TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 2
AIM 2
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS USED 2
DIAGRAM OF SURVEY 3
RECONNAISSANCE 3
ESTABLISHING POINT OF DEPARTURES 3
COMPUTATION OF THE POINTS OF DEPARTURES 4
SETTING OUT RESCALLED COORDINATES 4
TRAVERSING THE FIELD 5
COMPUTATION OF THE TRAVERSE 5
PLOTING 7
PRECAUTIONS 7
CHALLENGES 7
RECOMMENDATIONS 7
CONCLUSION 7
INTRODUCTION
Earlier this semester, a group of student in geomatic 3 were asked prepare detailed
survey of a section of plot in the area of the great hall. Also we were asked to present a
report in addition to the survey findings. This group of students are group 4 members.

AIM
To produce a detailed map of a section of K.N.U.S.T campus and also give the chance to
all members of the group to have a feel of the instruments.

INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

 Geodetic GPS Ranging poles
 Total Station Pegs
 Tripods Hammer
 Reflectors cutlass
 Detailing Pole Measuring Tape
 Bush tripod
 Digital level
 Theodolite
 Level staffs

RECONNAISSANCE
On the day of reconnaissance, the team went to the plot, so as to familiarize ourselves
with the area of study. Also we established inter-visible stations and also locate two
controls that will serve as our points of departure. We also referenced the established
inter-visible stations to permanent features using the measuring tape. At the end of the
reconnaissance, a diagram was drawn as shown in figure 1 to serve as a guide in the
detailing and plotting.

DIAGRAM OF SURVEY
 691800

691700

691600

691500

691400

691300

691200

691100
726700 726800 726900 727000 727100 727200 727300 727400

ESTABLISHING POINT OF DEPARTURES

Two control points and six stations were established for the traverse. The two
controls, thus, SGA1 and SGA2 were used as point’s departure. Before these
controls were used, their strength and stability were checked to avoid using
unstable or shift controls.
COMPUTATION OF THE POINTS OF DEPARTURES
The process is shown in figure 2.
START

Download raw
GPS Data

Pre-process

Set processing style

and base line

Process base line

Evaluate baseline reductions result

No

YES
Loop closures and
adjust baseline
network

Output

SETTING OUT RESCALLED COORDINATES

After the points of departure were determined and checked, the team sets-out the
coordinates on the area of study, first using the handheld GPS to locate the area, the total
station was used next to fix the coordinates (using the COGO mode) function of the total
station. Lastly, the geodetic GPS was used to pick the coordinates of the fix coordinates.

Points/stations Nothings Easting

1 727340.0 6913900.0
2 727340.0 691.690.0
 3 727010.0 691350.0
4 727010.0 691650.0

USING THE TOTAL STATION TO SET OUT THE COORDINATES

 The total station was first set to the coordinate mode, in addition, the coordinates of
the two points of departure and an allowable error at 0.0576.
 With the SGA1 as our instrument station, and SGA2 as our back station, we fixed the
subsequent points within the allowable error we set.
 We also realised that, some of the points ended up on the road, we off-set them
away from the road.
 We finally established our points to form the perimeter of the plot.

TRAVERSING THE FIELD

 Traversing was done with the total station, reflectors and the tripods.
 The traversing was done in clockwise direction in order to measure the exterior
angles.
 The angles were observed on two zeros and the distances from different
directions.

COMPUTATION OF THE TRAVERSE

The angular misclose was

 The angular misclose was divided by the number of stations and the correction
added to each observed angle since the misclose were negative.
 Latitudes and departures were computed from the forward bearings and
distances.
 Adjustments were made to the latitudes and departures.
 The adjusted latitudes and departures together with the coordinated GPS
coordinate for SGA 1 were used to compute the respective Northing and Easting
coordinate of the other stations.
 The linear misclose was computed from the sum of the change in latitudes and
departure as

The fractional misclose was computed from the linear misclose and the perimeter of the
traverse and

 The results from the traverse computation are attached to the report.

ERRORS IN THE TRAVERSING

 Miscentering error
  Improper leveling of the instrument
 Poor targeting of the prism
 Wrong booking and reading
 Total station failing to function under the specification of the manufacturer and
many more

USING THE GEODETIC GPS

The geodetic GPS works under the same principle as any GPS. Its comprises of
one base station and two or three and sometimes more moving rovers for
picking the points. We started from SGA 1 and closed on SGA 2, using the
clockwise movement approach.

ERRORS ENCOUNTERED IN USING GEODETIC GPS

 Signal multipath; which arise from reflections from vehicles passing and road
signs.

 Atmospheric refraction; this is also caused by the cloudiness of the atmosphere

which intend bend the signals reaching the base.

 Satellite geometry; this is also caused by the orientation and size and shape of
the satellite position

 Ionosphere effect

TRANSFORMING GPS COORDINATES INTO NATIONAL COORDINATES

FOUR PARAMETERS (2D) TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE GEODETIC GPS

Where standfor the National Grid Co-ordinates of the eight control points

x and y are the UTM coordinates

are the four parameters of transformation.

Where is the scale factor, is the orientation angle, is the translation in, is the translation in y

The matrix equation for the computation is shown below

Where A is the matrix equation, X is the unknown and B is the matrix of absolute terms

692372.690 657822 738066 1 0 a

727618.200 738066 -657822 0 1 b
692852.894 = 657968 738065 1 0 c
727614.822 738065 -657968 0 1 d

B A X

X = (ATA)-1*(ATB)

X=

a 3.289069
b = 0.000199
c -1471396
d -1699801

Where A is the observation matrix, X is the unknown and B is the matrix of absolute terms

From the above, the parameters are

a 3.289069
b = 0.000199
c -1471396
d -1699801
Determining the residuals (GEODETIC GPS)

V=

0.2066586
-0.1718062
0.2065335
-0.1719438

Determining the scale factor (Geodetic GPS)

s = 3.289069006

Determining orientation angle (Geodetic GPS)

TRANSFORMED GPS COORDINATES

POINTS NORTHINGS EASTINGS

1
2
3
4

A GRAPH SHOWING AN OVERLAY OF THE GRAPHS OF BOTH GPS AND THE

RESCALED COORDINATES

E N

211035.199 221778.0274
210827.051 221692.2566 G1

210736.1902 221691.1898 G2

210732.624 221592.6 G3

210814.92 221592.648 G4

210827.051 221692.2566

210827.112 221693.232 R1

210735.672 221693.232 R2

210723.48 221592.68 R3

210814.92 221592.648 R4

AGRAPH OF OVERLAY
 691800

691700

691600

691500

691400

691300

691200

691100
726700 726800 726900 727000 727100 727200 727300 727400

THERE IS A LITTE SHIFT IN THE GRAPH BECAUSE AN AN OFF-SET WAS MADE 1m

AWAY FROM THE ROAD SURFACE

PLOTING
The map was plotted with Autodesk Land Desktop 2009 using the traversing
coordinates (x,y,z) and the coordinates (x,y,z) obtained from the geodetic GPS.

PRECAUTIONS
  Two link traverses were done to ensure a more accurate work.
 The stability of control pillars established with concrete was checked to avoid
using a shifted/moved pillar, from which point of departures were selected.
 In the reconnaissance, it was ensured that only inter-visible stations were
established so as to measure angles and distances without any obstruction.
 Redundant measurements of the angles and distances were taken during the
traversing to ensure precision of the traverse and to help eliminate gross errors
 Layers were created in AutoCAD Land Desktop 2009 for easy plotting of the map.

CHALLENGES
 Non-availability of instruments when necessary.
 Obstacles and inaccessible routes that obstructed the smooth running of our field
work.
 Unfavourable weather conditions during working hours.
 Difficulty in access to buildings under construction.
 Risk in working in bushy areas.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The group recommends that;

 The availability of instruments to students working on a project in practical task

should be enforced.
 Access to building under construction found on the site should be eminent to
prevent delays in field work.
 Enforce the use of protective boots by students working in endangered bushes
on campus.
 First aid boxes should be available for student’s usage to treat injuries.

CONCLUSION
The task to produce a base map containing the details of a section of KNUST campus
was accomplished on time in spite of the several challenges the group encountered.

A topographic map of the survey produced as attached to the report including field
books, computations and attendant book is submitted.