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OA 1 - Measurements and Kinematics
OA 1 - Measurements and Kinematics
OA 1 - Measurements and Kinematics
1: Measurements and Kinematics
OA 1: Measurements and Kinematics
Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, August 28, 2016
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Converting between Different Units
Unit conversion problems can seem tedious and unnecessary at times. However, different systems of units are used in
different parts of the world, so when dealing with international transactions, documents, software, etc., unit conversions are
often necessary.
Here is a simple example. The inhabitants of a small island begin exporting beautiful cloth made from a rare plant that
grows only on their island. Seeing how popular the small quantity that they export has been, they steadily raise their prices.
A clothing maker from New York, thinking that he can save money by "cutting out the middleman," decides to travel to the
small island and buy the cloth himself. Ignorant of the local custom of offering strangers outrageous prices and then
negotiating down, the clothing maker accepts (much to everyone's surpise) the initial price of 400 tepizes/m2 . The price of
2
this cloth in New York is 120 dollars/yard .
Part A
If the clothing maker bought 500 m2 of this fabric, how much money did he lose? Use 1 tepiz = 0.625 dollar and
0.9144 m = 1 yard .
Express your answer in dollars using two significant figures.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
To find how much money the clothing maker loses, you must find how much money he spent and how much he
would have spent in New York. Furthermore, since the problem asks how much he lost in dollars, you need to
determine both in dollars. This will require unit conversions.
Hint 2. Find how much he paid
2
If the clothing maker bought 500 m2 at a cost of 400 tepizes/m , then simple multiplication will give how
much he spent in tepizes. Once you've found that, convert to dollars. How much did the clothing maker spend in
dollars?
Express your answer in dollars to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Find how much he paid in tepizes
2
If the clothing maker bought 500 m2 at a cost of 400 tepizes/m , then how much did he pay in total, in
tepizes?
Express your answer in tepizes.
ANSWER:
2.00×105 tepizes
ANSWER:
1.25×105 dollars
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Hint 3. Find the price in New York
2
You know that the price of the fabric in New York is 120 dollars/yard . Thus, you need only to find the number
of square yards that the clothing maker purchased and then multiply to find the price in New York. What would it
have cost him to buy the fabric in New York?
Express your answer in dollars to three significant figures.
Hint 1. Determine how much cloth he bought in yard2
You are given that 0.9144 m = 1 yard . Squaring both sides, you would get that 0.8361 m
2
= 1 yard
2
. How much is 500 m2 ?
Express your answer in yard2 to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
598 yard2
ANSWER:
7.18×104 dollars
ANSWER:
5.3×104 dollars
Correct
Still think that unit conversion isn't important?
Here is a widely publicized, true story about how failing to convert units resulted in a huge loss. In 1998, the Mars Climate
Orbiter probe crashed into the surface of Mars, instead of entering orbit. The resulting inquiry revealed that NASA
navigators had been making minor course corrections in SI units, whereas the software written by the probe's makers
implicitly used British units. In the United States, most scientists use SI units, whereas most engineers use the British, or
Imperial, system of units. (Interestingly, British units are not used in Britain.) For these two groups to be able to
communicate to one another, unit conversions are necessary.
The unit of force in the SI system is the newton (N), which is defined in terms of basic SI units as 1 N = 1 kg ⋅ m/s2 .
The unit of force in the British system is the pound (lb), which is defined in terms of the slug (British unit of mass), foot (
f t), and second (s) as 1 lb = 1 slug ⋅ f t/s .
2
Part B
Find the value of 15.0 N in pounds. Use the conversions 1 slug = 14.59 kg and 1 f t = 0.3048 m .
Express your answer in pounds to three significant figures.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
When doing a unit conversion, you should begin by comparing the units you are starting with and the units you
need to finish with. In this problem, we have the following:
Starting units Final units
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kg⋅m slug⋅f t
s2 s2
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Notice that both have seconds squared in the denominator. You will only have to change the units in the
numerator. Match up the units that measure the same quantity (e.g., kilograms and slugs both measure mass).
Once you've done this, create a fraction (e.g., 1 hour/60 minutes) based on conversion factors such that the
old unit is canceled out of the expression and the new unit appears in the position (i.e., numerator or
denominator) of the old unit. In this problem, there are two pairs within the starting and final units that must be
converted in this way (i.e., kilograms/slugs and meters/feet).
Hint 2. Calculate the first conversion
The first step is to eliminate kilograms from the expression for newtons in favor of slugs. What is the value of 15
kg ⋅ m/s in slug ⋅ m/s ?
2 2
Express your answer in slugmeters per second squared to four significant figures.
ANSWER:
1.028
ANSWER:
Correct
Thus, if the NASA navigators believed that they were entering a force value of 15 N (3.37 lb), they were actually
entering a value nearly four and a half times higher, 15 lb. Though these errors were only in tiny course
corrections, they added up during the trip of many millions of kilometers.
In the end, the blame for the loss of the 125milliondollar probe was placed on the lack of communication between
people at NASA that allowed the units mismatch to go unnoticed. Nonetheless, this story makes apparent how
important it is to carefully label the units used to measure a number.
Conceptual Question 2.15
Part A
When is the average velocity of an object equal to the instantaneous velocity?
ANSWER:
always
only when the velocity is constant
only when the velocity is increasing at a constant rate
only when the velocity is decreasing at a constant rate
never
Correct
Conceptual Question 2.14
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Part A
If the position versus time graph of an object is a vertical line, the object is
ANSWER:
moving with constant nonzero speed.
moving with constant nonzero acceleration.
moving with infinite speed.
at rest.
none of the above
Correct
Problem 2.24
Part A
FIGURE 29
Refer to Fig. 29. If you start from the Bakery, travel to the Cafe, and then to the Art Gallery, what is the magnitude of
your displacement?
ANSWER:
2.5 km
1.5 km
9.0 km
10.5 km
6.5 km
Correct
Problem 2.27
Part A
A man walks south at a speed of 2.00 m/s for 15.0 minutes. He then turns around and walks north a distance 2000 m
in 15.0 minutes. What is the average speed of the man during his entire motion?
ANSWER:
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1.89 m/s
3.21 m/s
2.82 m/s
2.11 m/s
3.35 m/s
Correct
Problem 2.28
Part A
A man walks south at a speed of 2.00 m/s for 60.0 minutes. He then turns around and walks north a distance 3000 m
in 25.0 minutes. What is the average velocity of the man during his entire motion?
ANSWER:
1.79 m/s south
1.93 m/s south
800 m/s south
0.824 m/s south
2.00 m/s south
Correct
Problem 2.81
A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 14.0 m/s from the edge of a cliff 75.0 m high.
Part A
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How much later does it reach the bottom of the cliff?
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Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is its speed just before hitting?
Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What total distance did it travel?
Express your answer using three significant figures.
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 2.37
Part A
FIGURE 211
Fig. 211 represents the position of a particle as it travels along the xaxis. What is the average speed of the particle
between t = 1 s and t = 4 s?
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ANSWER:
1.0 m/s
1.3 m/s
0.50 m/s
0.67 m/s
0.25 m/s
Correct
± A Motorcycle Catches a Car
A motorcycle is following a car that is traveling at constant speed on a straight highway. Initially, the car and the motorcycle
are both traveling at the same speed of 20.0 m/s , and the distance between them is 57.0 m . After t1 = 2.00 s , the
motorcycle starts to accelerate at a rate of 5.00 m/s2 . The motorcycle catches up with the car at some time t2 .
Part A
Which of the graphs correctly displays the positions of the
motorcycle and car as functions of time?
Hint 1. Describe the graph of the motorcycle's position
Between times t1 and t2 , what is the shape of the graph of the motorcycle's position versus time?
Hint 1. What does the graph of the position as a function of time look like?
If the motorcycle's initial position is x0 , its initial velocity is v 0 , and it travels at constant acceleration a,
the position of the motorcycle, as a function of time, is given by the equation
x(t) = x0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at . This is a quadratic equation with respect to the variable t . What is the
2
shape of its graph?
ANSWER:
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an increasing straight line
a parabola opening upward
a decreasing straight line
a parabola opening downward
Hint 2. The relative positions of the two vehicles
The motorcycle starts out behind the car, and has caught up with the car at time t2 . Therefore, at time t2 , the
car and the motorcycle must have the same position.
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
Correct
Part B
How long does it take from the moment when the motorcycle starts to accelerate until it catches up with the car? In
other words, find t2 − t1 .
Express the time numerically in seconds using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Using a moving reference frame
For this part, the important quantity is the relative position, or the separation of the two vehicles. You can
consider the motion in a frame of reference that moves with the constant speed of the car (20.0 m/s ). In this
frame of reference, the car is standing still, both vehicles have zero initial speed, and so the calculations are
simpler. With the car at zero speed and the initial speed of the motorcycle zero, the problem reduces to finding
how long it takes the motorcycle to cover a distance of 57.0 m starting at zero velocity with an acceleration of
5.00 m/s2 .
However, if you don't feel comfortable with this approach, the rest of the hints for this part will help you with a
more traditional method based on the positions of car and motorcycle with respect to the ground as functions of
time.
Hint 2. Find the initial conditions for the position of the car
If the initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion is one of constant acceleration, the equation for the
position of the car at time t2 is
1 2
x c (t2 ) = x 1,c + v1,c (t2 − t1 ) + ac (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
Hint 3. Find the initial conditions for the position of the motorcycle
If initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion is one of constant acceleration, the equation for the
position of the motorcycle at time t2 is
1 2
x m (t2 ) = v1,m (t2 − t1 ) + am (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
where the meaning of the symbols is analogous to that of Part B.2. Observe that there is no term involving the
initial position, because here we have assumed that at time t1 , the motorcycle is at position x1,m = 0. What
are the values of v 1,m and am that you should use in the above equation?
ANSWER:
Hint 4. Solving for the time
At time t2 , the car and motorcycle must be at the same position, since they are side by side. This means that
you can set xc (t2 ) and xm (t2 ) , the positions of the car and motorcycle at time t2 , equal to each other, and
then solve for the quantity t2 − t1 . You should find that some terms cancel out on either side of the equation,
which will make your calculations simpler.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
How far does the motorcycle travel from the moment it starts to accelerate (at time t1 ) until it catches up with the car
(at time t2 )? Should you need to use an answer from a previous part, make sure you use the unrounded value.
Answer numerically in meters using three significant figures.
Hint 1. Find the initial conditions for the position of the motorcycle
If the initial conditions are known at time t1 , and the motion has constant acceleration, the equation for the
position of the motorcycle at time t2 is
1 2
x m (t2 ) = v1,m (t2 − t1 ) + am (t2 − t1 ) ,
2
as discussed in Part B.3. Here we have again assumed that at time t1 , the motorcycle is at position x1,m = 0 .
What are the values of v 1,m and am that you should use in the above equation?
ANSWER:
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ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 3.9
Part A
Determine the magnitude of the sum of the three vectors V⃗ 1 ^ ^ ⃗ ^ ^
= 8.0 i − 8.0 j , V 2 = i + j , and
⃗ ^ ^
V 3 = −2.0 i + 3.0 j .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
8.1
Correct
Part B
Determine the angle (in degrees) of the sum of the three vectors V⃗ 1 ^ ^ ⃗ ^ ^
= 8.0 i − 8.0 j , V 2 = i + j , and
⃗ ^ ^
V 3 = −2.0 i + 3.0 j .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
330 ∘
Correct
Part C
Determine the magnitude of V⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
− V2 + V3 .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
7.8
Correct
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Part D
Determine the angle (in degrees) of V⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
− V2 + V3 .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
310 ∘
Correct
Problem 3.26
^ ^
An object, which is at the origin at time t = 0 , has initial velocity v 0⃗ and constant acceleration
= (−14.0 i − 7.0 j )m/s
^ ^ 2
a ⃗ = (6.0 i + 3.0 j )m/s .
Part A
Find the position r ⃗ where the object comes to rest (momentarily).
Express your answer in terms of the unit vectors ^i and ^
j.
ANSWER:
49 ^ 49 ^
r ⃗ = − i− j m
3 6
Correct
Problem 3.27
^ ^
A particle's position as a function of time t is given by r ⃗ = 2 3
(5.0t + 6.0t )m i + (7.0 − 3.0t )m j .
Part A
^ ^
At t = 5.0s , find the magnitude of the particle's displacement vector Δr relative to the point
⃗ ⃗
r0 = (0.0 i + 7.0 j )m .
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
∣
∣Δr∣
∣⃗ = 410 m
Correct
Part B
^ ^
At t = 5.0s , find the angle of the particle's displacement vector Δr relative to the point
⃗ ⃗
r0 = (0.0 i + 7.0 j )m .
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Express your answer using two significant figures.
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ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 124%.
You received 99.38 out of a possible total of 100 points, plus 24.7 points of extra credit.
Typesetting math: 100%
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