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IUCN Media Analysis Report On Teesta (Bangladesh and Indian Media Scanning) - Jamil Ahmed
IUCN Media Analysis Report On Teesta (Bangladesh and Indian Media Scanning) - Jamil Ahmed
IUCN Media Analysis Report On Teesta (Bangladesh and Indian Media Scanning) - Jamil Ahmed
Editor
Bharat Bhushan
Technical Editor
Syed Badrul Ahsan
Research Associate
Madhurilata Basu
Shahreen Haq
Bangladesh and India share three major river systems:the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the
Meghna. Along with their tributaries, these rivers drain about 1.75 million sq km ofland, with an
average runoff of 1,200 cu km. The GBM system also supports over 620 million people.Thus,
the need for cooperation on trans-boundary waters is crucial to the future well-being of these
millions.
That is precisely the motivation for the Ecosystems for Life: A Bangladesh- India Initiative
(Dialogue for Sustainable Management of Trans-boundary Water Regimes in South Asia) project.
IUCN wishes to promote a better understanding of trans-boundary ecosystems between
Bangladesh and India, by involving civil society in both counries and by providing a platform to
discuss issues common and germane to the region. The overall goal is an improved, integrated
management of trans boundary water regimes in South Asia. This four-and-a-halfyearinitiative is
supported by the Minister for European Mfairs and International Cooperation, the Netherlands.
Ecosystems for Life will develop, through dialogue and research, longer-term relationships
between various stakeholder groups within and between the countries. It will develop a common
understanding to generate policy options on how to develop and manage natural resources
sustainably such that livelihoods and water and food security improve.Inter-disciplinary research
studies will be conducted by bringing together experts from various fields from both countries so
that relevant issues are holistically grasped.
The media have an important role to play in awareness raising, consensus building and
internalising integrated water resources management in decision making. During the consultation
processes of the project, the civil society stakeholders have identified the need for involving media
in the dialogue processes and emphasized that keeping the concerned people fully informed is
an important strategy to deal with ‘misinformation’. It is foreseen that media activities will become
more proactive as the project progresses. The engagement of media in the dialogue processes
is an important strategy but due to sensitivities surrounding the project, clear protocols and
guidelines need to be established for interacting with the media.
Monitoring media is an essential tool to understand and analyse on how key issues relevant
to trans-boundary water management are reported in national and regional media outlets. Over
time it will also be a useful tool to evaluate the project’s impact on media and subsequent links to
policy formulation. The main objectives of media monitoring are to provide baseline information
on how the media is reporting on specific issues related to water and environment, to assess the
scientific accuracy of reporting, to identify opportunities for the project to proactively engage with
the media and to monitor and evaluate the influence of project activities on media reporting and
explore subsequent links to policy formulation.
The focus of this report will be the anticipated Teesta agreement. The media monitoring
report will thus identify the reflections of journalists on bilateral relations regarding trans-boundary
rivers, the concerns of the people affected regarding different issues related to water management
with focus on the Teesta agreement and also document the interaction of media with the scientific
community and researchers regarding these issues.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is a case study of how the media in India and Bangladesh report on trans-border
resource sharing between the two countries. The focus of the study is the Teesta water-sharing
agreement which the two countries were expected to sign in September 2011 but were unable
to do so.
Expectations ran high both in India and Bangladesh on the possibility of an agreement
being reached on sharing the waters of the Teesta in the lean period. India and Bangladesh
have 54 rivers in common and at present a treaty exists only for one of the rivers – the Ganga.
Therefore, it was thought that an agreement on the Teesta could become a model for sharing the
waters of the rest of the common rivers too. However, this was not to be so as the agreement on
Teesta did not finally come about after the last minute objections about its share of the waters raised
by the Indian state of West Bengal, through which the Teesta flows before crossing into Bangladesh.
India-Bangladesh relations which were expected to be propelled into a higher orbit after
the Teesta Accord, in fact slipped a few notches following the non-starter of a visit by the Indian
prime minister to Dhaka. With the West Bengal state coming up with its reservations on a possible
deal between Delhi and Dhaka, the government of Bangladesh has found it difficult to explain why
things had suddenly taken a negative turn.
This report examines the hope, confusion and despair surrounding the Teesta water-
sharing agreement reflected in the Indian and Bangladeshi media in the run up to the scheduled
signing of the agreement, the inability of the two governments to do so and the subsequent
loss of political energy to push the agreement forward. The analysis of the media reportage is,
therefore, segregated into three phases – the period of run-up to the scheduled signing of the
agreement; the period of realisation that the agreement was unlikely to come through and its
eventual unfolding; and the aftermath of the inability of the two governments to ink the agreement.
The broad issues which were focused on were: the manner in which the media in India and
Bangladesh perceived and communicated the issue; the differences in reportage in the two
countries; the sources used by the media; the media’s own understanding of the issue of trans-
boundary resource sharing between neighbouring countries; the extent of interaction between media
functionaries and experts/researchers on trans-boundary resources; and finally, whether the media
in India and Bangladesh could have addressed the trans-boundary resource sharing issue differently.
The choice of the news media chosen for analysis ensured both national (India and
Bangladesh) as well as regional coverage (the states of West Bengal and Sikkim through which
the Teesta flows and irrigates agricultural land). In India, six English language newspapers and
three Bangla newspapers were selected for content analysis in addition to four English weekly
news magazines. In the case of Bangladesh, five Bangla newspapers, two English language
newspapers and two online news media sites were chosen for content analysis.
In the run-up to the scheduled signing of the Teesta Accord, media reportage in both
India and Bangladesh was situated in a co-operative framework. The media reflected the
expectation of bilateral relations moving into higher gear after the water-sharing agreement was
T he signing of a historic agreement on sharing of the waters of the Teesta River with Bangladesh
was to be the high point of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s much publicised two-day
visit to Dhaka on September 6 and 7, 2011. Fifteen years earlier, the two countries had signed
the Ganga Waters Treaty, to share the waters of the river Ganga during the lean season running
from January to May. Although India and Bangladesh share 54 common rivers, an agreement
exists only for the Ganga. The agreement on sharing the waters of the Teesta would have been
the second such agreement and would have provided a template for sharing the waters of the
remaining common rivers.
However, two days prior to the visit -- on September 4, 2012 -- came the unexpected
news that the Chief Minister of the state of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, one of the most
important allies of India’s ruling United Progressive Alliance expected to be present in Dhaka for
the singing of the Teesta Agreement, had dropped out of the Prime Minister’s official entourage.
She let it be known that she was unhappy with the terms of the agreement. She believed that
the ratio of water sharing in the proposed agreement went against the interests of the state she
leads – West Bengal.
The fallout of this announcement was swift. Despite consternation all around, the
Government of India, or the Union government as the government at New Delhi is referred
to, decided that the Teesta Agreement would not be signed during the impending visit of the
Prime Minister. It decided that West Bengal’s concerns would have to be addressed before any
agreement could be reached with Bangladesh. There was understandable disappointment in
Bangladesh because the two sides had been working on the agreement for long.
Newspapers went to town with analysing how this messy situation had come about.
There was debate over whether the West Bengal Chief Minister had been consulted at all or
adequately before scheduling the signing of the Teesta Agreement, which Union government
representative had briefed her, who might have been the ‘right person’ to brief her and what the
differences were between the Union and the State governments. Some newspapers painted the
West Bengal Chief Minister as being parochial and obstructionist. Others saw her concerns as
legitimate and justified her actions as protecting the interest of her state.
2 S. Chandrasekharan, Bangladesh-India: The Teesta Mess: The way forward; South Asia Analysis Group Paper number
4846; January 8, 2012.
3 Bangladesh must get its due share, The Daily Star, October 15, 2012. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.
php?nid=253864
4 Pinaki Roy, Teesta Accord likely; Down To Earth; July 14, 2011. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/teesta-deal-
likely
5 The Tale of Two Rivers; The Hindu; September 6, 2011.
Methodology
The period of analysis chosen for this study was from January 2010 to August 2012. The focus,
however, was the period August 2011 to October 2011 – the period preceding and following the
inability of the two countries to seal the Teesta Agreement in the meeting of the respective prime
ministers in Dhaka in the first week of September 2011. The cut-off date for the study was 31
August 2012.
The Indian news media chosen for analysis ensured both national (India and Bangladesh)
as well as regional (West Bengal and Sikkim state media within India) coverage. In India 9
newspapers-- six in English and three in Bangla were selected for content analysis. In addition,
four weekly magazines were also selected from India.
For this analysis, in India only the general interest newspapers and magazines were
chosen and a balance was maintained between English language and Bangla media (see, Table1).
INDIA
N
ews by its very nature is event driven. High level interactions between nations allow journalists
an opportunity to discuss not only the bilateral ties between the two countries but also
to situate them in the perspective of national interests. The reportage on the bilateral relations
between India and Bangladesh is no exception. In the period January 2010 to July 2011, there
were more than half a dozen important official interactions between Bangladesh and India. They
provided the incentive for reportage on a number of bilateral relations including the sharing of
river waters.
The high level visits which provided the impetus to journalists to write about India-
Bangladesh ties during this period were:
• Water Resources Secretary level talks on water-sharing in Dhaka (January 4-6, 2010)
• Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to India (January 10-13, 2010)
• A meeting of the 37th Joint River Commission in New Delhi (March 17 to 20, 2010)
• Indian finance minister Pranab Mukherjee’s visit to Dhaka to sign a US $ 1 billion line of
credit to Bangladesh (August 7, 2010)
• Visit of a three-member delegation led by the Bangladesh Water Resources Secretary to
India (June 5 and 6, 2011)
• Indian Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao’s visit to Dhaka (June 7-9, 2011)
• Chairperson of India’s ruling United Progressive Alliance government and Congress party
president Sonia Gandhi’s visit to Dhaka to receive the Bangladesh Freedom Honour (July
24-25, 2011)
• Indian External Affairs Minister S M Krishna’s visit to Dhaka (July 6-8, 2011)
These visits were used by the media to talk about India-Bangladesh ties -- although not
always about the sharing of the waters of the Teesta. These high level visits, it must be noted,
were precursors to the big event – the potential signing of an agreement on Teesta water-sharing
in September 2011. What is significant is that in the run up to September 2011, whenever the
issue of sharing of the Teesta waters was raised, it was in the larger context of moving the India-
Bangladesh relationship forward.
The most remarkable aspect of the media reportage during this phase was that the
bilateral relations between India and Bangladesh were situated in a co-operative framework
keeping the big picture in mind and not in a competitive or confrontationist perspective. There
was expectation in the media reportage that the relationship moving to a higher level and the
reports do not reflect any bickering which would suggest that the relationship was being seen as
a zero-sum game. This was also the period during which the Indian media also called upon a few
Bangladeshi journalists and commentators to write about the bilateral issues-- thus facilitating the
understanding of Bangladesh’s perspective by Indians.
The positive expectations that prevailed are amply reflected in headlines such as “India
willing to walk the extra mile with Bangladesh”, “From vision to action”, “Seizing the moment”,
“Delhi Dhaka sail throughTeesta Talks”, “Delhi Dhaka talks end on positive note”, “Natural
6 India willing to walk the extra mile with Bangladesh; The Times of India; January 9, 2010. Mahfuz Anam; From Vision
to Action; The Times of India; February 2, 2010. India, Bangladesh narrow down differences on Teesta Water-sharing;
India Today; January 5, 2010. “Seizing the Moment” ; Editorial comment; The Hindu; January 13, 2010. Haroon Habib;
Dhaka-Delhi talks end on positive note; The Hindu; June 8, 2011. And, C Rajamohan; Natural Partners; Indian Express;
July 8, 2011.
7 Joint communiqué of PM Sheikh Hasina’s India visit; January 12, 2010. High Commission of India in Dhaka. Available
at http://www.hcidhaka.org/SpechesDetails.php?id=66
8 Mahfuz Anam; op.cit.
9 Seizing the Moment; Editorial Comment in The Hindu; January 13, 2010
10 India-Bangladesh to discuss Teesta river water-sharing; Outlook; Janaury4, 2010. And, India, Bangladesh narrow down
differences on Teesta water-sharing; India Today; January 5, 2010.
11 India, Bangladesh exchange draft accords on Teesta water-sharing; The Times of India; March 20, 2010. India, Bangla-
desh exchange drafts of Teesta arrangements; The Times of India; May 21, 2010.
12 India and Bangladesh to hold talks next week; The Hindu; March 14, 2010.
13 With Pranab visit, India signals hanged approach to Bangladesh; The Times of India; August 6, 2010.
14 Ibid.
15 Ravish Tiwari; India, Bangla set to sign Teesta water-sharing pact; Indian Express; January 11, 2011. And, Haroon
Habib; India Bangladesh finalise deal on Teesta, Feni river waters; The Hindu; January 12, 2011.
16 Haroon Habib, op.cit.
17 Ravish Tiwari; op.cit.
18 Indrani Bagchi; Rao to set stage for PM’s Dhaka visit; The Times of India; June 3, 2011.
19 PM might sign land accord with Bangladesh; The Times of India, June 9, 2011.
20 Haroon Habib; Dhaka-Delhi talks end on positive note; The Hindu; June 8, 2011
21 Subir Bhowmik; Is the Honeymoon over? The Times of India, June 14, 2011.
22 PM to go on ‘char Dhaka’ trip, India spotlights Bangla ties; The Times of India; July 4, 2011. Manmohan to visit Bangla-
desh on September6; The Hindu; July 4, 2011.
23 C Rajamohan; Natural Partners; Indian Express; July 8, 2011.
24 Pinaki Roy; Teesta Accord likely; Down to Earth; July 14, 2011.
BANGLADESH
The issues raised in the Bangladesh media during this period essentially were no different from
those raised in the Indian media. They could be broadly grouped into two areas: One, reports
which said that India and Bangladesh were about to sign the Teesta water-sharing agreement;
and two, those which provided information regarding various other treaties that the two countries
were scheduled to conclude.
Most Bangladesh media reported with enthusiasm that during Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh’s visit to Dhaka, he and his counterpart, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, would create history
by signing a series of accords which would finally fulfil what was envisioned in the Indira-Mujib
Accord of 1974. They could thereby resolve the issues that have plagued bilateral relations
between the two neighbours for decades.
The media also reported that the two countries had reached an agreement on the thorny
issue of sharing the waters of the Teesta and that this would be the high point of the Indian Prime
Minister’s visit to Dhaka. A trade deal was also understood to be under consideration of the two
governments.
Media reports suggested that several rounds of talks had been held to forge an interim
treaty on Teesta water-sharing and issues relating to sharing the waters of other common rivers.
The stage of the agreement, the media reports said, was set by the Water Resources Secretaries
of the two countries and the meeting of the ministerial level Joint River Commission. The reports
said that the Indian side was led at the Joint River Commission by Water Resources Minister
Pawan Kumar Bansal and the Bangladeshi side by his counterpart Ramesh Chandra Sen. As
if to emphasise the importance of these deliberations, the media noted that the Bangladesh
delegation included Mashiur Rahman, Adviser to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and Mijarul
Quayes, the Foreign Secretary. The commission had last met five years ago in 2005.
In sharp contrast to Indian media reportage of this period, the Bangladeshi media
reported that India had made it clear to Bangladesh that the state of West Bengal would play a
crucial role on Teesta water-sharing as the river flows to Bangladesh from the Gazaldoba Barrage
which is situated in that state. The reports said that the Teesta Accord could be modelled on
the Ganges Waters-sharing Treaty signed in 1996 when the Awami League was in power in
Bangladesh. Under the treaty, it had been decided that if the water flow at Farakka was 70,000
cusecs, Bangladesh and India would share the water on a 50:50 basis. The principle of equal
sharing of water in the dry months, suggesting an equal sharing of adversity, therefore, was
modelled on the already existing Ganges Waters Treaty.
The daily New Age and the online newspaper bdnews24.com quoted the Kolkata daily
Ananda Bazaar Patrika to the effect that Mamata Banerjee had agreed to the Teesta draft
agreement. The newspaper, in a report published in its online version, claimed that Mamata
Banerjee had okayed the draft of the treaty when India’s National Security Adviser Shiv Shankar
Menon met her and succeeded in allaying her anxieties. The issue of water sharing was also
discussed in India’s Union cabinet meeting where Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Water
25 http://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A
%2F%2F www.bdnews24.com%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D204828%26cid%3D2&ei=45YHUSWMmogHr9eBkAk&usg=A
FQjCNErKZeBEiiZ8ATv_VnIpGIUe2ZZxA&bvm=bv.41524429,d.aGc
26 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/11/104656
T
he three months from August1, 2011 to October 31, 2011 have been chosen for an intensive
media analysis as the Indian Prime Minister’s visit to Dhaka to sign the Teesta agreement falls
bang in the middle of this period.
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Dhaka on September 6 and 7 but was
unable to sign the much expected Teesta Accord because of last minute objections raised by the
Chief Minister of West Bengal, Ms. Mamata Banerjee. Although she was scheduled to join the
Prime Minister and witness the signing of the Teesta Accord, she chose to opt out indicating her
unhappiness with the pact which she claimed did not protect her state’s interests. That put paid
to any hopes of signing the agreement.
For the Indian media, while August 2011 was the month of hope, September was one of
disappointment and assessment of what had gone wrong. By October, however, the media had
moved on to other lessons to be learned from the debacle, such as whether the West Bengal
Chief Minister could ever be a reliable ally of the Congress party leading the United Progressive
Alliance in New Delhi.
In terms of the most frequently discussed issues in the media in the period between
August and September, the two that topped the charts were: reasons why the Teesta agreement
could not be reached; and the consequences of not signing the accord for India and Bangladesh.
The least adequately discussed issues were the need for the proposed Teesta agreement, details
of its contours, and the modalities of how the stalled agreement could be moved forward. Thus,
at the best of times readers would remain unclear about what was sought to be done, as well as
why and what obstacles came in the way of the agreement. As for moving the stalled process
forward, unless one knew what the objective was and the nature of the obstacles in the way, the
discussion was bound to be fruitless.
The feeling, a month before the Indian Prime Minister’s visit in August, was that anything
could go wrong on the Teesta Accord. This was amply evident from some of the media headlines
of August – “Teesta Accord on cards”27; “Border dispute likely to be solved during Manmohan’s
Dhaka visit”28; “Mamata can accompany Prime Minister to Dhaka”29; “PM’s historic trip to
Bangladesh – It is going to be a new beginning”30; “Mamata likely to accompany PM to Dhaka”31;
“Historic opportunity to be part of new future”32; “New Delhi, Dhaka to try to sew up pacts before
Manmohan Singh visit”33; and “Mamata to accompany Manmohan to Dhaka.”34
40 Praveen Swamy; Manmohan says Mamata assented to Teesta Accord; The Hindu; September 8, 2011.
41 Rudroneel Ghosh; No looking back; The Times of India; September 12, 2011; New Delhi.
42 K P Nayar; Apolitical PMO pays the price; The Telegraph; September 6, 2011. Kolkata.
43 Didi plays hardball as PM leaves for Dhaka; Indian Express; September 5, 2011.
44 Verghese K George; Water a thorny issue for Bangladesh government; Hindustan Times, September 7, 2011. New Delhi.
45 Pranay Sharma and Saleem Samad; Eddies in the Teesta; Outlook; September 19, 2011.
46 Priya Sahgal and Partha Dasgupta; CM pours cold water over PM; India Today; September 19, 2011.
47 Ibid.
48 Mamata wins over North Bengal; Hindustan Times; September 6, 2011.
49 Dam spared death knell; The Telegraph; September 6, 2011. The Teesta Barrage Project was commissioned in 1976 at a
cost of Rs 69.7 crore with the target of irrigating 9.22 lakh hectares in the six north Bengal districts. The plan included
generating 67.5MW of hydropower. But after 35 years and Rs 1,200 crore in expenses, even the first sub-phase of the
project’s Phase I has not been completed.
50 Ibid.
51 Nirmalya Banerjee; Shadow boxing over Teesta Project: The Times of India: September 12, 2011.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Avijit Sinha; Life to prose, north’s muse; The Telegraph; September 6, 2011.
63 The Dhaka visit that was not to be; The Hindu; September6, 2011.
64 The Hindustan Times; September 8, 2011.
65 Jayant Jacob; Mamata botched up water deal?; Hindustan Times; September 10, 2011.
66 Praveen Swamy and Haroon Habib; Mamata’s objections threaten to unravel PM visit; The Hindu; September 5, 2011.
67 Pranay Sharma and Saleem Samad; Eddies in the Teesta; Outlook; September 19, 2011; and Priya Sahgal and Partha
Dasgupta; CM pours cold water over PM; India Today; September 19, 2011.
68 Mamata Banerjee refuses to go to Dhaka with PM; The Times of India; September 5, 2011; Teesta water agreement
hits choppy waters; Sikkim Express; September 5, 2011; The State opposes still more water for Dhaka; Ananda Bazaar
Patrika; September 5, 2011;Unhappy with the water deal Mamata not going to Bangladesh; Bartaman; September 5,
2011.
69 Unhappy with the water deal Mamata not going to Bangladesh; Bartaman; September 5, 2011.
70 The Hindustan Times; September 6, 2011.
71 More discussions on required: Biman; The Hindu; September 8, 2011.
72 Mamata plays spoiler; Editorial comment; The Hindu; September 6, 2011.
73 Didi dam bursts on Delhi; The Telegraph; September 5, 2011.
77 Praveen Swamy and Haroon Habib; Mamata’s objections threaten to unravel PM’s visit; The Hindu; September 5, 2011;
A turbulent tale of two rivers; The Hindu; September 7, 2011;and, Praveen Swamy; Manmohan says Mamata assented
to Teesta Accord: The Hindu; September 8, 2011. Interestingly, even in Bangladesh some observers also saw the Teesta
agreement as something that could be taken forward to reach agreements on the Feni and other common rivers. See, for
example, Gleeful BNP grabs Didi card; The Telegraph; September6, 2011.
78 Praveen Swamy; op.cit.
79 Tiptoe after Teesta dive – River fallout on transit deal; The Telegraph; September 7, 2011; and Some relief comes due to
Manmohan’s hard efforts: Ananda Bazaar Patrika; September 7, 2011.
80 ‘Large-hearted’ message from visit – Delhi sees Dhaka template for ties with other neighbours; The Telegraph; Septem-
ber 9, 2011.
81 Mamata’s decision has hurt nation’s image – CPI(M); The Hindu; September 6, 2011; N Chandramohan,; A river called
Teesta; Hindustan Times; September 8, 2011; and Idiotic self-pride; editorial comment in Ananda Bazaar Patrika;
September 6, 2011.
82 Priya Sahgal and Partha Dasgupta; op.cit.; Zia hard on Hasina, not so on India; The Telegraph; September 8, 2011.
83 Teesta hold-up: ‘Unhappy’ Bangladesh summons Indian envoy; Indian Express; September 6, 2011; and Non-signing of
treaty escalates uneasiness of Dhaka; Ananda Bazaar Patrika; September 6, 2011.
During this period, the four major issues that were reflected in media reportage in Bangladesh
were:
• Manmohan’s visit, Bangladesh’s worries
• Expectations from the Indian PM’s visit
• Delay in coming to an agreement on the Teesta Accord
• Dhaka, Delhi to exchange Teesta water-flow data
• No Transit treaty without the Teesta treaty
During this period of analysis one finds that the media, by and large, tried to put the
Teesta water sharing issue in perspective. It noted that India and Bangladesh had been trying to
resolve the question of sharing the waters of the River Teesta for nearly two decades and that the
problem was particularly acute for Bangladesh as it was dependent on water from the Teesta,
especially during the dry season between December and March.
The daily Amar Desh, reporting on the forthcoming visit to Dhaka by the Indian prime
minister, took a rather cynical view of the trip and its possible results. In its view, no one knew
what would transpire from the visit. The newspaper lived up to its anti-government reputation by
describing the role of the Awami League-led administration as mysterious. Besides raising the
Teesta issue, the newspaper drew attention to border incidents and trade imbalance between the
two countries, among other matters. The newspaper was emphatic in its view that a mere river
water sharing deal would not be enough for Bangladesh. A larger approach, especially in terms
of a river basin management deal, was in order.
** http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/04/103085
Media reports explained that at times in December and January, the water-flow went
down from 141 cubic meters per second to less than 28 cubic meters per second – they attributed
this to withdrawals by India. They noted the need for a formal arrangement for sharing the river’s
waters and that the talks between the Bangladesh and Indian Foreign Secretaries earlier in June
appeared constructive, with both sides expressing optimism about the progress made. The draft
interim sharing arrangement was to be for a period of 15 years.
The media reports noted that while the issue was virtually settled and was slated to
be signed during Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s visit to Dhaka in September, 2011,
some differences remained over the question of the ratio in which the water was to be shared.
Bangladesh apparently was in favour of a 50:50 sharing arrangement, whereas India, it was
reported, had proposed a 45:55 Bangladesh-India split. It had, however, been stressed by both
Bangladesh and Indian officials that this difference in positions of the two countries would not
prevent a resolution of the deal – it was likely to be resolved in high level negotiations in the run
up to Prime Minister Singh’s visit.
There were some reports, however, which suggested that Bangladesh’s interests had
not been protected in the framework agreement reached. Amar Desh reported Professor Sadrul
Amin, Dean of Dhaka University, as saying that “our country’s interest has not been protected
at all in the framework agreement. Looking at the agreement, it seems that it has not been
accomplished between two independent countries.” He said, the Foreign (Policy) Adviser to the
91 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/08/104025
92 The embarrassment of the visit; The Daily Star, September 9, 2011; and Mamata was never ignored; The Daily Star,
September 24, 2011. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=203721
93 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/04/103085
94 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/08/104025
95 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/08/104025
96 http://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A
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UdLYBI2wiQfF24HYAw&usg=AFQjCNHZVJr8lHo_H3MFUvgGf3RcDtJRsg&bvm=bv.41524429,d.aGc
97 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/08/104026
98 http://www.google.com.bd/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjA
A&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnewagebd.com%2Fnewspaper1%2Farchive_details.php%3Fdate%3D2012-02-
27%26nid%3D51783&ei=ZagHUejwF_CjiAfK3oHwDQ&usg=AFQjCNE5aff3IwY0_jJ2zkrRUkkz2vxW7g&bvm=bv.41
524429,d.aGc
99 Daily Ittefaq, September 6, 2011
100 http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2011/09/09/104225
101 What happened to Teesta water? The New Age, October 5, 2011; and Dhaka-Delhi to assess waters, The Daily Star,
September 30, 2011.
102 Teesta water sharing deal not on the horizon, The New Age, May 16, 2012
103 http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-16&nid=10373#.URuCy_JaeSo
104 http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-11-10&nid=39601
105 Teesta Water-Bangladesh must get its due share, The Daily Star, October 12, 2012.
INDIA
The media reportage in India in this period focused mainly on five issues:
1. India’s attempt to hasten the Teesta pact
2. Bangladesh pressure on India to finalise the Teesta pact
3. Defence of West Bengal’s position on the sharing of the Teesta waters
4. Fallout of not signing the Teesta pact in Bangladesh
5. Lessons learnt by Delhi after its inability to sign the Teesta pact
There seemed to be a broad consensus in Delhi that India’s inability to sign the Teesta Accord had
become a stumbling block in taking the relationship with Bangladesh forward. This led to a flurry of
visits to West Bengal by officials and ministers from Delhi as well as exchanges of diplomatic visits
with Bangladesh in a bid to somehow help hasten the deal. There was also diplomatic pressure
from Bangladesh to somehow seal the pact as early as possible. This was amply reflected in the
media reportage – both in the Delhi-based as well as the Kolkata-based newspapers.
What was remarkable was that during this period there was hardly any note of
confrontation evident in the media reportage except the occasional opinion piece or editorial
comment blaming either the Union government or the West Bengal Chief Minister for the positions
taken. The reportage also reflected a relatively greater understanding than in the earlier period of
the importance of consulting Border States on trans-boundary resource sharing. However, there
seemed to be no resolution in the media of how to balance the need of taking bold foreign policy
initiatives – a subject in the domain of the Union government – and the international sharing of
those resources which fall within the purview of state governments in the Indian Constitution.
It is perhaps a bit unfair to expect the media to resolve this contentious issue. It is still an
emerging issue in Indian polity and a Constitutional resolution has not been attempted as yet.
However, sooner or later the Indian state will have to deal with it as more such issues
might arise – e.g. with the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly tentatively questioning the
Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan in which the state government had no role to play at all. These
could involve rationalising international boundaries by exchanging or giving away land from a Border
State or with international sharing of natural resources – such as natural gas and minerals where
underground deposits might exist in a continuous reservoir or seams across international boundaries.
Pushing the Teesta process forward: The intention to push the process of finalising
the Teesta pact was evident in the statements emanating from both India and Bangladesh.
Several emissaries went from Delhi to Kolkata to brief Mamata Banerjee on the Teesta Accord
– ranging from officials of the Ministry of Water Resources, the Prime Minister’s Office, and the
Indian Foreign Secretary to the Water Resources minister himself.106
106 Delhi official meets Bengal chief secretary, talks Teesta: The Times of India; May4, 2012; PMO team to visit Kolkata, dis-
cuss Teesta water-sharing; The Times of India; April 30, 2012;Mathai meets Mamata, discusses ties with neighbours; The
Hindu; February 19, 2012;Foreign Secretary meets Mamata; Ananda Bazaar Patrika; February 19, 2012;Centre eager
to get Mamata’s approval in the Teesta issue; Ananda Bazaar Patrika; May 5, 2012; Before Bangladesh sets for election,
Centre is eager to take Mamata into confidence and sign the Teesta treaty; Bartaman; May 5, 2012.
107 Sandeep Dikshit; India, Bangladesh to resume talks on Teesta treaty; The Hindu; February 10, 2012.
108 India, Bangladesh to hold first joint consultative commission; The Times of India; May 6, 2012.
109 Dipu Moni upbeat on inking of Teesta pact; The Hindu; April 30, 2012. Teesta accord to be signed, hopes Moni , bang
lanews24.com.
110 Haroon Habib; Pranab’s Bangladesh visit to inject new dynamism to talks; The Hindu; May 1, 2012.
111 India committed to Teesta treaty, land accord with Bangladesh; The Hindu; August 10, 2012.
112 Rudroneel Ghosh; Hussain Muhammad Ershad: There’s been no large migration from Bangladesh to India; The Times
of India; August 20, 2012.
113 Teesta pact may be on agenda at Hillary-Mamata meeting; The Times of India; May 7, 2012. Hillary to raise Teesta water
issue with Mamata, May 7, 2012, BDNews24
114 Moving closer; Editorial comment; The Times of India; February 27, 2012
115 Federal fetish; The Times of India; February 24, 2012.
116 Undo Dhaka damage; Editorial comment; The Indian Express; February 6, 2012.
122 Mohua Chatterjee; Teesta accord remains sore point in Indo-Bangla ties; February 13, 2012.
123 Sandeep Dikshit; Revive liberation spirit, Bangladesh tells West Bengal; The Hindu; February 13, 2012.
124 Ibid.
125 Haroon Habib; Hasina expresses resolve to work together with India on pending issue; The Hindu; June 1, 2012.
126 Pranay Sharma; Just water in the works; Outlook; May 21, 2012.
127 Hasina turns down CU invitation; The Indian Express; February 13, 2012.
128 Jayanth Jacob and Pramit Pal Chaudhuri; Stuck at a turn; Hindustan Times; April 19, 2012.
129 Brahma Chellaney; Misplaced water diplomacy; The Times of India; July 3, 2012.
137 Avlok Langer; Swimming with the enemy; Tehelka; April 7, 2012.
138 Vikram Sood; Let’s think smart; Hindustan Times; August 14, 2012.
139 Before Bangladesh sets for election, Centre is eager to take Mamata into confidence and sign the Teesta treaty; Bartaman;
May 5, 2012.
140 Jayanth Jacob and Pramit Pal Chaudhuri; op. cit.
141 Mamata-appointed panel to submit report by December end; The Indian Express; December 12, 2011.
142 Teesta water-sharing: Expert panel meets CM, The Statesman, and January 18, 2012. Available at http://thestatesman.
co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=397315&catid=42&show=archive&year=2012&month=1&day
=19&Itemid=66
143 States must have a say in river deals: water policy draft: The Indian Express; February 2, 2012.
In this period, following the inability of the two countries to sign the Teesta Accord, the media in
Bangladesh focussed on the following four issues, reflecting the mood in the country:
• Dhaka presses Delhi for expediting Teesta Accord
• Teesta Accord soon
• Need for consensus on Teesta water-sharing
• New Delhi firm on implementing treaties with Bangladesh
There was a widespread realisation in the media that the fate of the Teesta Accord had
become uncertain. BBC Bangla radio reported as much, quoting a highly placed official in the
Government of India. The Indian government also informed Bangladesh Foreign Minister Dr. Dipu
Moni that signing the treaty had been put off for the time being.144
However, the media also reported that after a two day meeting of the Bangladesh
and India Joint River Commission, a joint statement was issued claiming that the two sides
had “removed differences” on the framework of an interim agreement on sharing the waters of
the Teesta and Feni rivers after their meeting. The reports said, “The two sides have removed
differences and improved understanding towards the framework of an agreement.” This meeting
took place in February 2012 in Dhaka.
Newspaper reports recalled that even though the Teesta pact had been finalised between
Dhaka and Delhi and was to be signed during the Indian Prime Minister’s visit in September 2011,
it had been put off after the objections raised by the West Bengal Chief Minister Ms. Mamata
Banerjee. After she had thrown a spanner in the works, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
had apologised for putting off the pact and openly expressed his frustration over his government’s
inability to sign the Teesta Accord as scheduled. The issue was put on hold and the media reported
that since then the two governments have held regular talks over how the untangle the Teesta issue.
The Teesta issue also came up for discussion at the foreign minister level talks during
Dipu Moni’s recent visit to India. While her Indian counterpart S M Krishna assured that the Indian
central government was working towards finalising the pact, Dr Dipu Moni told the Indian media
that the relations between Bangladesh and India would be adversely affected if an agreement on
Teesta was not reached. She, therefore, urged India to take urgent steps to signing the Teesta
treaty and also take measures to ratify the land boundary agreement. She also said that while
the Teesta pact was important for Bangladesh, it also wanted to give India space to finish its
internal consultations on the Teesta issue. The Bangladesh foreign minister made three visits
within a period of six months (December 2011, March 2012 and May 2012)pressing each time
to hasten the completion of the Teesta agreement. This pressure was kept up by Dhaka at every
opportunity that presented itself.145
144 This government to sign Teesta deal: Dr. Gawhar Rizvi, The Daily Star, February 8, 2012. This govt to sign Teesta deal:
Rizvi - The Daily Star ; February 8, 2012 www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=221546 on.
145 PM pushes for Teesta water deal, The Daily Star, March 19, 2012; India assured to fulfil promise; The Daily Star, May 9,
2012; Government hopeful of signing Teesta deal, The Daily Star, June 29, 2012; and Dhaka looks for early Teesta deal -
Dr. Dipu Moni; The Daily Star, August 7, 2012.
146 Teesta water deal soon – Indian envoy to President Zillur, The Daily Star, October 29, 2011; and More time needed to
reach a deal, The Daily Star, October 29, 2011.
147 Dhaka seeks a quick Teesta resolution, The Daily Star, November 10, 2012; and Teesta water deal round the corner, The
Daily Star, November 16, 2011.
148 India committed to early solution of Teesta water issue, The Daily Star, May 7, 2012.
149 Mamata’s wall of silence stalemating all efforts to ink Teesta treaty, The Daily Star, May 24, 2011; and India yet to tackle
Mamata factor, The Daily Star, February 26, 2011.
150 Sheikh Hasina’s New Delhi visit, The Daily Star, January 9, 2012.
151 Pranab’s visit proves forward looking, The Daily Star, May 8, 2012.
152 This appeared in almost all Bangladesh newspapers like The Daily Star, Prothom Alo, Samakal, Jugantar, Ittefaq) and
online sites (e.g. BDnews24.com).
153 India trying to solve Teesta water issue, The Daily Star, February 26, 2012. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.
php?nid=223897. More work to do for Teesta: Manmohan tells Sahara- The Daily star, February 25, 2012. Steep decline
in Teesta water flow, The Daily Star, February 23, 2012. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=223577.
Teesta ‘on agenda’, The Daily Star, February 19, 2012, www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=223001.
India yet to tackle Mamata factor, The Daily Star, February 14, 2012. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.
php?nid=222358. Teesta deal anytime soon : Says Rizvi; September 15, 2012. www.bangladeshnews24.com/.../teesta-deal-
anytime-soon-says-rizvi-... This govt to sign Teesta deal:Rizvi, The Daily Star, February 8, 2012. PM pushes for Teesta
water deal, The Daily Star, March 19, 2012. www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=226857. BD,India
near Teesta water deal, November 8, 2012. www.banglanews24.com
a) Background briefings by officials of the Foreign Office, the Prime Minister’s Office, Chief
Minister’s Office or the Water Resources ministry
b) Unidentified sources from political parties
c) Unidentified retired diplomats, irrigation department engineers, politically inclined
analysts, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and newspaper editors
The sources on record are normally government officials, members of political parties, political
activists and water experts and researchers. What is disconcerting is that the unidentified sources
– whether official or unofficial -- are given equal weight compared to the identified sources or
sources on record.
It is normal journalistic practice not to cite sources in editorials or opinion pieces published
on the edit and op-ed pages. This is generally not acceptable in news reports. However, even in
news reports it is acceptable to rely on deep background briefings by senior government officials.
And nobody takes exception to them. However, it is also customary to refer to the sources
in background briefings as “informed sources”, “highly placed sources”, “highly placed official
sources” or even “highly placed sources in the Prime Minister’s Office”. But it will not do to present
positions and facts as revelations with no attribution of any kind. That is what one finds in a large
number of Indian reports on the Teesta agreement.
One can understand that government officials do not want to come on record and often
want to hide behind the anonymity granted to sources by the media in greater public interest.
Hence an irrigation department official or a serving diplomat with a strong point of view may
choose to speak anonymously to prevent any harm coming to him for talking to a reporter. Such
sources can gain further legitimacy when they are whistle-blowers or are giving views that are
contrary to that of the policy makers. However, such legitimacy requires that the contrary view
be also presented in the same report. When political activists speak anonymously to the press, it
should be clear even to a cub-reporter that they are pushing a partisan agenda.
Lack of attribution immediately suggests that the reporter or media commentator has not
taken a distance from the subject and is therefore incapable of reporting objectively. There is a fair
amount of partisan and unattributed reporting in the Indian media.
In some cases the partisan nature of the reports is so blatant that one would think
that the reporter does not read his or her own newspapers – in one instance a report datelined
154 Teesta treaty row marks new low in TMC-Congress ties: The Times of India; September 6, 2011.
155 Mamata Banerjee refuses to go to Dhaka with PM; The Times of India; September 5, 2011.
156 CM meets security adviser over Bangla visit: The Times of India, September 1, 2011.
157 Pramod Giri; Mamata wins over North Bengal; The Times of India; September 6, 2011.
158 Praveen Swamy and Haroon Habib; Mamata’s objections threaten to unravel PM visit; The Hindu; September 5, 2011
159 It’s total failure: BNP on Indian PM’s visit, The Daily Naya Diganta, September 7, 2011; Teesta Water sharing deal: India’s
withdrawal not unexpected, The Daily Star, September 7, 2011; and People along Teesta river disappointed, The New Age,
September 8, 2011
160 The tale of two rivers: The Hindu; September 6, 2011
161 Nirmalya Banerjee; Shadow boxing over Teesta Project; The Times of India; September 12; 2011.
162 Ibid.
163 Pramod Giri; Mamata wins over North Bengal; Hindustan Times; September 6, 2011. And, North Bengal curious about
the treaty, anxious too; Ananda Bazaar Patrika; September 5, 2011.
164 On eve of trip, PM drops Teesta after Mamata’s burst; Tehelka; September 5, 2011.
165 Pranay Sharma and Saleem Samad; Eddies in the Teesta; Outlook; September 19, 2011.
166 Priya Sahagal and Partha Dasgupta; CM pours cold water over PM; India Today; September 19, 2011.
168 Pinaki Roy; Teesta Accord likely; Down to Earth; July 15, 2011.
169 Parveen Swamy; Manmohan says Mamata assented to Teesta Accord; The Hindu; September 8, 2011.
170 Nirmalya Banerjee; Shadow boxing over Teesta Project: The Times of India; September 12, 2011
171 Mamata appointed panel to submit report by December; Indian Express; December 7, 2011. And, Manmohan meets
Mamata on the Bangladesh issue; Ananda Bazaar Patrika; October 23, 2011.
172 Dam spared death knell; The Telegraph; September 6, 2011.
173 Praveen Swamy and Haroon Habib; Mamata’s objections threaten to unravel PM visit; The Hindu; September 5, 2011.
174 Pranay Sharma and Saleem Samad; op. cit.
180 PM’s Teesta dismay flows – I don’t want to comment on Mamataji, says Singh: The Telegraph; September 8, 2011.
181 Mamata shared love and Teesta line; The Telegraph; November 17, 2011.
182 Bangla willing to give India time to seal Teesta, land boundary pacts; The Times of India; July 25, 2012.
183 Federal fetish; Editorial comment; The Times of India; February 24, 2012.
184 Moving closer; Editorial comment; The Times of India; February 27, 2012.
185 Rudroneel Ghosh; Goodwill on the line: The Times of India; February 15, 2012.
191 Vikram Sood; Let’s think smart; Hindustan Times; August 14, 2012.
192 Jayanth Jacob;Teesta: US sees China angle, for early resolution; Hindustan Times; May 7, 2012.
193 For example, Expedite Teesta deal – Hasina asks Manmohan, The New Age, November 11, 2011; Ershad to lead Teesta
long march in Jan, The Daily Star, December 12, 2011; Push for a fair deal, The Daily Star, September 9, 2011; and Teesta
failure overshadows achievements, The Daily Star, September 9, 2011, among many others.
A lthough it would be difficult to answer it one could still ask whether there have been ideal
reportage which might have saved the Teesta Accord. It would be patently wrong to blame
the media for the inability of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to sign the Teesta water-sharing
agreement with Bangladesh.
What the Indian media could have done, however, is to have taken a distance from
both the Union government and the West Bengal government and shown how complex the
agreement was and that despite its complexity, it was doable and in the interests of the people of
both countries. This even the Bangladesh media could have attempted by explaining the rationale
– and there was one even if others thought it was faulty – behind the opposition of the Indian state
of West Bengal to the water-sharing agreement.
In retrospect, the “ideal media report” -- which does not exist anywhere in real life but
is instructive to imagine -- in the run up to the scheduled signing of the Teesta water-sharing
agreement should have given some space to the point of view of the government of the Indian
state of West Bengal – a factor that was to derail the agreement only months later.
The Indian media could have emphasised that “Water” is a subject which is completely
under the jurisdiction of a state government in the Indian Constitutional scheme and that unless
the government of a border state is fully on board, the Union government cannot give away
what the state considers its legitimate share to another country. Instead it chose to give only
the point of view of the Ministry of External Affairs and the Prime Minister’s Office. It could have
also explained what the equal sharing of water at the Teesta Barrage or the Gazaldoba Barrage
meant – now it is in the public domain that Bangladesh was actually getting only 25 per cent of
the stored water during the lean season at Gazaldoba and the rest 25 per cent was to come from
regeneration of the river water while it courses from Gazaldoba to the Bangladesh border. Yet this
is hardly to be read in any report of this period.
In the subsequent period, when the agreement was to be signed, there is hardly any
balanced report explaining why the agreement could not be signed – blame was ascribed and the
consequences of not signing the agreement listed but the details were missing. An “ideal report”
during this period could have emphasised why both India and Bangladesh would benefit from the
water-sharing agreement, what the detailed contours of such an agreement could be and once
the agreement had been stalled, the media could have played the role of educating/informing the
people on either side of the border, how this process could be completed and why it needed to
be completed. Such a report would have explained in comprehensively what was sought to be,
why it was sought to be done, who would have benefitted, why the process got stalled and why
it needs to be restarted.
The “ideal report” of the period that has followed the inability of India and Bangladesh to
ink the Teesta water-sharing agreement is yet to appear. Such a report could take stock of the
time lost and the opportunity cost of India not getting transit rights and Bangladesh not getting
what it considers to be its legitimate share of the Teesta waters. Such a report would also explain
why the West Bengal government did not make the Kalyan Rudra expert committee report on
While a vibrant media is the strength of any democracy, its vibrancy can sometimes
verge on cacophony which adds to the noise without conveying any information. If it is a partisan
media, it can fan jingoism – both national as well as regional.
The printed word carries a far greater significance in societies rapidly transforming from
large-scale illiteracy to literacy – and India and Bangladesh are prime examples of this phenomenon.
The media in these societies not only informs but also educates the people, helping them form
opinions which then get reflected in the social, political and economic choices they make. It can
rouse passions and make people confrontational on issues of trans-boundary resources or it can
calm passions and push them towards a co-operative framework of sharing these resources.
That is why it is important to analyse the reporting experience of India and Bangladesh in the run
up to the signing of a trans-boundary resource sharing treaty like the Teesta Accord.