Chemical

Reactions
&
Equations
 Chemical reactions and equations
Chemical reaction -
ed chemical reaction is a
process in which
one or more sublo-mcescriactan.to) reacts to

form new
products)
substances ( with
entirely different properties .

During chemical reaction , atoms

a

into another element instead

of one elements do not

change , ,
only a
rearrangement of
atoms takes
place .

Reactants -

The substances that take

part in chemical
reactions is called reactants .

Products The new substance produced as a result

of
-

chemical reaction is called products .

Example of chemical reaction -

Burning of magnesium oxide

to
in
air
form magnesium
.

Heat

ellagnesiwm
(
+
Oxygen Magnesium
(white
oxide
ribbon )
powder
→ a.
reactants
product
" eat

2mg + 02 259
go .

When ribbon is heated it burns

magnesium ,
in air with
a
dazzlingoxide Itflame
white to
form white powder called
magnesium and is
formed due
.
to reaction between
in air
magnesium oxygen present
.

Before burning in air the

ribbon is cleaned
magnesium ,

by rubbing with a

sand to the
protective
paper remove

layer of magnesium ribbon from the oxide

surface of magnesium that so ,

it combine with
can

the air.
readily oxygen of

Some
of chemical
examples when reactions
from daily life are -

Souring of milk at
kept temperature during
•
,
room summers .

• Formation of
cued .

cooking of food
• .

in
Digestion of food body
•
our .
 Fermentation
of grapes
•
.

Rusting of iron
• .

Burning of candles
• .

characteristics chemical reaction

of
→ -

Following observations help

reaction has taken
place -
to determine whether a chemical

Some chemical reactions characterised

1.
Change of state are
by
-

reacts with
change of Example
state .
-
Ammonia
gas
chloride .
hydrogen chloride
gas
to
produce solid ammonium

N Hg CL (s)
(g) + HCL
(g) NH
↳
)
(ammonia (
hydrogen (ammonium
chloride chloride

Some chemical reactions

2.
Change of colour are characterised
by
-

iron CFe)
change in colour .

hscample -
When a
few pieces
solution
of added the blue
copper sulphate the
are to
.

colour
of solution fades & turns into
light green due to
formation
of ferrous solution .

Iron G) Ferrous sulphate

+
Copper(sulphate Cag ) Cag ? +
copper G)
Blue) (
light green)
Fe G) Cusa, Ca g) aq ) Cuts
+ .

Fes 04 ( + .

Evolution Some chemical reactions characterised

3.
of gas are
by
-

When
evolution
of gas .

eescample -

zinc granules
reacts with dilute sulphuric acid ,
bubbles
of hydrogen gas are

produced .

Line
granules + dilute
sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate +
hydrogen
In + 112504 In 504 + HZT

4.
Change in
temperature -
Some chemical reactions are characterised

by change in
temperature hscample . - When

quicklime reacts with water slaked lime is

,
with
formed a release

of large amount of heat causing ,

change in
temperature .

Cao + Hzo Caco H)z + Heat

Quicklime Water staked time

 Formation Some chemical reactions characterised
5.
of precipitate are
-

by formation of precipitate .

eescample -

When dilute
sulphuric acid is added to barium chloride solution a

white precipitate of barium sulphate is

formed .

Sulphuric acid + Barium chloride Barium

sulphate +
Hydrochloric acid
Cwhiteppt)

Hz50y + Baltz Ba 504 + ZHCL

Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of chemical a

reaction In the
form of symbols and formulae wherein the reactant ,

entities hand side & the

product entities
are
given on the
left
-

on

hand side
the
right
-

eescample -

Magnesium
--
Oxygen +
Magnesium
±
oxide

Reactants Product

This equation is called word equation .

equation
The word can

be
changed the . into a chemical equation
writing symbol and
bytheir
formulae of substance in
place of name .

2mg 2kg0
+
02

chemical Equation
Writing a
-

ed chemical equation shows a

change of reactants to
products
through
side Lites
an

the
arrow ( ) placed
reactants
between them .
On the
with
left hand

of arrow
,
are written a
plus
G) hand side ( RHS)
sign between them .

similarly ,
on
right ,

products are written with a

plus sign G) between them .

The arrow head

points towards the
products and shows the
direction
of the reaction,
eg
reaction between
hydrogen &
oxygen
-

water
resulting
in
formation of .

Hz + Oz 1-120
Water
In the equation ,
number
of oxygen atoms are not same on both
unbalanced equations called
side
of an equation Such . an are

skeletal chemical equation .

 Chemical equations
↳ 1,

Unbalanced Balanced
Itas
Itas unequal number atoms equal number of atoms of
.

of
elements
of one or more in the
different elements in the reactants
reactants and product .
and product .

leg Hz -102 H2O leg In +

Hzso↳ 2ns 04 -1
Hz
-
-

Balanced Chemical Equations

ed balanced chemical equation is a chemical equation in which the
total number
of atoms
of each elements are
equal on both sides
the reaction
of .

The chemical
balancing of a equation is based on law
of
conversation
" of
neither be
mass .

According to law
of conservation of mass

chemical
mass

reaction
can
"
created nor be
destroyed during
each element
a

similarly and
the number
of atoms
of remains
.

chemical To
the
number
same ,
before
atom
after a

need to balance the chemical

reaction . make the

of equal ,
we

equation .

Balancing of chemical equation

•

The
process of making the number
of different atoms equal on

both side
of balancing
an equation is called
of equation The .

balanced Consider
equations by hit and trial method
are the
.

following example for balancing equation .

F-e + H2O Fe§q -1 Hz

Steps involved in
balancing a chemical equation are as
follows :

Draw boxes around each formula

Step I Do not
change
-

inside the boxes while

anything balancing
the
equation
Fe Hi
+
F-ez 04 + Hz
 I List the number
Step of atoms
of different elements
present
-

in the unbalanced equation .

Klement No atoms in reactants (LHS) No atoms in

products )
(RHS
.

of .

of
Fe " 3
H 2 2

0 , 4

Start
Step ☒ -

balancing wilts the compound that contains maximum

number atoms it be reactant product
of ,
may
a or a .

Fez 04 has
four oxygen atom RHS and there is one atom
oxygen
on

on LHS .

In reactants In
Atoms
of oxygen products
④ Intial 1Lin Hao) 4 Lin Fei4)
To balance 1×4 4

The equation becomes -

4 H2O
-

Fe +
Fez 04 + Hz

Step -

Pick other element that is not balanced .

It is not
balanced . To balance
hydrogen .

In reactants In
Atoms of
hydrogen products
④ Intial 8 (in 4h20) 20mHz)
To balance 8 2×4

The equation becomes -

Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 + 4 Hz
,

Step I
Balancing the other element which is unbalanced Fe
-

is unbalanced . To balance Fe .

In reactants In
Atoms of Iron products
④ Intial 1- ( in Fed 3 ( in FezO↳)
To balance 1×3 3

The equation becomes -

4 Hz
-

3 Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 +
,
 Step VI -

Finally ,
check the correctness
of the equation by
the number atoms each element
counting of of .

elements
The number
of atoms
of on both side
of equation
are
equal .

: .
Balanced chemical equation -

3 Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 + ↳ Hz

VI
Step Writing symbols of physical states
-

Final equation -

(5)
3 Fe + 41-120 (g) Fez 04 G) + 4 Hz (g)
s solid
aq aqueous/liquid g- gas
l
liquid
- -
-
.

, , ,

Hzo is g
as it means water is in the
form of steam .

••

Making a chemical equation more

informative
The chemical equation can be made more
informative by
indicating -

1.
Physical state of substance
Physical state
of reactants &
-

products can be indicated

by
using
(e)
symbols ⑨
for solid , Cag ) for
.

aqueous ,
(g) for gas ,
for liquid .

G.)
Precipitation can be
represented by pointing
downward arrow

(9)
Evolved
instead
gas
can be
represented by upward pointing arrow

of (g) .

Mg G) His 04 Caq) My soy Cag ) HIT

+ . +

Magnesium sulphuric Magnesium Hydrogen .

acid
sulphate
2. Reaction condition -
The
specific conditions
of the reaction like

temperature , pressure , catalyst etc . are

written above chemical

or below the arrow in
equation .

340 atm

(g)
Co + 2 Hz (g) cHzOH (e)
Carbon
monoxide
Hydrogen methanol
3. Evolution/ absorption of energy -
hrolution
of heat can be indicated

by writing [+ ]
Heat on the RHS

of the
equation and on LHS
for absorption of heat .

On the basis
exothermic reactions
of heat
change the reaction is
and endothermic reactions
,

.
of two
types
-

a) brothermic reaction - The reaction in which heat is evolved is

called exothermic reactions .

hnample
-

E) carbon boat burn in

Burning of coal
oxygen
to
form carbon
-

dioxide with lot heat

a
of .

cts
Carbon
+
0dg ) coz(g)
Carbon
+ Heat

Oxygen dioxide

ii] natural Natural such

Burning of gas
-

gas
as methane burns in
carbon dioxide
oxygen
to
form ,
water
and heat
vapour .

City (g) +
(g)
Oz coz (g) + 2h20 (g) + Heat
Methane Carbon
Onygen water
dioxide
vapour

Respiration We need
energy stay alive which
to we
get from
-

food we eat .

During digestion food is ,

broken down
into
simpler substance . For examplerice , ,
potatoes and bread
contain
carbohydrates carbohydrates .

combustion
These
broken down to
form are

glucose .

undergoes
Glucose then slow
by combining with
oxygen
in the cell
of body to produce energy in process called a

respiration During respiration glucose combines with oxygen to form

.

carbon dioxide and water with

along production of energy .

CGH , 20• Cag ) . + 6 Ozlaq) 6 CO2 Lagi + 6h20 4) +

Energy
Glucose Carbon dioxide water
Onygen
]
ir
Decomposition of vegetable matter into
compost .

b) Eno thermic reactions -

The reaction in which heat is absorbed
is called endothermic reactions .
 Example
-

if when
nitrogen and
oxygen
are heated to a
very high temperature
( about 3000°c) monoxide &
they ,
combine to
form nitrogen lot
.
ofa

heat is absorbed .

Nz(g) + Oz (g) + Heat 2 NO

(g)
Nitrogen oxygen .

Nitrogen monoxide

]
ii When calcium carbonate is heated ,
it
decomposes to
form calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide .

Caco (s) Heat Cao G)

,
+ + coz (g)
Calcium calcium carbon
carbonate oxide dioxide

Types of chemical reactions

chemical reactions

☒ I, I
,
t,
↳
Combination
Decomposition Displacement Double Oxidation
reaction reaction reaction displacement & reduction
reaction

1. Combination reaction ed reaction in which two or more reactants

combination reaction .
combine to a
form single product is called

hscamples -

a) Formation of slaked lime -

Calcium oxide
reacts
vigorously with water to
produce
slaked time Ccalcium )
hydroxide
heat
releasing
a
large amount
of .

--_

CaO (s) + H2O (e) ca(0H)z Laq) + Heat

Quicklime Slaked time

This is a combination reaction in which calcium oxide (Quicklime

and water combine to
form a
single compound calcium
hydroxide
C. slaked time .
 which is used
Slaked time is a white
powder ,
for whitewashing the
wall .

carbon dioxide
Calcium
hydroxide
applied to ,
when walls reacts
,
slowly with
gas present in air to form a thin shining layer ,

of calcium carbonate on the walls of the house This process is .

called white -

washing .

Carlotta Caq ) -1 Coz (g) Cacog G) + H2O (e)

Slaked lime calcium carbonate
(calcium hydroxide
b) Burning of coal -
Carbon Ccoal) burn in air to
form carbon dioxide

C G) + 02 (g) coz (g)

c) Formation
of water -

Hydrogen gas reacts with

oxygen gas
to
form
water .

21-12 (g) + 02 (g) 21-120 (e)

ed reaction in which
2.
Decomposition reaction -

a
single reactant breaks
down to
form two products is or more

called
decomposition reaction . The
decomposition reaction is carried
out
by applying
heat ,
light on
electricity A
decomposition reaction
.

is
opposite of a combination reaction On the basis
.

of the form
of energy required for the reaction , the reactions are
of three

types -

a) Thermal decomposition -
When
decomposition reaction is carried out

decomposition .
by heating ,
it is called thermal

eeocample -

BEGGED

if Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate -

Ferrous sulphate colour

,
the
greenlose crystals
Fes04.7 H2O on
heating water
of
crystallisation dehydrated
&
forms Fes
04 ,

which
decomposition gives ferric
on oxide
,

sulphur dioxide & sulphur trioxide .

Ferric oxide is a solid ,

while 502 & song

gases
are .

Heat
G)
2 Fe soy
Feig G) + s0z(g) +
song (g)
Ferrous sulphate Ferric onide sulphur sulphur
dionede trioxide .
Iif Decomposition of calcium carbonate -
Calcium carbonate on
heating ,

calcium
decomposes to
give
oxide ( quicklime and carbon dioxide . Calcium oxide is used in

manufacturing of cement .

Heat
(g)
Caco
,
Cao G) + coz (g)
)
( Limestone ( Quicklime
-8$
iii. Decomposition of lead nitrate -

On
heating lead nitrate ,
it
give
decompose yellow
dioxide
to
lead monoxide brown , fumes of nitrogen
&
oxygen gas
.

Heat
(Nog )z 0dg)
2 Pb (g) 2 Pbo G) + 4 NO
z (g)
dioxide
+

head nitrate Lead oxide

Nitrogen Oxygen
)
C yellow L Brown
fumed
b) Photolysis or
photochemical decomposition -
When decomposition
reaction is carried out
by
tight ,
it is called
photolysis on
photochemical decomposition .

Example -

if Decomposition of silver chloride -

When silver nitrate is
exposed to
it
sunlight , decomposes to form
silver and chlorine .

sunlight Cs) )
2
Ageless
silver chloride
2

silver
Ag +
clzlg
chlorine
)
(white (
Grey) (
yellowish
greens
ii] Decomposition of silver bromide -

Similarly silver bromide

silver metal & bromine
gives
,

in
gas
presence of sunlight .

G) Sunlight Cs)
2
Ag
silver bromide
Br 2
Ag
silver
+ Brz( g)
Bromine .

(Pale (
yellow) Grey) (Browns

The reaction silver halides used in black &

of decomposition of are

white
photography .
☐ Electrolysis When
decomposition is carried out
using electricity
it
-

called
is
electrolysis .

Example -

Electrolysis of water -

When
electricity and
through water ,
it
decomposes
to
give oxygen hydrogen .

electric current
(e)
µ, 2
(g)
Ha + Oz (g)
Water
Hydrogen Onygen
-

3.
Displacement reaction -
When a more

another less reactive

reactive
element
element
displaces
its
from
it is called
displacement reaction
compound
.

eenample -

a) When a
piece of iron metal is placed in
copper sulphate solution ,

then
ferrous sulphate and
copper are
formed
Fe (s) + Cus Og Lag ) .
Fe
504 Cag ) + Cuts
Iron Ferrous
Copper sulphate sulphate copper metal
(Blue) )
( Green

In the reaction iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution

iron is reactive than
as more
copper .

b) similarly zine is ,
more reactive than
copper , displaces Cu
from
cus 04solution and
forms zinc sulphate & Cu
metal .

In (s ) + Cusou Cag ? Insole Cag ) .

+ Cu G)
Zinc metal
copper sulphate zinc
sulphate copper metal
( solin ( Blue) soliCeo toneless) (Browns
Grey)
-
c) Also ,
lead is more reactive than copper ,
it displaces copper from
chloride solution and white coloured lead chloride is
copper
formed .

Pb G) +
Cwclzcag) Pb Uzlag) + Cuts
Lead chloride Lead chloride metal
Copper copper

4. Double displacement reaction -

The reaction in which two compounds

ions
react
by an
exchange of to

form two new

compounds is called double
displacement reaction .

It also called
is
precipitation reaction as
precipitate is produced
in the reaction .

Example -

On
adding sulphate to barium chloride
sodium
,

a
curdy precipitate of barium sulphate
white
and solution
a
of sodium chloride is formed
.

Nais Oulaq) +
Ballzlag) Bas 04671×-1 2N
actcaq
Sodium Barium Barium Sodium
zfhozg
sulphate chloride sulphate chloride
(white ppt)

In the reaction
exchange
precipitate of ions take place The white
an .

"
Bas is
of reaction
04 & Ba
formed by of SOF .

The reactions in which an insoluble solid (called is

precipitate
called precipitation reaction
formed that
separates from solution is .

5. Oxidation & Reduction -

Oxidation It is
defined
-

as -

a) The process in which is added to substance

oxygen
a .

b) The process in which is removed

from substance
hydrogen a .

☐ The process in which a substance loss electron .

Example -

The
surface of copper powder becomes coated
with black
copper (E) oxide this is because
,

added to
oxygen
is
copper & copper is
obtained .
 Heat
2 Cu + 02 zcuo

Reduction -

It is
defined as -

a) The process in which

hydrogenis isremoved
added to a substance
substance
.

b) The process in which oxygen from a .

☐ The process in which a substance gains electron .

eenample - 2N a + H 2 NAH
sodium
hydride .

Oxidising agent The substance which

gives oxygen for oxidation
-

on removes
hydrogen is called
oxidising agent .

Reducing agent The substance which

gives hydrogen for reduction
-

or removes
oxygen
is called
reducing agent
-

Redon reactions -
The reaction in which oxidation & reduction
takes
place simultaneously is called redone
reaction .

eenample -

if when
copper oxide is heated with
hydrogen ,
then
copper metal and
water are
formed .

Reduction

Ciro + Hazmat in +
1220
Oxidation

In the reaction
copper (E) oxide is
losing& oxygen
& is
being reduced .

added to onidised
whereas
oxygen
is
hydrogen is
being
-

Reduction
%)
Ino + c In + co
n n

oxidation

carbon is oxidised to CO & Ino is reduced to In .

Reduction
Ñ]
grqvnoz + ↳ HCL
n
XÑnUz -1 2h20
n
+ U2

oxidation

HCl is oxidised to Uz whereas tan Oz is reduced to tan .

 oxidation reactions in
Effects of everyday life
corrosion

The
phenomenon due to which open surface of the metals slowly are

eaten the reaction water and chemicals

away by of air
present in ,

the
atmosphere is called corrosion ,
.

Iron articles
Example are
shiny when new but
get coated with a
-

reddish brown
powder when
left for sometime . The
iron is The
process of corrosion
of called
rusting .

rusting of
iron is redone reaction .

Other
examples are black
coating on silver and the
green coating on

copper .

corrosion
some methods to prevent painting galvanishing
are &
,

electroplating .

Effects of corrosion -

a) Corrosion can
damage to car bodies iron
bridgesthose
,
railings
, ships & ,

made
all
objects up of metals ,
specially which made
up are

iron
up of .

b) Corrosion
of iron is a serious
problem hreey year
.

enormous

amount
of money is
spent to
replace iron
damaged .

c) Corrosion weakens the iron & steel

objects & structures such as

railing ,
car bodies ,
ships etc .
& cuts short their
life
.

Rancidity
-

Oxidation have
food items containing oils & fats when
effect on .

the
food materials prepared in fats & oils are kept for long time a
,

they start giving unpleasant smell & taste i. they become rancid
C.sour or stale .
,
e-

The slow in
process of oridation
of fats & oils
foods resulting
in
change of smell & taste is called
rancidity
.

The methods to
prevent rancidity are -

If eddding antioxidants
food containing fats
to & oils . Antioxidant
oxidants
is substance that
a
prevents oxidation ednti .
-
are
 Antioxidants when added in
reducing agents to
food helps prevent
. -

antioxidant BHA (
-

ing rancidity
Anisole) &
.

hreample of are

Toluene)
Duty lated Hydroxy -

BHT (Butyhated Ttydeony

-

2.
Packaging fat & oil
containing foods in nitrogen gas - When the

packed food is surrounded unreactive there is

by nitrogen gas ,

oscillation & make it rancid

no
oxygen
to cause its
Therefore .

potato chips are packed in

bags containing nitrogen gas .

3.
keeping
the
food in
refrigerator Refrigerator
-
has low
temperature
to slow down the
inside ,
which helps process of oxidation
of fats &
oils .

food in air-tight containers

Storingcontainers When is stored in

airtight food
4. -

there is little
oxygen of
to air Due to
exposure ,
.

reduced to oxidation & oils

exposure oxygen ,
of fats present in food
is slowed down & hence
development of rancidity is retarded .

5.
storing food away from light
In absence
of light oxidation of fats
-

& oils present in food is slowed down & hence

development of
is retarded
rancidity
.