AND 1948? The Racklitle Awan! feonomic, socal and administrative problems Prablerns crated by the Princely States The Kasthow Hssue The Deveson of assets etgee and accommodation crisis The Canal Water Despute The Language issue Timeline Key Questions addressed in thi } What immediate problems did Pakistan fea "% establishment of an independent nation. > How successful were the attempts to sahve they, problems? > How important was the role of Jinnah in shin, these problems? 1947 Creation of Pakistan as a new and independent country 14 August Quaid-e-Azam swom in as Governor-General 16 Avgust Borders with India finalized Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit and Bahawalpur join Pakistan September pakistan becomes a member of the UNO (United Nations Organisation) Canal Water Dispute Ceasefire agreed in Kashmir Muslim revolt in Kashmir Indian troops invade Junagardh 1 July State Bank of Pakistan establishedThe Problems of Partition and the Nascent State Introduction On 14 August 1947 Quaid-e-Aza Governor-General of Pakistan, H ‘Most of leaders of Congress subscribed to the view that Pakistan was not 9 viable state ~ politically, economically, geographically or militarily ~ and that sooner or later the areas which had coded would be compelled by force of circumstances to return to the fold’. This was the challenge for the Quaid-e-Azam; to establish the new country and to hold it together, despite the many problems it faced at the time of partition. ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL . oo 500 miles if 400 eo as 109 MaReactions to the Radcliffe Award Sir Cyril Radolffe’s plan for the partition of India was 1947. Not surprisingly, there Wore NuMNEFOUS Objection 4 soriny created and millions of Mustims, Hindus and Sikhs found thems. 7 : { ‘wrong site’ of the new borders. Since March 194 anticipation of the partition, Ones the detatis of thy announced, emigration grow dramatically and Sikhs, suftored terribly. Iti tue, however, that more Muslims lost and Sikhs combine vinnah denounced the Radelitle Award as unjust and income: Tho Muslim's maity objections wore convinced that this was done dolieratoly to give India @ border wan ke d and allow it to intervene in armas of Kashrnir which Jinnah balay an tightly part of Pakistan, 7 # Tho Muslims were also vary disappointed that whon Bonga! was partisanas Calcutta wont to India, Tho city of Calcutta was the capital of the on {and its biagost industrial, commercial and educational conto. The raw mye Which Enst Bonga! producod had to be sent to Calcutta because all Inorg ‘and mills were in that city. ; ton of ious associate © Forozpur was given to India even though it had a Mu © Gurdaspor also had a Mustin majority and was given The Sikhs were disappointed because they made Up a large propor Population in the Punjab and had important historical and ro! With it. They wanted a soparate Sikh stato if partition was to go to nothing and Lord Mountbatten announced “I have spent @ great dea’ seeing whotter there was any solution which would keoo the more together, am not a miracle worker and have not found the the Punjab was divided on the basis of majority areas of Musi -Muslims. Sikhs migrated into the Indian Punjab where the claim for a separa Sikh state was to be renewed immediately after partition ’ The Hindus too had some complaints about the Award. For instance, they meg fesented the fact that the Chittagong Hill Tracts were not awarded to India. Thes had a large Hindu majority and Nehru believed they should become pert of indi However, the Tracts were regarded as having a vital economic relatonshp w East Bengal, so Radcliffe awarded them to Paki fan. 1. Geographical problems On 14 August, 1947 Pakistan finally gained its long-fought for independence. i immediately faced very serious problems. Most countries have natura! °° : Such as rivers, mountains or the sea. Those are cloar and agreed indicat Where one county's territory ends and another country’s territory deg’ | was not the case with Pakistan in 1947, Indead the country was spit i Separate parts almost a thousand miles apart, East Pakistan: section 2) Comprised of most of Bengal (but not Calcutta, as you read in Sesto" the district of Sylhet, which voted in a referendum to join Pakistan. West Pakistan Province. Tho princely states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunze. S Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan. 10 ee Se " pont Comprised of west Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the North West * a1. What geographical probiems did Pakistan face as a new county in 1947? 2. How was India better equipped for independence than Pakistan in 1947? ca The two v eparated by about a thousand miles of Ia The vast distance b > meant thal thers ree st distance between them also meant that the ignificant differences and outlook between the people of the iss era regions. Bengat and the wes gal a ‘est Punjab, for areas, but they had kite cise in common, o: Were Both largely Musi that belonged to India 2, Political Problems {In 1947 it had been decided that old British India should be divided into two new countries, Pakistan and. India s tanttone a ees ou Pakistan was to face many more problems * India inherited government buildings, furnishings, even officials from the British, Pakistan had none of these. India had officials, members of the Indian National Congress, with political experience to take over the government. These people had worked to gain political influence under the British and they had experience both of the election process and of holding political office. In Pakistan, the Constituent Assembly members were mostly wealthy landowners with little political experience. The Muslim League drew most of its support from the rural areas and lacked support from the urban‘areas. ‘The geographical distance between East and West Pakistan made it difficult to govern as one country. ~. This was made worse by the fact that while over half the population of Pakistan lived in East Pakistan, the majority of the government and army leaders came from West Pakistan. Pakistan lacked both the administrative and the governmental machinery to run the affairs of a new country. The Quaid-e-Azam would need to find a capital, a government and officials to ensure the efficient government of the new state. Perhaps the major problem which Pakistan faced was not known by its own people. For some years the Quaid-e-Azam had suffered from tuberculosis. He knew that he had little time to five, and so was resolved to make sure the new nation survived. The office of Governor-General was supposed to be a ceremonial one, but Jinnah ignored this. It was his ceaseless work and great leadership skills that ensured that Pakistan not only survived, but flourished. 3. Economic Prebiems Pakistan wes made up of states that were mostly underdeveloped, with very little industry. Although Karachi was a modem port with substantial trading and business activity, much of Pakistan (e.g. the North West Frontier Province) was fon ihe borders of the sub-continent and had not been linked to the industrialisation that had taken place in central India. Around 90% of the people livad in the countryside and there were only 8 towns with a population of more than 100,000 (Karachi, Lahore, Dhaka, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot and Peshawar). Pakistan was not a wealthy country and its major industry, agriculture, did-not produce enough of a surplus to create the wealth needed for industriaisation. The exception to this was in the production of jute, where in 4947 East Pakistan produced nearly 70% of the world's crop. Jute export produced the major source Pf foreign exchange earings for Pakistan for many years. But the problems created by partition are exemplified by the fact that in 1947, Pakistan did not have a single jute mill. All the jute mills were in the new India. ‘As the table bolow shows, in the division of the sub-continent’s assets, Pakistan did not do well ere e teers “an| Industrial enterprises Industrial workers Electrical capacity a al deposits Indeed some his rent nations. C 4. Social Problems a Pakistan was mainly made up of five citron eo tr have gone as far as suggesting that really i! there were five di ion groupings: ferent populati The Pakhtuns in the north . The Balochs in the west The Sindhis in the south ‘The Punjabis in the north-east : The Bengalis in the east = . Th ‘ferent traditions. CUNUreS languages and lifestyles. 7 ese people had ciforer sergiverse people Very lite tions, iven the: British system of government had giver "1947 some of them. particularly opportunity to participate | they now wanted to in government. Ais eotechistan and the Bengal. Wer sol come again they cla language, transfer allegiance to a new pakistan’, Were as not the cried of 2 si ‘onvincing everyone of the ke. Pi Urdu, would not be the one they spo! united people and there Was Tauch work to do in oF urigom of joining the new state- prominent member of the mply said in 1957 separated by more than 19 things: namely in East Patiston, ‘pokiston is Fee inousand miles. The #0 Wings iter In ol misters re 5 have @ com Von, a tis Ret ay ra oe psopendane® 0/2 COT no ‘al othor F025 ture, the customs, the dietary habits, the ne language. the tradition, tne calendar, the standard time — proctic 9. is different. eae 7 Jems did Pakistan face in 1951? @. According to this source what prob 5, The Accession of the Princely States \ at Partition, Lord Mountbatten had told the leaders of the 462 princely states th: they would not be granted independence. He feared that if they did becom independent, thelr futures would be uncertain and could lead to war. Consequent they were given the right to choose between india or Pakistan. For most prince there location or their religion made the choice a straightforward one. In 1947 the northem states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, 0 s of Dir, Swat, |, Amb, and Hunza joined Pakista Thay wer joined by Gilgit and Kalat in Balochistan (though the Pakistan Art prevent the Khan's younger brother from trying to declare independenc Bshavsis also joined Pakistan, adding a further 1.5 million ina! country. In the East the people of Sylhet voted in a referendum whi to them joining Pakistan bitants to t! ich I In other areas, the decision proved much m jn other areas, uch more difficult to mak ake. 12INDIA Hyderabe Nyderabod wa subcontinent, with a populat Niwas also very wealthy with an anual taverua of met te million rupoes. ‘His exalted Highness’, the Nigam of Hyderabad wanted to be given dominion atts, but Lord Mountbatten told him this was impossible. The state had a non-Muslim majority, but the Nizam was Mustin and therefore, favoured joining Pakinté The Indian government, howaver, was determined not to allow Hyderabad to join Pakistan. it began pressurizing the Nizam to join India. Ho was unwilling to do agreed to enter into a treaty in respect of defence, foreign affairs and communications. Further pressure was 1 by the Indians and in August 1948 Hyderabad filed a omplaint before the United Nations Organisation Betore it could be heard, Indian troops entered Hyderabad dismantled the state and incorporated it ito dit provinces in India 0, but finally rent Junagadh Junagadh was a small state on the coast, 300 miles south of Karachi, The population was mostly non-Muslim, but its prince was Muslim. In 1947 it announced that it would jor Pakistan. Lord Mounbatten informed Pakistan that thy accession of Junagadh was ‘an encroachment on Indian sovereignty and territory’ and the Indian government sent troops to surround the state. A blockade was imposed and soon Junagadh was short of food, Then, in November 1947, Indian troops invaded and took contol of the area. The government of Pakistan protested to the United Nations Organisation about the illegal occupation, but the matter remains unresolved. ‘The Kashmir Issue The most serious disagreement betwee India and Pakistan concerned the state of Jammu and Kashmir This was the largest state in the subcontinent and the fact that it had boundaries with Tibet, China, Afghanistan and Russia gave it great strategic importance: In 1947 most of the 4 million inhabitants of Kashinic wore Muslim, but the maharaja or ruler was a Hindu, It was believed that he was trying to win independence for his state and so he delayed joining either Pakistan or india. The maharaja, Hari Singh, did not treat the Muslim population well. In September 1947 he started a campaign to drive many Muslims out of Kashmir. Over 200,090 fled to Pakistan and finally the Mustims rose in mbeltion, The maharaja was forced to turn to India for help to crush the Mustiny in Hat help came only after the maharaja agread to accede to Inch 413Pak M istan could not accept this, M t00ps to tay The Pakistan government was convincer thay) 0 seize Kashmir. Neither side AH Ve plann Teen igh tea ink India 948 the matter was referred to the UNG.» ny do you think nda January 19 n j t : ma atatan wees GV schmir was divided between India and Pakistay, | athe concerned about amgered that India rotained the largest area of Kashyny winning the accession of ye various jar. After ure from Lord Mountbatten, the Indian p, th Srinagar. After press! jous princely agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmic to ay, soe Line J the people, ‘once the sitvation has normalised Mine ts Why do you think the , 2 Ahmiese' hal" Hl rae referendum has not been held and the ‘Kashmir eee rot been resolved source of discontent between the two countries today, 4 Lacreas numerous demands that the UNO resolve the dispute, jy $0 impossible to reach agreement. ——~-~— ee i >OURC i ernment officials on 11 October, 1947, Jinnah said: EA yet eee o nation and give shape f0 the cream of Pakistan, we will hove ) the problems with determination and force. Our people are disorganized ang dish by the difficulties we face. Their morale is low and we will have to work harder in re: . All this throws a : # of their despondency and galvanize them fo action. All this thr greater oa government servants, to whom our people look for guidance. Ve cae = Sp GacaeriN f SOURCE B {Ina speech to students at the Islamia College, Peshawar, in 1947, Jinnah said: Our duty to the state takes us beyond Provincialism. It offen deman {submerge individual and provincial Interest fo the common cause } State comes first, then our duty fo our Province, district, town, 1. How does Jinnah describe the people of Pakistan in Source A? 2. What does he see as a possible solution to the peoples’ problems? (Source A) 3. To what political problems is Jinnah referring to in Source B? 4. Why do you think he made this speech? (Source 8) ids that we be ready to for good. Our duty to the village and lastly, our ¥ 6. The Division of Financial and Military Assets One of the major issues involved in Partitioning the old British India wes h divide up the assets of the country. They now belonged to two countries, and there had to be an agreement on how it should be shared. It was 2 Tanne assets were to be divided on the ratio of 17 to India and 5 to Pov This rete: ted the relative size and populations of the two countries k. The first 200 million rupees were pad. The war broke out over Kashmir edwartcae 114Pakistan India Pakistan also needad armed forces and military equipment to ¢ The Britith wrens sure its secur dng British wore, at first, roluctant to divide the tren Riese Tho armed fet they should bo split 36% to 44% batwoon Pakistan iy armed forces personnel wera given treadon : Fein they wantod. Mustim fagiments went to F greed to split the army along religious Nn t0 opt for whichaver country Kistan and ‘on-Muslim to India, tt was ‘ S lines as in the table below, A big problem for Pakist 150,000 men noeded 4,0 jan was that its army comprising of 000 officers. There were only 2,500 saasea divisions — 6 14 | trained Mustim officers, as the British Indian army had favoured or iso i 4o | Hindu officers. White it was possibie to train some man up trom ey dvi ; Ordinary soldiers, Jinnah was forced lo take 500 British officers santry divisions a temporary These were mostly at the highest rank, for this was —_—_—__—— here there wei Te no Muslim officers at all. But as Pakistan faced almost immediate war with India over Kashmir, it needed the best army it could raise, no matter wi ‘ho was leading it \n other military matters the Indians once They did not want to see Pakistan bec were fighting in Kashmir. All 16 ordinance factories were in India, and it rofused fo hand over any. Consequenily, Pakistan had no factories capable of making military goods. India eventually agreed to pay 60 million rupees in lieu of hane over ordinance factories and this was used by the Pakistani government to 0 an ordinance factory at Wah. again failed to keep to the agreement. ome strong militarily, especially as they The military supplies which India agreed to hand over did not arrive at tir or when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged arid obsolete. The re of the division of military assets in 1947 was that Pakistan started ils existe with a seriously under-resourced military force. 7. The Canal Water Dispute ‘The Canal Water Dispute had its origins in the partition of Punjab in 1¢ West Pakistan is a fertile country but has a hot and dry climate. Rair is not plentiful and so it relies upon irrigation from a series of car which draw water from the three main rivers in the area, the Indus, Jhelum and the Chenab. ‘The partition of the subcontinent cut across many rivers and canals. * problem for Pakistan was that the flow of water through the canals i rivers was controlled at a series of ‘headworks', most of which lay the part of Punjab that was now in India. The indian govemment promised not to interfere with the supply of water to Pakistan. However, India and Fi. 11S: Rivers and canals "evioned in dispute Now do Skills Book (Pages 33-34 Pakistan were soon in dispute over the canals, especially the waters from the Bari-Doab canal. India claimed that as the headworks were in its country it had complete rights to do what it wanted with the water. Pakistan argued that it had a right to the water as its economy depended upon it. The Pakistan government callad for the matter to be settled by the Intemational Court of Justice, bul India refused. In May 1948 a temporary agreement was reached. India agreed to allow water from east Punjab to flow into west Punjab, but only if Pakistan agreed to try to - find allemative water supplies. The ‘water problem’ was one that the new country had to address urgent. ye GeExamstype Questions = | Q What does the picture of refugees tell us adout the problems Pakistan faced in 19477 Refugees and the Accommodat, Crisis ‘m1 in the years Immediately betore partion, witospread violonce between the Misiin we Muslim communities across India, Altiougy, ald and the Muslim League called for cainy tae of 1947 saw rioting which ted to numerong Whon the boundary Award was announced 60% 1947 things became even worse, Milhons ct MU found themselves living in the ‘wrong’ coun et became vietins of communal attacks. Tho om a was for Muslims to move into Pakistan Muslims to move into India. So began what nt"? was the largest migration ever witnessed meet of mankind and also some of the worst ot communal violence. St Scenos , NG SW Partition had been mado along religious hopes of easing tensions betwoen Musiiny ana communities ~ instead it made mattors worsy tt 10 million people had moved from India to Paka akistay or in the other direction by January 1948. Some n! s ove, 5 lines in th Geographical Pi pacaial grap! ‘roblems. Economic i a Problems Accession of Princely mio. & Political States Ee Problems Division of Financial! Re ‘efugees! Military Assets Canal Water Accommodation Crisis Dispute Fig. 1.7: Problems facing Pakistan atthe time af Independence peaking as many of their possessions with them as they could. Others violence and often arrived in their new country with nothing at al tenance was Sometimos orchestrated by the local authorities and many erie eaeaes believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organised programm® ‘ware ean sles of a Muslim refugees. In the non-Muslim princely states fe 7 ass ples of state troops being used to support attacks on Muslims a = rue, however, that atrocitios were carried out by Muslims as a tide mmunal hatred swept across the subcontinent in late 1947 116mates for the death toll vary considerably, b Eff amen, vonwon and children ded a cull le HLCIES of ean ine Yong journey. Neat 20 mln popte aia ole iafeleet a anol oF Pakistan faced enormous problems as Ale nunbers of pees hed ry: Karmel plow recoWved noe; to alin relopoes 1947, q goes in 1947 them for 5 not surprisingly, it was extremely dificil for these pap 0b 2 pupil to be accammonated fan in particular, as a new : , a8 a new and not wei sary facilities to house millions of Mae ny country, it Nel cies ry ow citizens. 4 gome of these refugees were so distressed by sn the focal population of different sn Delhi had to declare martial law as non-Muslin efug of local Muslims. — e end of 1947 india and Pakistan were so concerned a violence that they began to co-operate in SE ie ea ono ‘cuation of refugees from one country to the other, but it aid not orderly eva} completely end the violence. x ih nb Do yet t thoir hardships that they turn ptember 1947 the authoriti 3 had begun a slaughter igions. tn & By th ‘Quaid-e-Azam said: belong fo any religion. fhe state. We are starting In the jion belween one caste OF ‘ple that we are cil equal cllzens of one state.” ink the Quaid mean! ? ong religious lines, so why do You think the Quaid Vine "you may business o} no distinc! | fundamental prin 4, What do you th > parition had been mode 0 sald this? ton-lype Questions ’ it What isthe Kashmir issue? [4] I I in 1947217) “1 Wty was the Kashmir Issue @ PY atest problem ' The refugee crises the gre "yor your a | Inthe years 1947-48, Give reasonsministries in the years 1940-50! & What were the achievements of the (Decade of Progress 1958-69’! > What attempts were made to establish a new constitution in the years 1949-732 1948 - 1958 als Prime Ministers amor-Genera’» xhwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Ghulam Muhammad Khwaja Nazimuddin gg Iskander Mirza Mohammad Ali Bogra Chaudry Mohammad Ali ws 1. Chundrigar sidents sass Iskandler Mirza uhrawardy 34) Mohammad Ayub Khan wan Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan Feroze Khan Noon Pakistan in 1948 _ tiiough Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ati Jinnah had helped establish Pakistan as an independent ceaty, fully recognised by the United Nations, there were still many problems which had to be swercome by his successors. « Pabstan was a poor country, with the mass of its people living close to subsistence level. he landowners dominated politics and provided the main support for the Muslim League. It was trey who held the seats in the National Assembly. Relations with India were poor, particularly over Kashmir. Despite the work of the Qua tan remained a count , Enguages, i The Quaid had not been in office long enough (0 introduco a now constitution. indeed Me taking na" 85 Governor-General had created confusion about tho respective roles of the Govemor-Genera the Prime Minister, “way ie ca Problems which faced the men who were to govern P: i i 1y of five different regions, with different akistan in the years after the death 419Fig. at: Khasi Navirawddn Khwaja Nazimuddin (1948 - 51) ja Nazimuddin made Gj 14 Sept 1948 Khwaja o ¥eMOr Generay mi as Prime Minister sr sept 1948. India invades Hyderabad (Deccan) ‘ 12. Mar 1949 Objectives Resolution passed 1949+, 2° The Public and Representative Pisquaiticaion 4 ic 7 . Paar "Act 2B Sep A980 Fir Reportof the Basic Principles Comings #0} W6Oet 1951 Liaqut Ali Khan assassinated in Rewalpin On 14 September 1948, three days after the death oy thy Nazimuddn became the new Governor General of Pay ini ht leader of the Muslim League at the time and was aloe Chien “muggy Pakistan, He was tespected as an honest and talento Politician, pte ote Liaquat Ali Khan, remained in office. 20. Prine Mig? Khwaja Nazimuddin quickly realized that Liaquat Ali [= Khan had the confidence of the government, a administrators and people of Pakistan. Poop! fooked up to him, because he was a close associate and a most trusted companion of Quaid-e-Az Nazimuddin therefore stood back and all: id Liaguat to run the coi Ne role of Governor 1 became less important than that of Pri One of th ‘am S whieh Liaquat Khan had to 2% fishing @ constitutior would satisfy the different groups within tt, j SPRAY he Objectives Resotution 7" St Since 1857 the subcontinent had been coms letely under thy the 2:tish Crown, Vatious Acts of Parliament were passed how India was to De governed. As you t of India Act 1935, ‘WN page B1 the final Act Said that India should be governed the Governa as foliows, * There would be a Governor-General reporting to the Briish Secretary of State for India in London. The Governor-General woud be advised by an Executive Council and have wide powers ove a aspects of government in India. 7 There would siso be two Houses of Parliamor © At pro | level, there would be provincial governors, provincial ‘assginblies and provincial ministers, After independence in 1947, Pakistan was ruled under the Indian Independence Act, which was an amended version of the Government Of India Act. A Constituent Assembly was set up to frame a om Constitution, but until it reported, the Governor-General would om SFT Over te entre feld of government activity, but unde the cot of the Cabinet. However, as Pakistan lacked well-organised pester! eeees and & Prime Minister with a stable majority in the legislature © also lacked an effective Cabinet. So the Governor-General becare much mare important office, particularly when it was held by wefOUGENENS yy the Basic etyconnission sine wanted (0 ecat of the six asin the Objectives: sii of 1949, —_— NOES £002 good oF bad a Piiwane rar aye, mM The Constituent Assempy W had set y 5 Pt up the principles on which the new crc Principles : ciples about a eae Assemb} Its findings on 4'd be Bacay Nee to decide the Objectives Resolution, which AS passed 6 oMaiNed in a qonns Member st Asse cument 4 nstituti s Ne la Called 4. The constitution Should Observe the pring March 1949, declared: tolerance and social justice se aig eC Bles of democracy, Muslims would be ab Wn by te . freedom, 3. Other religious groupe O84 herve, on ee 4. Minorities and the poop would te able to Practice tng lame Principles 5. All fundamental human righ should Protected 4a” sion tee 6. The legal system should be independent? or anteed “3! injustice, The Objectives Resolution contain Severnment counter criticisms from the utans that bee yontrences a proper simi sat, with a constitution od on net de Pakistan frat elections - o¢ indeed ane Completing the Consitunenet 2 Although tere met, they did f re 2SFeEMeNt on hove 1e ion, Nor for holding the were mot, they did form the batie ine Craft co eke sure the Objects Assembly by the Basic Prinewis Commitiae on’ ao" Presented tothe committee recommended bicameral legisiature 9 on 28 eptember 1950, The was {0 be elected bythe joint session re houtes, hanes ihe resident should be the offical language of Paar Nes: I suggested that Uru The proposals came in for much cttcigm: e East Pakistan had a much lan a ae '9er Population than i the idea of equal representation inthe Nenon’s Acenby tan er baenad also resented having to accept Urdu as the official language, at ne on of Bengali ‘9298, at the expense © Provincial politic he power bei and to the Federal Government, 9 aWven to the Head of Sate Religious groups complained that the constitution was not suffci x iently Islami Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan decided that since there was so. mei crtiism of the proposals they should be gi ic death meant that constitutional found and had time to settle in. During the time of Khwaja Nazimuddin's Governor-Generalship, several other important measures were taken. “- Public it Representative Officers isqualificetion Act (| This Act showed that Pakistan had yet to become the free, democratic country that the Quaid had envisioned. it was sub-tilled ‘an Act for the debarring = Public office for a suitable period of persons judicially found guity tienda in any public office or any representative capacity in any matte iy By this Act complaints could be made to the coene cee or pecs govemors who could order an enquiry by judges. Argon fed gay ue P Roos was debarred from office. The law was designed to cima comation reality, it allowed the ruling elite to remove tho: Refugees (O) roblem in Pakistan ‘a grave id had called the refugee prc ain a aera ant if pay Central Refugee Counc! ei ae sith Pps Khan met sh the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal an met with the sponsible for Liaquat-Nehru Pact. It was agreed that each government wt afugees across the safely of minority groups within its borders, Free paneer y of minority gf porte border was restricted and a vis d. vystem for refugees was introduces 404 aidFig. 124: Ghalam Muhammad stand Kashmir ombor 1948, while Pakis re yadia invaded Hyder i coming ay of the Qua Myo48 the United Nations Organy, 3) cr oon India and Pakistan in pe ture of Kashmir, 50 tension: Hyderabay on 17 Sept ver, looked likely Aemy Leaders ary 1951 Sir Douglas Gracey the British ¢, to data army, was replaced by General Ayub Khan hand Rrany army oficers had complained about the presen positions. By 1951 most army officers y officers unhappy with the government, bogan to pian government, In March 1954 this "Rawalpind: Conspiracy Khan, and the conspirators wore arrested, tied and imp was Major-Goneral Akbar Khan, Chief of General © Pakistani. Dour! Liaquat Ali Khan had survived his first coup, but his succes, co lived. He was shot dead by an assassin on 16 October tog, 2" & a public meeting in Rawalpindi, He had worked tirelossiy to. was a popular leader. The government gave him the tile co’? Sune {a martyr for the cause of the nation). Shaheedlt? Ghulam Muhammad (1951 - 55) Oct 1981 Ghulam Muhammad swom in as Govemnos Gen: eral of Pakisan 37 Apr 1983 | Nazimmddin dismissed from premiership Muhammad Ali Bog {appointed Prime Mis First e Year Plan for economy introduced 29 Sept 1954 Ghulam Muhammad dissolves the Assembly. New exbinet svomia Feb 1958 dh High Court nutes that dissoht on of Assembly was wacons 10 May 195. Federal Coun overtums Sindh Hig! r h Court New A Aug 198s Ghulam Muhammad resigns Afier the death of Khan Liaquat Ali Khan, Ghulam Muhammad became the tit Governor General of Pakistan. He nad been the Finance Minister in the Catinet He persuaded Khwaja Nazimuddin to become Prime Minister (which under Laquat Ali Khan had become a more prestigious office than Governor-Gerer3i. Shulam Muhammad was the first of a number of major political figures in Pekan wno nad risen from amongst the civil service to high office. 1 4950 a Planning Commission was set up to oversee economic dewiopnett n Pakistan. In 1951 it launched a Six Year Plan for Pakistan, covering agnculv®, fuel and power, industry and mining, transport and communications and S008) uplif schemes’. In 1953 a Planning Board was set up to review the dover that had taken place and this produced a Drait Five Year Plan in 1956 6 fr, On from the Six Year Plan. Both these schemes played a major pat he about economic development in Pakistan. For example, in 1952 9 Th ig Processing piant was opened at Narayanganj (East Pakistan) and the © " ¢ Sul for oil/gas led to the discovery of vast reserves of natural 92s Balochistanawrvor, MASA WHE TOT OABY THES for Fn panei otf swore WAN 1 HOVOTE OK hy Pakige, i ahiaten: Fram 1964 1988 953 sovers an Thin alactart toes eevee UFabrumy 103 severe food shortages fed Io Homes A reheat wr niatan THO GOVEITIMON! Was not wall.ptaced to teacy eat ies Mrounhent During the Korean Wat thore had boon inceanand demmar rn nee eran Dad cotton, 10 supply ho thousands of woldinre marca (or Bawentan’s jute Agpa domand had decd & invohend in the fighting Bee try ive moant that Pakistan wae making jogn ee more foodstutts. In April the USA agreed to dunmd einen ft Needed te tiny ea mittion tone of wheat tc Trop Pakistan overcome the food eras qho rioting, however, Had Not been just About food ah oment, Some ulamas t Dod short roligious e s had begun a cameann They demanded that all Ahmodis be dismissad rons ain Khan. the Foreign Minister. it was only after parte Xenon gus errosta wore made that ine nema lages. It also had a against the Anmedis (C2. including Zatarutan ial law was imposed anc 8 brought under contrat 1. Why do you think in some years £00 | food had to be imported i but in others it could be 2 veo | exported 2. How does the graph help you ‘co | tounderstand why there | ‘were food riots in early 19537 0! Year 1947 1945 1940 1080 1951 1852” 1959, £ Food Imported (000s of tonnes) 2 Food Exported (0005 of tonnes) } + {rot inctuding outside aid) { In good years, Pakistan had a surplus of food and could export some to gain foreign currency. In bad years it had to import food to prevent starvation. The graph covers the period 1947- $3 to show in which years Pakistan had a net surplus and in which years it had a met shortage — eat OR Nie Rt mst Constitutional Matters The recommendations of the Basic Principles Committee presented to the Assembly on 28 September 1950 had proved so unpopular that they were withdrawn for further consideration. Two years later, on 22 December 1952 0 revised Report of the Basic Principles Committee was presented by the Prime Minister, Nazimuddin. It altered the 1950 proposals by suggesting 1. The Head of State must be Muslim 2. There should be a House of Units wi 60 from West Pakistan. The House of Peo 200 elected from each wing. ity 60 members from East Pakistan and pla should have 400 members withType of Aid ninorities would have representatives at National and p, = c 1 Pro a. Religious: vine} tho Cabinet was to be responsible to the National Assembly, not ihe 4p 4 “ = of Stat 2 1d choose a committee of Islamic specialists Head of State wou! 1 ee ina all legislation conformed to Istamic taw. The official language should be settled by the Assembly. 5 6. Thoso proposals also met with criticism, so Nazimuddin said they would unde furthor discussion. Further political changes and uncertainty mes Constitution was not settled unt! 1956, when Major General Iskander Miro. res in power. As yet, Pakistan had no official language, although Urdu nag beer suggested under the Quaid and had much government suppor. tt was an pe that so many people felt strongly about that it would be hard to resolve 4 out furthor unrost ~ the Bengalis of East Pakistan, were particularly Opp gsed to its use. Consequently no progress was made on this issue. ° On 17 April 1953 Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Khwaja Nazimuddin and three other members of the Cabinet, blaming them for not controlling tno anc and the riots that resulted from food shortages in February. He did this decor, the fact that they had received a vote of confidence from the Assembly Ghulam Muhammad said that: omy ‘Ihave been driven to the conclusion that the Cabinet of Kh. has proved entirely inadequate to grapple with the difficulties Nazimuddin was angered, but decided not to resist, fearing that disagreement in the government would be disastrous for the country. The new Cabinet had eight old members and three new ones, including + new Prime \/ Muhammad Ali Bogra, who had been the acting ambass. Bogra wanted as much foreign aid as possible to boost Pakistan's economy. 2 April 1953 the US, Canada and Australia agreed to send Pakistan a m of wheat, which helped to calm fears of famine that had sparked the rots. It also Bogra who set up the Planning Board to produce a Five-Ye. ” would, hopefully, avoid further food shortages. He also w agreement, called the Central Treaty Organization (CENT Western aid for Pakistan, in terms of money, supplies and th \dustrial experts, ‘The 1954/55 Constitutional Crisis The social and economic problems that Pakistan ‘ coupled with Ghulam Muhammad's desire to maintain te power of the position of Governor-General, meant thet t (in million: dottars) Project aid ey for projects was little progress in getting agreement oo ed constitution. Instead, Ghulam Muhammad hove Commodity aid industrial raw materials Consumer goads Food and other reliel supplies 765 dominate Bogra to maintain his own power. But £ not turn out to be quite as compliant as 34.4 Muhammad had hoped. mmad On 21 September 1954, while Ghulam Mehend apes Out of the country, Bogra persuaded the AssemDly Of laws limiting the powers of the Govemor General * That all his ministers, including the Prime h be members of the Assembly. * that the Assembly had to approve the Cal © that the Governor General had to take the ministers. ust pine, advice of Mae eee Scie EE. ‘ewhusonal machinery has broken down... Tho} “Ae! sembly has lost the confidence of the qhis was an attempt by the Assombt sembly to weaken tt eral and increase its own powers akon the powers of the G Gonoimlsg minuton, tha Assembly rane ough te of the Governor ssqualificatio ORO poated the Public and Isuiros (Disquaiicn ") Act [PRODA}, which sat tho Governar Gane Representative ministers from the National and Provincial governmon Sena) could remove ne to five years if they sed public office’, Then the As shy a new draft constitution, Ndly adjourned for a month to discuss: However, Ghulam Muhanad was not 48 Not a man who tool rd it Bog ws Oto the oy cr tho taowing weak snd hon struck back, He declared a state of emergency and then dissolved Arcorty, He made a statoment saying Srcnge tee, The Governor-General, having considered th The Governon Sea 9 considered the politcal erisis with wi country is faced, has decided to declare a state of emergency. The Consinveet Assembly, as at present constituted, has lost the confidence of the Boole and an no longer function. Until such time as elections are held, the a aeerabn Shino country will bo carried out by a reconstituted Cabinet istration Ghulam Muhammad then chose a new Cabinet, Having resisted his authority ho re-appointed Bora as Primo Ministor, but soloctod five mombers of the cabinet who were not members of the Assembly, this included the C i in-Chiof of the Army, General Ayub Khan, ha Commander, Maulvi Tamizuddin, the Speaker of the dissolved Assembly, contested the dissolution in the Sindh High Court, saying that the dissolution had been illegal and that non-Assembly mombers should not be appointed in the cabinet. In February 1955 the Court ruled in favour of Maulvi Tamizuddin, Ghulam Muhammad appealed to the Fedoral Court against this judgement, On 10 May 1955, this higher court ruled that Ghulam Muhammad had the authority to dismiss the Assembly ‘if he was satisfied that the situation demanded it." On 21 Juno 1955, eloctions were hold for a now Constituent Assembly, met Or he first time on 7 July 1955. In August, Ghulam Muhammad fell il and had to resign, He was replaced by Major Genaral Iskander Mirza. sor Ga Constituent Assombly Is @ sovereign body. ornor General has no power of any kind \ tne The Gov ‘ ' to dissolve It. ‘Sean con no longer function." . giR&h by Ghulam Muhammad on 24 October part of the decision made by the Sindh High Court “Sethe disolved the Assembly. fj | February 1955 hee majority decision be Seg g Maton 1955, the judge issued the [tecterell court's 33° Stuiom Muhammad's dismissal of the Constituent Assembly, one legal scholar : sop, ted the political structure of Pakistan’ i ontord University Press, 1999. \ 4 ve Lg non CO Og, 82" did Ghulam Muhammad give for dissolving the mmad thought he had the right to dissolve Micha = ge Source By Sige YOU think 0 Disitusionment, by Sherbaz Khan Mazar sembly? (Source A) Constituent ASS sindh Court agree" ‘nee Constituent Assembly, Did the as ‘devastating; Court jud Police am toriany meant when he said that the Fede MN, tcture of Pakistan’? (Source C) a, ip ae aoe aeIskander Mirza_(1955-58) Iskander Mirza becom« 's acting Governor General 1955 Muhammad Ali Bogra dismissed as Prime Minister One Unit system introduced -. 5 Oct 1955 West Pakistan to be treated as one unit, not four province Constitution announced 23 Mar 1956 12 Sep 1950 Chaudry Muhammad Ali resigns, Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy made Prime Minister : Suhrawardy dismissed, 1.1, Chundrigar Appointed Prime B Oct 1957 Minister 1. Chundrigar dismissed, Feroze Khan Noon made Prime Dee 1957 Made himself President Ayub Khan made Prime Minister Minister Mirza proclaimed martial law. 7 Oct 1958 He dismissed Ali Bogra as Prime Minister and made him the ambassador to the USA again. He appointed the Finance Minister, Chaudry Muhammad Al, as Pime Minister and pressed him hard to have @ Constitution drawn up quickly. 1986 Constitution 1956 Constitution Government Structure On 29 February 1956 Pakistan's first Constitution was adopted by the Second Constituent Assembly. it was formally emergency powers enforced on 23 March, The Constitution was pat csc tor Aanoneny || compromicn between the wishes of the me {wo most important parties, the Muslim League and the United Front, and neither Gas completely satisfied. However, the United Front dropped its objections to 64 Seats in the Assembly and no longer demanded full provincial autonomy. 4 cs Bengali was accepted as an once language. The constitution deciar ne ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ was 10% governed as shown in the diagram fo years The constitution was to last ony x : before President Mirza (the 0 fice Oat Governor-General was replaced wi President in the constitution) dock martial law and scrapped constitution. ttheThe ‘One Unit’ potic In Nove 10 priner 4. hat a statos within Pareto West Pakistan, Ons Gane » October 195% mn in what became all of West Pakist 5 Mirza paenen koerwe Iskander Mirza claimed th, ne unifies officioncy and on; ¥ aad onable more rapid Ha Stout great might show loyalty to their local re; ad Of one where peceie However, there were other roasons for tha nM! 10 the stat dominant politicians and administrators worsen nt ‘ators ware from the West win, in particular, from the Punjab. Theos government feared th the Eaat pees leading fights in the Paki al their expenso. After all, there wore 10 mile, eon a0 fence Pakistan than West Pakistan, By dividing Pakinign Pee East (West Pakistar East Pakistan) officially and saunen na representation in the Assembly, the One Unit Scheme canon oul Pakistan gaining a majority in the Assombly. nn"? oreverted East - he scheme was highly unpopular in East Pakistan and also was opposed the individual provinces of West Pakistan, Such was the opposition that Presccent Mizra had to dismiss the Chief Minister of Sindh and dissolve the nrsca assemblies of Bahawalpur and Khaitpur provinces. West Pakistan formally cone into being as a united province on 14 October 1955. ~~ CED here will be no Bengalis, no Punjabis, no Sindhis no Pathans, no Balochis, no Bahawalpuris, no | iknairpuris, Tae disappearance of these gious will * | strengthen the integrity of Pakistan.” { A comment made by Mohammad Ali Bogra in 1954 pg ERED >. It would end the curse of provincial prejudices. t ‘ 2. tt would reduce administrative expenses. 5. It would cliow the development of backward t areas. ( 4. It would make it easier fo draw up a new « consfitution, ; / 3. It would give East and West Pakistan maximum { autonomy. | The reasons given to the Assembly for adopting the One Unit Scheme by Iskander Mirza in September 13> elie aia aan IE Se f “45 be new West Pakistan ie - peng Ve TI ETRY ea! aad oem ‘appeared rational, bul the issues thal separated the provinces } ‘segaet MEt® Sentimental and emotional, psychological and historic. , Ben N Could change, let alone replace, the underlying realities | ‘saat Memleth Century, by Lavwrence Zing, Oxford University Press 1997: i of these groups will strengthen the SereAal2 Mea in Source A when he talked of how the ‘disappearance heed 2 Explain your answer. | tne {2 oven in Source B for adopting the One Unit Scheme was te most important! Expun your answer: | 1 See siDt luce € think the One Unit Scheme woul ail? ay ‘ pate ieee ome 127| | licies other Po er: Mirza’ dernization: (skarider Mirza’ ind agizaton and rural opment program indus zation of railway cor nd modernization Y ine Miza publised goverment prov expat those were not always a + East Pakistan: East Pakistan had always and its people had not been involv overnment. Their natural discontent Sther problems caused by severe flooding Ali resigned as Prime Minister 07 Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy, giving the most important Cabinet ¢ help to win support from there for his. c: Suhrawardy kept his job for only a year. Minister and pressed hard for Mirza t of authority. He was dis: shrewd politician he was by asking Mixra holding a vote in the Assembly. Mizra knew th: _—meattfl this vole and refused GDR ABENE On 48 October 1957 Iskander Mirza appointed 1. Whatwas he One Unit replace Suhrawardy. His government was a co policy? views which could not even agree on mais 2. Why was there somuch | Scheme. Feroze Khan ‘Noon wes resistance to the One Unit policy? a Mirza’s # contained members from @ number of political ion. His n unpopular and the 1956 Constitution had been i AN elections in 1957. Mirza dare not call those CD VO LEANTRS 1. How many Prime On 7 October 1958, Iskander Mirza, Ministers did Iskander - 9OVernment as his oxe: Mirza have from i955 _(Skander Mirza ha wise alarmed by a plan by Suharwardy to unite the col 2.Why do you think there | Punjab against him. Therefore, iskander Mires the Commander-in-Chief of the army, General A\ ‘were so many cha a oneal iy Of Ptime Minaet | Martial Law Administrator. using th use, proclaimed marti id lost the support of many of is | 0% 24 October he appointed Ayub Khan as Prime Mini a change hs Several occasions declined an offer from Ghulam Muhamm e Onbete Danny. but by 1958 he had come to believe that it was n Ba Petober he forced Mirza to resign and was exiled to Londe its first period of military rule. Now do Skills Book pages 35-36 ‘The Constitution of 23 March 1956 will be abros The government will be dismissed wit ‘The National and Provincial Assem! All political parties will be abolished. Unil alternative arrangements, Pakistan wiField Cl May hal) Moh rom OMmad fy, I o6H Hoheral = Oct 1959 wh Ky Marte 1 1 Mar 199) MOCHACIeS intro, Ne Sem 1965 Way yin YA WH Diitig 25 Mar 194 ‘ OMStUtiOg AY forced to resin Alter taking powor Gq Y rule would « Ali Khan, the govey ainty that it Subj Ie ay 188 BP Liaeraae HE 0 mie . Y With discipline “Anew era has begun under General p undertaken to root out the administrative mee pone a sense of confidence, security and stability ama coed OM -80CIal prestices fo normalcy. | hope and pray Allah their objective,” MAY give therm the viselom Acomment made by Quaid-e-Azam’s sister, j with the Morning News, 29 October 1983.0 ona" 1, According to Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah what ig " whi ‘B0ing to happen in Pakistan? been his advisor, supported Ayub Khan's takeover? coe 1d Fatima Jinnah, in an in SC DEMOCRACIES: ‘mer rawr CovennenT (PRESORT} reas = EERE} ees S52 Pomerat Gomer pies POAC seco harmon ofiscal cerns 1959 Basic Democracies The first step in Ayub Khan’s cons reforms came with the introdu: ion of the Basic Democracies Order on 26 0: 1959. As shown in the diagram below, this was a four-tier system in which orcinary people elected union council members who in turn elected district and divisional Sao NTI DUVELOPR Barron ane ia 1 Lea ot Drow’ sprechorateSuca members. Later, it was stated in the 1962 *e freee wae Constitution that the 80,000 elected Basic Democrats would also form the electoral akc an tetra | xcratrers oor en eid ana es Se Bae Dern college for the election of the President and members of the Central and Provincia Legistatures, At the end of 1959, Ayub asked the Ba Democrats for a vote of confidence. Alm 95% of them declared their confiden him and on 17 February 1960 he was confirmed as President. He then ar the creation of a Constitution Commission to make recommendations for 2 new constitution.een 95 for thO VOrY ObvIOUS roason Tho? we os _ raclos for the very Nat WO Want if fo, "We have given i! the nam pos tho powtcal fader $0 I finds roots deep among the 2 Pow cand evorve from tho vory first adio on 2 September 1959. \ mode by Part of a speech i Do you think that } roots of democracy in P y Fi Soni Ayub Khan on the 1 an will have agreed that Ayub’s new system was one whieh all the people of Pakista ar Pakistan? Explain your answer, 1962 Constitution i 1 March 1962. Although 4, constitution was announced on 1 ah Ayub de. thes combining ‘democracy with discipline’ in reality it set up a presidenia of government. The President could not be removed unless impeached, The President nominated the Cabinet from the members of the Nat, Assembly. ; * The President nominated the heads of the judiciary and the’ provincia) governors (who then nominated their Cabinets). * The National Legislature could not pass a law without the approval o the President. The new constitution was introduced without debate and Ayub brought maria law to an end soon afterwards. The new National Assembly met for the frst ire 07 8 June 1962. One of its first acts was to remove the ban on political partes It appeared that Pakistan was moving nearer to a democratic system, but actualy Ayub's reforms had increased the powers of the ruling elite. This had happeres because the major landlords dominated the elections to the Basic Democracies and often used coercion or bribery to influence the results. The constitution also further upset the people of East Pakistan. They felt that they would have litle part in governing Pakistan. Gradually they were coming {o realize that Pakistan's goverment was in the hands of military and civi officals from West Pakistan. Various steps were taken to placate them: : Both Urdu.and Bengali were recognised as two of the national languages. 3 The National Assembly Session was to be held in both Dhaka and Islamaoa. * If the President were from West Pakistan, then the Speaker of the National Assembly was to be from East Pakistan. Despite these measures the pe of East Pakistan still believed Pakistan was, in reality, government of East Pakistan by West Pakistan This resulted in a feeling of uness? in East Pakistan Br be any aw ho wants 8)ec tows suggest’ by National ows sugested by Assembly In January 1965 elections were het for the Presidency. Ayub Khan #35 PROVISIONAL ASSEMBLY Electod for 5 years Serna Nominated by a new party. “ “One Unit for West Convention Muslim League, wich had helped form. He believed that the oppositi®? Parties were too divided to put UP Credible opponent in the ele le was, however, wrond Opposition parties all agree? Support the sister and advisor Quaid, Mohtarma Fatima Ji0™ abandonedIn the election, Ayub khan %. This re! 48 chal 34 T ult Was challenged b had been rigged. There were rion, a ePP people were killed. Ayub Khan hea a opposition groups, who bali n Won 64% of the votes, compared to 9 ion, wh 4 . Who claime arachi and & Vitam s ast P ad been re-clected, but leved their ca The Decade of Development a Khan is perhe : Ayub Khan is perhaps best remembered for a ser ies of economi reforms which brought praise f aise from polit In 1968 he celebrated this work by Caen and economies 9 period Nin wi al the price of rio had been chea nomic and social < around the world, ‘A Decade of Development Agricultural Reforms: Ayub Khan's advi i an's a of agriculture and make it more pasenetnerea 12 bring reforms inthe fe holdings could nover be officiont. A law was oan nny Small Subscteen be smaller than 12 passed saying that no 4 bs ama 12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres inigaany acres (unimigated). This meant that many sna oe) : | found their land was redistributed. Howovor the sanae me | >} farms did produce a steady rise in food output, Big ene wore forced to find tenants for pars of theit land ord tag oe raised productivity as the tenants and oman tad bate more effciont than the larger, poorty run farms. Tho major done wore built to hep iigation. Farmers wero ‘lza loaned money ‘0 build wells to reduce the need for canal irri vos reforms revitalised agriculture and crop vields ae rae tae record, Ayub said. that they hed brought about a Green Revolution. However, it should be noted that much of the rn increased productivity was due to mechanization, which could a mode generally only be afforded by big landowners. oh Khan visting Industrial Reforms: Ayub Khan's advisors pressed for more industrial development. This was carried out with the help of loans from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany and the UK. In 1962 an oil was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation set posits. In 1964 an economic union was formed Cooperation for Development (RCD) in which lop ties in trade, commerce and industry. An fering incentives to industrialists who refinery up for the exploration of mineral dey with Iran and Turkey, the Regional the three countries agreed to devel Export Bonus Scheme was set up of increased exports. 1 Rates Fig. “23 ell us about 4nd Khan? As a result of these policies economic growth rose sharply. The average annual was 7%, which was three times rate by which the economy grew in the 1960s that of India. Production did rise rapidly and the Pakistani economy improved significantly, but the new wealth created did little to benefit the large numbers of Pakistanis living near the poverty line. In 1968 it was revealed that just 22. families ao rolfed 66% of Pakistan's industrial assets. The same families Siso controlled 80% of Pakistan's banking and insurance companies. So a small, elite group of wealthy Pakistanis had f Pakistan's wealth. It did not go almost complete contro! 01 snnotiged in East Pakistan that almost all these families were se Nast Pakistan. Also, whilst industry was improving rapidly, panictan was increasingly dependant on foreign aid. Social and Educational Reforms: Ayub Khan's advisors drov: up a new curricula for schools and suggested thal now textbooks Should be published. The government began an oxtensive literacy programme, building new schools and colleges 134Now do Skills Book Pages 37-38 Fig. 12.11: Islamabad the new capital (1967) There was also an attempt to de al with Shelterless py especially Karachi, refugees from the Partition era had ain _ permanent homes. Ayub Khan appoint General Azam jy! been Minister and he setied 75,000 retugees © newly buit yarn Laws were passod tha factory onere hay {ream workers at a reasonable rent — although it did not Specify tat ti ah tran had to be of a reasonable quality Pe ~~ jub’s government also tried to control Population gr Pani Programme, funded largely by Am tong “ne rican loans, The Over radio, cinema, newspapers, posters and leaflets to persuade Pakistane size of their families. The programme, however, was not Medical facilities were also improved, More medical were set up to increase the number of do. A New Capital tistanig Particularly and nursing tin ii a tors and nurses ie) Succ , | Ayub’s government decided to bag the syaabital. In 1959 the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Kann tet the capital of Pakistan Construction was started in October Eaine into life on 26 October, 1966, building of Istamabad was occu; 1961, and the ex, When the first The Secretariat Blocks are the administrative and poicy planning nerve center of the county. They cove ar oe Pf $2,900 square meters, The city is divided ns eight largely self-contained zones, each characterized by is predominant usages (such as the diplomatic encsve the commercial district, the educational sector ° industrial and residential areas etc.) each with ts on shopping area and park. Le Political Unrest 1.3965 Pakistan went to war with India over Kashmir. Ayub's government et provoked India into war, but neither side was able to win a decisive eee hkent {Oi the people that Pakistan rert po re ia. but the peace treaty at Taser rognained no reference to how, the Kashmir issue should be seen "Ayub fegain that disputed Kashmir territory that Pakistan had started ee failings inthe th Foreign Minister, 2uiner All Bhutto, who he blamed for in the war. Bhutto now became a focal point for opposition to AyD iota red to be By 1968 many peopte wore iscontented with the government. It soem: 8 undemocratic as there were numerous accusations of intimidation an in the elections for the electoral college and the Presidential elections. was improving, yet only ricutr2 2 few people were benefiting from this. Ag 'sing, but so. were d prices. i J 18 October 1968, there wore Student protests all over West Paton atone * Ona visit to Peshawar Ayub was the target of a failed assasitre were more * When Ayub carried out ‘despread arrests, including Bhutto, t Protests, which ‘Spread to East Pakistan 132Ayal Kia's F woos Wine Had Hicles succesded Wy uniting ihe jary 1869 eight ot the on crate: Ad “iiamiltes. They wanted proper elections, tl ng of er Ney PErHEEe ane Ehqmnemy for East Pakistan, Ayub thad a ealin the unrest, On 17 Felauary 146 Kian withdrew (he « hoy powers and feleased many Poliucél priserus aya) AMpated the previous Ootobar. He began ne ‘]Oppasivion, But t Petr dane too Hilla, too fate. feven ts cy Democ we asian fo uvavel a Hale Democrats resigaad Wy farge numbers, The oppasitian auily gained support, whist he and fis party rapidly Jost vy atic hes raat thal he de nat haves enough support ta slay ie power, Gr ty Mare) tood he resigned But he did not call for new elections to choos 28 Mar Prasiont Instead he handed aver power to the actmy and for the second ‘ Font history Pakistan experienced martial aw tine 10 Hts General Yahya Khan ( 1969-7 ) piar 1969 Val 1962 Constitution suspended held ape 1969 70 Ge f martial law, the Cormmander-in-Chief of the army, Following the declaration 0 ‘appointed Chiet Martial Law Administrator and also General Yahya Khan, wi took over as President He announced that 4. Hasic Democracy had not been a success 2. There would be a properly elected government J The One Unit’ system had not worked, so there would be @ return to Provincial Government Although he was a military commander, Yahya was committed to bringing eeceeey to Pakistan based on ‘one man, one vote’. The One Unit plan and Tee taG2 Constitution were annulled and Pakistan's four provinces re-established vce hv A From January 1970 political activity resumed. The various parties began campaigning to elect a National Assembly of 300 members, That assembly would have 120 days to draw up a new constitution, Three days after the Nationa tions, there would be provincial elections: Assembly The olections were to be held in October 1970, but they had to be postpone: because severe flooding in East Pakistan caused such chaos that voting wa impossible. The elections were finally held on 7 December 1970 and for the firs time ever were held on the principle of ‘one man, one vote’ (see page 136). Th results were suc shock that they created a constitutional crisis in Pakista: That crisis was to split Pakistan into two separate countries. f “ype Questions -« = On at 8 the One Unit Scheme [4]? ‘oy w Ayub Khan forced to r Wee esign In 1969? (7] : ul were Ayub ‘e a for aneae aa ‘s economic and agricultural polictes? 133ij WHY DID EAST PAKISTAN SEEK ayy THEN Fo STATE OF BANGLADESH? RM THE try i [Contents] | cone Key Question t \ © Tensions between Fast and West Be S addresseg in his i. © Shith Mujbur Rahman and the Rise oft > Why did East pakg atte | . ene West Pakistan? a hint \ © Outbreak of war j > What role did Sheikh Mujibur \ : ‘Awami League play in the Independons andy > How did Bangladesh achieve j “org Timeline ‘ “my Dec 1970 Awami League wins ma ‘tity in the National Assembly 25 Mar 1971. Civil War breaks 0: between East and West Pakistan 4Dec 1971 India declarer: > Pakistan W6Dec 1971. Pakistan army in s.ast Pakistan forced to surrender 20 Dec 1971 Yahya resigns as President. Bhutto takes over 21.Dec 1971 Republic of Bangladesh officially declared an independent nation 10 Jan 1972 “Mujibur Rahman becomes first Prime Minister of Bangladesh Introduction In 1940 the premier of Bengal, Fazl-ul-Haq put forward the Lahore Resout which demanded that Zone of India, should constitue eat i For veel end eat Muslim majority regions, ‘as in the north-wes = be grouped to constitute independent states in which int units shall be autonomous and sovereign’ is ied be This measure was passed unanimously by the Muslim League. This led p toners 2792! 10 believe when independence came there wo ar autonomous state centre in Bengal. But in 1946 the word ‘states’ a They arena 1947 Mustims in Bengal found themselves, Sovemed from Kaan at oie iS2 @PPalied to lear that Bengal was once again t0 sor calcuta¥® {Significant portion going to india. This incladod the major city of Ca wet its port and important industry. So from as early as 1947, seeds of te Sown. Events were to make that tension grow, A. Social and Cutturat Disparity : +, East Pakst" tihon Pakistan was formed in.1947, it consisted of two ‘wings’, East and West Pakist"eda I ; cutting in East Pakistan They protested that Urdu was the Pakistan, whereas Bengali was determined to use Urdu as a ur be made a joint state language and v In 1952 students called ‘A State Langua: . banned protests on that day but a as a eat February The govetmert when police used tear gas to break it up. Further prot Sing in severst Goats Potowed but it was not until the 1956 Constitution that fest, and further deat. as one of the official languages of Pakistan aes nat Bengali was recogrusec The Bengalis were offended b; if y this opposition to Bengaif, icularty da different culture from West Pakistan Much ef tok: werd! 20 Pa oe era ret tom bows farm Wes Pac, it seemed that East ahd West Pakistan were two parts same country divided by 1000 mites and by culture. In his jbeentahl Fronds, Not ser A political Autobiography, Ayub Khan stated that there were those in West réd, their culture to be superior to of East Pakistan Pakistan who consider This did not go unnoticdd amongst the East Bengalis. also hat B. Economic Disparity «+ The newly founded Pakistan was @ poor country: EAS” the poorer of the two wings. Since 1947 trade rath West Bengal had been ot Off and poverty was rife. When the govemment took steps to help boost he économy, the measures seemed to favour ‘West Pakistan. More than twice 25 cerch foreign aid and capital investment went‘ West Pakisian as East Pakista~ The Bengalis also believed that the earings from their trade in jute were usec iwvest Pakistan. Between 1949 and 1960 the per capita income incressec 7 West Pakistan from 330 rupees to 3 : stan i 305 rupees to 288. capita income of East Pakistan wes © hat of West Pakistan. In other words West Pakistanis were. 07 1 vrealthier than East Pakistanis. By 70 the gap had grown to 40%. The Bengalis believed that West Pakistan's econoTS growth had taken place 28 2 result of transferring srsources from East to West Pakistan. They argued hat ‘was jute, which WSs the single largest Pakistani ‘ast Pakistan. Whereas perhaps the largest grown in E spending by the government was Cr defence to Seeporder with India. Since most of the border between the two countries lay in West Pakistan, some East Pakistanis considered that spending &° the army was Pakistanis cr West Paisian, Tere ws no may DISS! Gispute between East Pakistan and India. This difference was also seen in health and education. In 1948 there were only 200 Coco’. ‘and 3000 hospi beds in the whole of East Pakisto™ Between 1947-58 the numbers in primary ‘school in West Pakistan rose by 63%, but in East Pakistan, the increase was just 38% C. Political Disparity Cast Bengalis also complained (Ne 1 they were a majority in the Constituent Assembly, Governor Generals and Prime Ministers were nearly always from West Pakistan. This was also true of appointments to seni «135back stones with headines such a5 jarns League called for | 1 Adencty elected government 2. The ledereh goverrevent io cortecl delenne arcs foreign poticy. AN other decisions to be made 3 2 Prot eves Separate curennes andlor financial policies (or East ond West Pakistan, 19 ctop 21 the money trom East Pa i ae ast Pakistan to West 4 ‘The provinces to tax their people hate to le federal government, 2 The federal government rot to tax peuple 5. Each province to set up its own wate agreements with other coutiiies ane 10 control the money spertimade through this trade. 6 Each provnce to have ts own tongs, | | even though the were nations to offer he! * The Awar government claimed out efficients being carried Sidi wae os Sas Wire aeceenn Blew leek ta 4 Problematic Results ‘The main patties in the elections for the Natonal Asserély were te Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, which was based in West Pakistan and the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujbur Ratman which was based in East Pakistan. The Awami League was able to win support by proposing @ programme which called for a fairer share of government spending and more power to the provineas. It was able to exploit the sense of frustration felt by the pecple in Bast Pakistan towards their Musim countrymen in West Patisten ‘The Awami League won their huge victory by campaigning on the basis of the Sax Points election were allocated to East Pakistan. The Awan League won 160 seats which gave them a majority ine Aswembly. The PPP won just 61 of the 138 seats in West Pakistan. This presented Yahya with a situation which he could not tolerate. The Awami League had contested Pe election on 2 manifesto calling for political and ecanaric independence for East Pakistan. The League would have @ majority in the National Assembly. Yahya could not allow the traditional dominance of West Pakistan to be overtumed. Why did the victory of the Awami League cause 2 ‘Constitutional crisis? There were two major problems created by the results of the election League had won such 2 large number f seats that it now had a majority not only in Ea: Pakistan, but also in the National Assembly 25 2 ne That meant that it was in a position to form theFovernment on its own, Intheaty, the futur and the entire cabinet could come trom East’? Although the PPP had won an| overwhelming victory Pakistan (in terms of number of seats), itwas quite po fori to have no role in the government unless the Aw League invited it to share power. 160 seats Ui 2 seats e The second problem was thal the Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central _government over the provinces. The call for the provinces to have contro! of their foreign exchdinge earned from trade would greatly redlice the funds available to the central ae | government in West Pakistan. = consequently, vhya kha ani the West Pakistani politicians were not prepared oP ident 10 milow the Six:Points to bp put into action. Mujib, believed that they were but he had little thance! to explain this; before steps wore takert cand avian seats? i s7scats | |. are negotiable, oe ite soainst him. 5 poway, d yet } ) pete | the Crisis Deepens ‘Ah { pqs | vanya Kran hoped that he could reach a compromise with Mujbur Rahman. '9 4971 he had referred f “the next President of Pakistar ‘a form the next government and thai he ee January red t hoped he would persuade Mujb not a hopéyd not use the new assembly {0 create a new ol oT of the central government. But the many years of frus grove the East Bengalis to demand that Mujibur Rahmai the PPP would not take up their seats ‘d with the other parties and reached March 1971, just two days 5 forced to postpone the t setting a new date. ceived by the FPP in ae ‘The people of East Pakistan considered that they had been o hya and immediately began a ‘campaign of nnstitution limiting the power stration in East Pakistan n held firm. 4971, Bhutto announced that In February 1 Assembly unless Mujib talke in the National an agreement 2 edience, strikes, demonstrations and refusing ‘axes. When it became clear that the power of the «Genial government had broken down in East Pakistan, Yahya ceralted the provincial governor and appointed General Tikka Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator. to pay t oo Let me make it absolutely clear that no matter what happens, as fang as am in command of the Pakistan ‘irped Forces ond Head of the State, | wil ensure complete Pe Seah NEP aochistan ‘and absolute integrity of Pakistan, Let there be no mistake Ye Wes Pokistan 38.89% on this point. I have a duty towards millions of people of i " aod West Pakistan co preserve this country. They expect this from me and 1 shal! not fail them. cru! can { pa learn abort support fr the Rea ee fest pant fo ! } Wyattvnpen err dioed | part ofa speech made by Yahya Khan on 6 March 1972. t san : i ot PP cored only 38.89% of { Q. According to this source what were Yahya Khan's ONENE Ra atta canyou__vews on {ne claims of the Awami League? « 137East Pakistan India Calcutta Fig, 13.4: East Pakistan in 1971 1. Why did Civil War break ut in East Pakistan? 2. Whose fault do you think twas that civil war broke out? Explain why you think this. —— [isvarcara Fig. 13.8: Rebel forces in Jessore " Yahya's measures were supported by all the On 15 March Yaya ang Rahman in Dhaka vt Gh Situation. As it becen asreement COU be rene at an beauaht in ring’: Gana d March Yay; oa a °inforcome, 2 flew bar ements * to |; é Y Bhutto test Day ad ‘4 the next day Operation Searchlight President Yahya Searchlight - his cay nationalism. Yah launched the cam aig East Pakistan, 20 the Ae campaign was a threat to Pakig In reality, Operation Sear attempt to wipe out all oppose to¥. Government through « oppression in which Bengal academics and Hindus wer extreme harshness. Mujb wae aresteg thousands of Bengalis were Murdered 3 S took contro} Of the town posed and all political Political parties in West Pakisar Pakistan has been saved’. Rather then being sad if Bengali refugees were fleeing across the border tg lia and civil war was now inevitable. * On 31 March India declared its support for and Bhutto claimed that West Pakistan. The Indian Army began to help and train a rebel Bengai am, Which called itself Mukti Bahini. As a result relations between Iris 2 Pakistan deteriorat ted rapidly. The Indian High Commission in Dhaka w2s Gosed, as was the Pakistan High Commission in Calcutta, Cf * Yahya Khan sent more troops into East Pakistan. By early April the army had gained Control of most of the major towns and was successful in cir off the East Pakistani rebels, }** © In August 1971 the ‘the people of Bengal’ aginst Soviet Union signed a Treaty of Pace, Pee © Fr Commerce with india. Yahya knew that ths ean: Paks Union would support India if it went to war with Pakis to be invovel SOMn allies, China and the USA were much less keen ih the no Taacthey urged Yahya to negotiate an agreement od that he co! Ain ue, He was determined to do so. He also believe 4 in any‘war with India. od November, the Mukti Bahini launched an attack orig he we B= sCajtured the town, knowing that the Indians were Suppor Tne > forces, Yahya dectared state of emergency and to! iid up tet 1°: wady for war. In response, the Indians began to further when Nove’ E28 Pakistan border. Tension increased fu ovis fits November, East Pakistan announced the members ©! government, 138War wits tia Awar between India and Pakistan had be needed w35 the event that me almost inovita ent thal would make inevitable, Aj when the Pakis i lake it official, This came on + was whan tho Fakistan alr oreo launched attacks, not on Eat frac I'S Gandhi, the indian leaky on East Pakistan but on ader, re; acted immediate « On 4 December India attacked Ea , * simultaneously. Two days lator od fae lan from air, ground and government. Within two weeks the Indian ou {ocognizad the Bangladesy The Pakista Ces had surrounded Dhaka tan Army tried to divert the Indian army (oenIPRE iat ast Pakistan by launching attacks in Kashmir and Punjab, but they were not very succe © Whilst the fighting was taking pa me fa ce, the ed Na 7 had been trying to find a solution eaeareg Nations (UN) Security Council New York. The UN passed a resolution meat Bhutto attended UN talks in Ne ead ee eenkion cali on India and Pakistan to stop i c -ast Pakistan whilst a solution was worked out, soon became Clear, however, that whilst the USSR was prepared to back india by Sahin he US and other western ‘allies’ were not prepared to do me for Pakistan. Bhutto returned to Pakist ing that Pakis had to win the war on its own. acme © Just a week after he arrived in Pakistan, Yah ¢ i . Yahya accepted defeat and ordered the army in East Pakistaneto surrender. In Dhaka the Mukti Bahini carried ‘out massacres of anyone suspected of having collaborated with the Pakistan NETO { There seems little doubt that the Indian authorities made great efforts \ to feed and shelter refugees to guard against epidemics and to gain \ substantial quantitios of foreign reliel. These efforts wore broadcast to the world and India portrayed herself as an unselfish humanitarian ‘power, interested in mitigating an appalling human catastrophe. What was less admirable is the astute use she (Mrs. Gandhi) made of this posture to promote her aim of breaking up Pakistan. 4 ‘Acomment by a historian on India’s reaction to the East Pakistan | crisis in 1971 1. What reasons does the historian give for India’s intervention |: oanaertt st | Why would India want to break up Pakistan at this tine? Fig 16 The Paistnt Army in ction on We hte dry in Ve el i der the Pakistan Army aq 7. tis also alloged tha in the final days before surren 2 WO UAENNS wiped out large numbers of professional Bengalis to weaken the new country and make it less of a rival to Pakistan. stan came as a huge shock to the people of West ). Why did tridia want to | Btowar with Pakis ‘The separation of East Paki Blomarwith Pakistan rae epat ney had beon led to believe that tho Awami Leage® i ¢ pootiy 2HGhdo you think was, organised group of rebels, They were ase tld at ut naa itervned on Eas inte " it re a t . Sasa to Pakistan's side. it ioe cine pene mn a force of over 90,000 soldiers had __ Rilsarstailaretowint despite being well-supplied and wi iba why you chose | surrendered. Why was this? yong people of East Pakistan ES i y's failure was: that the: ee that they wert qo, Meny hed litle heat for such a fightin Which they would fave to put up armed resistance against fellow Muslims 138+ Pakistan also know that i Could DApen fig Pakistan had RuPPOM from tndia, and wna Ue botwoon India and Pakistan, the Indians cn e Union. Pakistan's allies and the UN wore s fi to bring East Pakistan into tine Consequences of the War . Hd Foy Pot itary | New de Stile Book Defeat inthe war brought disgrace for Yahya and tor th gay ) Yana esigned as Prosident and was replaced by nna | , On 21 December 1971, the Republic of Bangladesh wns ‘ofc i two wooks ater Bhullo released Mul fom oro. Hin rl Scns where, on 10 January 1972, he became the country's tran ecw itn taam-type Questions A. Who was Mujibur Rahman? [4] ®_Why was chere a civil war in East Pakistan in 1971? (7) © Poyou ogree thot Pakistan lost the 1971 clvil war because of Indian intervention? Give reason for your answer. [14] j 140y A | ; 0 ne ? SUCCESSFUL WAS P lar Ai Bhutto with regard to ir dkstry, agriculture, health, "ind social welfare and execution Jon policies of Zia-uHlag on of tc & religious minorities and la wand he eg Amendment oi ora Presidents of Pakistan 197. eo > Zulfikar Ali Bhutto > Fazal Elahi Chaudry > Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq Zulfikar Ali 1 Mar 1972 21 Apr 1972 2Jul 197294 12 Apr 1973 14 Apr 1973 Le Ah hme 1Jan 1973” ‘4 7 Mar 1977 19 April + 5 July TJuly CADE OF PROGRESS’? AKISTAN IN THE TWENTY YEARS FOLLOWING lapter How successful wer re the peat «the policies | sof Zulfikar Ali Why was Zulfikar Ali Bhutto executed in 19782 How successful were the policies of Zia-ul-Haqt Why was Zia-ul-Haq assassinated in 1980)? g" 1971 - 73 1973 - 78 1978 - 88 Bhutto (1971-77) Economic Reform Order - nationalisation of key industries Labour policies: workers share profits, pensions and insurance Land reforms Martial Law lifted Simla-Agréement with‘Tndia'stgned New Constitution passed Bhutto clected Prime Minister Banks nationalized General elections State of emergency declared Bhutto arrested Constitution suspended Martial Law imposed 144bag Fig. 142: Signing of the Simla Agreement ES V8 UCTS Why id Bhoto sign the Surale Agreement with India? | rae ne Pras al a very low ebb. Thy East Pakistan had s or mata aw. The 1970 oecton, however nog "s Party [PPP] an overwhelming majority in the Nati Peer od Io use that majority to introduce radical m, resnges in Pakistan. First he had to es con 20 December 1971, Zulikar All Bhutto be {rw Administrator. Pakistan wos so ee defeat in a war against Indi ‘ghock’ defeat was still un ‘ 0s f tablish himself in power 1. Controlling the Army ilitary man, Bhutto was Chief mM, Ithough he was not a mil h ce " a aay under military rule. He was determined to limit the pos ay so that it would not intervene to thwart his policies. Unless hw gar, would not have a free hand to make changes. Control was estanianes 7? shed by ing the most important army leaders (29 in Bhutto's fir eee ‘Amongst these were the head of the Air Force, Air rhe Khan and the Commander-in-Chief of the army, General Gu Hen” Appointing his own leaders. For example, General Tikka Khan was places in charge of the army in a new post named, ‘Chief of Army Siar Setting up the Federal Security Force [FSF] from October 1972, a goverment controlled military force was set up ‘to assist the police force 2. The Simla Agreement: It was vital to restore diplomatic relations with India, so that the prisoners of war captured by the Indians in East Pakistan could be returned. On 2 July 1972 Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement with the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. India agreed to return prisoners of war to Pakistan in return for a promise from Pakistan that the Kashmir problem would be discussed directly with India ang not in international forums, such as the United Nations. Importantly for Bhutto, he had not given up the claim that Pakistan spoke for Kashmir because it was rightly 2 part of Pakistan. What he had done, however, was: * Reduced his dependence on the army by making further fighting with India less likely. * Improved his government's international reputation. by being seen as willing to negotiate to maintain peace. Increased his popularity in Pakistan by bringing home the prisoners of war. 3. Establishing a New Constitution Bhutto car ‘orpart nena power under martial law and was determined to return Pakistat iam lariat mary democracy, In April 1972 martial law was lifted and a ne" PPP had gained an oecting the voting in the 1970 elections, in which representatives fram yo telming majority. A committee was set up constitution. The com Gitferent Parties in the Assembly to draw up 3 728 fccivd alos! unanimous sumer AR 1973 and its recommends Support in the AssembI: On 14 August 193 ea ; of the 1996 conan tat constitution, which relied heavily on the princible’ Constituion ware: (Bee Fig 14a) !aw. The most significant features of the "° Assembly 1e Senate ces. A WOuld be elected for a seo: the Sonate and tho Assembly. The Would be nominated in n.1°4 % 5 years and the members of th “sual numbers from each of the four provi” 142«The leader of the party with Minister and select z by the Primo Minister, 9°” * faurehead, whose sh «Pakistan was an Islamic Rey aes had to be Muslims, "Public and both the Prime Minis # Pokistan was a federal state. & : by universal adult suffrage, wit government. The National Asser in the provinces by amending 4 py change the _ majority in a vote. tion, Which requir +All fundamental basic human rights were guaran ranteed As leader of the PPP, Bhutto became Py i [soar of ne OE Mme Prime Minister and Chaudry Fazal Elan ahi Party Politics: The 1973 Constitution revived the political parties bocarne more important The pre the Bost wat important party in the National Assembly and in the Sindh and woes ond Ost Assemblies. In the Balochistan and NWEP Provincial Ascorbic ey nal many seats because the National Awami Party [NAP] and Jamiel neo oe nave {JUl] parties wore stronger there and, working together as a ecuiye ee most seats. This gave the 2 parties enough strength to try to foroe thee changes that would maintain the autonomy of the provincial eccem fone On 27 April 1972 the PPP and t , on2z et 7 Ind the NAP/JUI coalition signed an agreement. This majority in the Ags P rime signed " ter and President ACh Province h had its ow IN the majority party tormin Mbly, elected 9 the provincial Political leadership red at least a 75%, 'Mbly could he constitu 4. The National Assembly could not appoint provincial ly jover agreement of the Provincial Assembly concerned, a oe 2. In return for their support for the PPP in the National Assembly, the NAP/JUI could have a free hand in their provinces. salts uarantced under the 1973 Constitution ‘adem of speech. ‘tim of assembly, However, the agreement came to an end ‘sadom of movement. just one year later when the central Yrlovole, government dismissed the governors of ease Balochistan and the NWFP. The Balochistan 'etblom poltical parties. government was dismissed and an uprising ‘eb otcse by Balochis ensued that took almost five ‘sein tom unlawful arest . years to suppress. After committing ‘Ho secur thousands of troops and large supplies of military equipment loaned by Iran, the Pakistan army was eventually successful. The uprising, however, had destroyed any ideas of provincial autonomy. It had also once again brought the army into politics ~ at the very time when the new constitution was trying to re-establish parliamentary democracy. Good government meant that ded arrested for the same ottence twice. Ee, Punishment for something that offence afer a person has done It. “al tetgion, SAH 0 ciizen, SP Atenguage, . wate I . nee language and culture. Siete Poo, ‘several steps had to be taken which limited ‘Shown prope the benefits of the new constitution ot In April 1974 a constitutional amendment allowed the government to limit press freedom and ban any political parties it felt were a threat to the ‘sovereignty and integrity’ of the country. 0088 ond p ‘nd practice any trade or profession. - = Scr 143Separate Judiciary Federal an Fig. 14.4 | CD VO UNTINS 1. What measures were taken during 1973-75 which undermined the 1973 Constitution? 2. Why were these measures introduced? elected every 5 year's. dt Provincial Courts Telamic Committee advice only on legislation ProvrcslAsserBies elected by adults draft legistation chosen for 5 years then new elections 1973 Constitution Government Structure male Muslin PRESIDENT over 40, Must sign all Pre: y from Pat) enti orc PRIME MINISTER. elected from majority party in National Assembly can issue Pr appoints Chief Justice who. OvErSE8S Jeeta, Restrictions oy male Muslim elected from National Assembly member embers Powers advise PM CABINET Restrictions advice only PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY Apody tor each ot the 4 provnces. Elected by aduits (over 21) socret batt, Naina Assen 200 members 1240 seats in Punjab, 100 seats in Sch, {20 seats in NWFP, 40 seats in Balochistan (over 21) secret balot ‘Resinclions ccan be suspended by President on advice of PM © In 1975 laws were passed allowing the security forces to detain suspect indefinitely and took away the right of bail for those held by the FSF. Ths organisation became increasingly active, breaking up opposition ralles 2° intimidating political opponents. On the orders of Bhutto, one of the fou9S°S members of the PPP, J.A. Rahim was seriously beaten by the FSF. Any P&S thought o be a threat fo the goverment might find himse a vim of FSF B= Bhutto’s Reforms Bhutto was now able to concent ic yf Foot. irate on putting into practice the promise © Shelter and Clothing’, which he paige + the campa'g for he 4070 olocte: ie had promised his supporters in Thess i et Some basic needs. but for many people in Pakistan they wer® © create moe secs nment had to make reforms that would raise food proce Greate mare jobs and provide a better welfare system. All these would 2 Y and take time to be implemented properly. it 144AL Indust Reforms: | Bhutto wanted to Promote ec bring inflation down from itg ‘onomic growth and level of 25%, A may Unaccoptably high OF part ofits economic 8 i O Was the introduction of a programme cf Nationalisation ce i Tho Su9aF, cotton, vegetable oil and rice ingusttios, together with the banking and canpance Sectors were taken under Government Cento i all 70 major industrial unite were : suche Cr the control of a Federal Mi f Production, The: eicee °e changes were designed to halp the government. a a * control industrial Output and channel investment into industrialisation raise the workers’ living and working standards, including the provision of cheap housing. 5 allow the workers to set up unions, ° even out the inequalities that had collected most of the industrial wealth into a few hands. Twenty industrial houses owned 80% of Pakistan’ large-scale industry, ® create wealth to # lp fund other government reforms, * raise the popularity of the PPP with the urban Populace, which was an important sector of the party's support. However, the nationalisation policy faced many difficulties: 1. Pakistan's education system was nol yet producing sufficiently educated workers to lake managerial positions in the industries under the Federal Ministry of Production. Capable factory owners were often replaced by civil servanis with litle understanding of commerce. : i 2. The Federal Ministry had a huge job to do, co-ordinating nationalization across the country, The system often got bogged down in bureaucratic mu 3. The changes took place at a time when the world was Boing through a recession. The newly nationalized Industes faced a dacining demand for ith reduced deman a compares sult hava soon feed to cose Palisa natonaces aus continued to operate. Despite these problems, Bhutto's industrial reforms did have some success and forms did have some success a If . jal r inflation feli to just 6% in 1976. Economic growth also began to increase, ~B. Agricultural Reforms: utto’s government passed two major reforms, intending to introduce a new Bhutto's nt Sf r r a ceiling on ownership of tand and security of tenancy. Land Ownership 4 irrigated land he ceiling on land ownership had been hat inprowed technology an 1000 sores of neirigated land. Bhutto wee tractors, pesildes and tube and 1000 acres of non-irrigated the use of tractors, sons etho: such as the maintain their re pean na ar walls fr irigation) had ised production Fe He ee Oe eae on snr ate ae ee to 250 acres (irri uid also be o belter profits. Land would a! sant farmers to make better pro! oe ee eet vain ta own the arnilente to ailow o7ey sir own farms for theUnfortunately, Bhutto's 1 landowners. Many of the Adarny actually feared would be much nase Bute landholding to membo-s of the ie tenants and then leased i, back had not been carried out, there bribery to persuade officials { @I0rMS Worg i n n had antic) nod an a fit oxtondod famiy cht’ Lanta ong tom oan Man 2 SOMAINEA the povy z hare gu mgt © ¥erIOOK tranagrog Mona yan Security of Tenure Mine to 4" nets Bhutto wanted t0 ive tenants secuty of toni introduced a measure giving tonants the tne tightot? ty thom. This meant that landownars could wed tol Putchasy of anne might then evict the tenants. Such a measune ot oa improvernants on thor lands as thoy know thoy weal oe 20 tna however, the landowners undermined tho impactor Toor Oa any! tho intraduction of the measure, there was mass even. ha to prevent thom recoving security of tonur, Bhutan on as te . estimated te influence ofthe landowners in thir commen ho not want to sell toa tenant, it was extremely cic for, to the landowner, to raise financo to buy the land, ang, nat st fa if ne md funds to fight a legal case. It was also true that many ian social position to persuade revenue officors to racord lan sed te ida ‘owner. when actually it was in the hands of tenants. ‘Culivateg C. Education: The government was concemed about education. Only about a hal ft ese were attending schoo! and tho official iteracy rato was just 23%, hee 2 the 1879 Constitution stated that it was the duty of the government to rons, free and compulsory education. Bhutto introduced reforms to pu this ine stay His government outlined oight ambitious goals: 1. To eradicate ignorance. 2. To provide education for all, including women, the mentally impaies and literate adults 3. To ensure that the schoo! curriculum meets Pakistan's social, economic and political needs. 4. To ensure uniformity of education in each subject in every school ant college of Pakistan, 5. To raise the self-confidence of the common man. 8. To raise aspirations for higher education among the youth. J, To develop each person's personality and potential. 8. To develop a ‘Pakistani’ culture and identity and national pride. oe, changes the government wanted fo make were sweeping. They ha amenelemented overnight and, in the first few years, were bound t0 diffcultes. The main problems wore: * Be, Rdministration needed to co-ordinate the roforms was not yolin effeene Pamning and the administration of the system were introduc oft there were sufficient administrators, but in other a : £0 implementation was difficult. cf Evo pecele Jeeta! areas did not see the need for education oF te eons aueation was free many poor people could not aorng to : ¥ faced if they sent a child to schoct instead of 5°"tard of education in many of the se 5 @ Thora was a ar gchioots tnt hat! be § thoy wore unable to cater to the incfented nun > of. aklonts without additional trained staf ¢ Education takes tina, i 18 not possbio to change the curriculum, train teachers and provide the nocossary equipmont in a short time, Consequently oven attor five years tho literacy rate had not risen by more than 1%. ae D, Health and Social Reforms clive Pakistan had poor health care facilities and it had one of th ‘ jad one of the highest infs mortality rato in the warld, Life expactancy was also vary love, In naa iar Bhutto launched a health schome, designod to correct these anomalies ‘© Tho central plank of the reforms wos the introduction of Rural Health Centres [RHCs] and Basic Health Units (BHUS} in urban areas to provide more widespread healthcare. The plan was to set up 1 RHC for every 60,000 peoplo and 1 BHU tor every 20,000 peopto, a Teaiving colleges for doctors and nurses wore expected fo admit students on aENNd merit. Once qualified, doctors had to work the first year wheraver at government placed thom. So that instead of working only in big cities iney 22 Mae bad could be assigned a post in any small town or village soemmedcre ws | «The salo of medicines under biand names was also banned. This practice i“ imac abad i ‘common in the West, allows drug companies to sell new medicines under a va 00 patented name and stops other companies manufacturing the drug under its ww medical name. This measure reduced the costs of medicines dramatically. = Medicines were made available without prescription. They could be bought at any pharmacy. The reforms did improve medical shortage of doctors and nt ‘vices in Pakistan, but there was always a (Pakistan had fewer of both in 1977 than in 4970). The removal of brand ames fiom medicines also saw a fallin the income of chemists and many interne.cnal drug companies closes down their operations in Pakistan, as they could not make a profit. E. Administrative Reforens: To administer his roforms, Bhutto wanted a modern and efficient civil service. ba He felt that the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) was corrupt, inefficient and full of unnecessary rules and regulations. He reorganised the Civil Service into a smaller number of iovels and unified pay scales. This removed some of the old, unnecessary distinctions between types of civil servant. He also reformed entry tequirements so that people cou'd join at any level, even the more senior ones, without having to work their way up. He said that this would enable the CSP to recruit high quality staff, but his opponents complained that all he was doing was setting up a system of p where he could reward his followers with posts in the civil servic Le rG ‘Now do Skills Book pages 41-42, The 1977 Election In 1977 Bhutto Called a gonerat election, He was confident that his government's e tecord and the lack of effective opposition would result in an easy PPP victory & However, oxice the election was called, nine of the various opposition parties ‘ ‘combined to form the Pakistan National Alliance [PNA]. There were two issues which united the opp > election campaign. They all wanted to end the cule of BI P and they were united in their desire to rule Pakistan according to tslamic law, The PNA began to attract big audiences at its lection rallies and Ly gaining support. The government introduces a law limiting public gath 9 just five people. This was to stop pudlic