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Numbers and Numerals System of Numbers
A number is an item that describes a magnitude or a Excel Review Center Imaginary number,
position. denoted as i,
REAL NUMBERS IMAGINARY NUMBER equal to square
Numbers are classified into two types, namely root of – 1
cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Rational numbers are Irrational numbers are
numbers which can be RATIONAL IRRATIONAL numbers which
Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to expressed as a quotient cannot be expressed
(ratio) of two integers Ex. e, pi, sqrt 2 as a quotient of two
count the objects or ideas in a given collection.
Example, 1,2,3...,1000, 100000 while ordinal integers
numbers state the position of the individual objects NATURAL ZERO NEGATIVE
in a sequence. Example, First, second, third...
Integers are all the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number zero.
Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols Natural numbers are numbers which are considered as the “counting numbers”.Ex. 1, 2, 3,…
which describe a number. For non-terminating decimals:
If it is repeating, like 0.3333…, it is rational number
The most widely used numerals are the Arabic If is non-repeating, line pi = 3.14159…, it is irrational number
numerals and the Roman numerals.

Arabic numerals were simply the modification of the Complex Numbers

Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic A complex number is an expression of both real and imaginary number
digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and in combined. It takes the form of a + bi, where “a” and “b” are real numbers.
combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real number is
obtained when b = 0.
The Roman numerals are numbers which are written Excel Review Center
in Latin alphabet. Example MCMXCIV. Imaginary number and its equivalent:
i = −1 i2 = -1 i3 = -i = - −1 i4 = 1
The following are Roman numerals and their
equivalent Arabic numbers:

I = 1 L = 50 M = 1000
Properties of INTEGERS
V = 5 C = 100 ADDITION PROPERTIES MULTIPLICATION PROPERTIES EQUALITY PROPERTIES
1. Closure property 1. Closure property 1. Reflexive property
X = 10 D = 500
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a + b = integer ab = integer a=a
The Romans used the following to indicate large
numbers: 2. Commutative property 2. Commutative property 2. Symmetric property

a+b=b+a
1. Bracket - to multiply it by 100 times.
3. Associative property
V = 500
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
ab = ba If a = b, then b = a
3. Associative property 3. Transitive property
(ab)c = a(bc) If a = b and b = c, then a = c

2. Vinculum (bar above the number) – to multiply 4. Identity property 4. Identity property 4. Substitution property
the number 1000 times.
a+0=a a+1=a If a = b, then a can be replaced
by b in any expression
V = 5,000 0 is called the additive 1 is called the involving a
identity multiplicative identity
3. Doorframe – to multiply the number by 1000000 5. Addition / Subtraction property
5. Inverse property 5. Inverse property
times If a = b, then a + c = b + c
a + (- a) = 0  1 If a = b, then a – c = b – c
V = 5,000,000 a  = 1
–a is called the additive a 6. Multiplication / Division
inverse 1 property
A digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or is called the
a
in combination to denote a number. 6. Distributive property multiplicative inverse If a = b, then ac = bc
For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 a b
a(b + c) = ab + ac If a = b, then = ,c 0
and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted 6. Distributive property c c
as IX. So the digits I and X were used together to
a(b + c) = ab + ac 7. Cancellation property
denote one number and that is the number 9. In
mathematical computations or in some engineering 7. Multiplication property of If a + c = b + c, then a = b
applications, a system of numbers using cardinal zero
If ac = bc and c  0 ,
numbers was established and widely used. a(0) = 0
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Expressions where
the values can be What is an Exponent? Relation between Natural &
obtained without Exponent is a number that gives the power to which a
execution of long base is raised. For example, in 32, the base is 3 and Common Logarithms
multiplication. the exponent is 2. The natural logarithm can be converted
into a common logarithm and vice versa.
With x, y and z as real numbers or variables or
Exponent should not be misunderstood as “power” To obtain this, a factor known as the
algebraic expression, the following are the
Power is a word that is almost never used in its modulus of logarithm is necessary, such
special products.
correct, original sense any more. Strictly speaking, if as:
1. Sum and difference of same terms or we write 32 = 9, then 3 is the base, 2 is the
Difference of two squares exponent and 9 is the power. But almost everyone, logx = 0.4343ln x ln x = 2.3026logx
including most mathematicians, would say that 3 is the
power and that “power” and “exponent” mean the The coefficients 0.4343 and 2.3026 are
( x + y )( x − y ) = x2 − y2 same thing. The misuse has probably come from a the referred to as the modulus of
2. Square of a binomial misunderstanding of statements such “nine is the logarithm.
second power of three”.
( x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
Properties of Exponent
(x − y) 2
= x − 2xy + y
2 2
Least common denominator (LCD)
refers to the product of several
3. Cube of a binomial
prime numbers occurring in the
( x + y )3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 denominators, each taken with
its greatest multiplicity.
( x − y )3 = x3 − 3x2 y + 3xy2 − y3
Problem:
4. Difference of two cubes What is the least common denominator of
8, 9, 12 and 15?
(
x3 − y3 = ( x − y ) x2 + xy + y2 )
Solution:
5. Sum of two cubes
8 = 23 12 = 3  22 ( )
LCD = 23 32 ( 5 )
(
x3 + y3 = ( x − y ) x2 − xy + y2 ) 9 = 32 15 = 3  5 LCD = 360

6. Square of a trinomial A common multiple is a number

What is Logarithm? that two other numbers will
( x + y + z ) = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz
2
The logarithm of a number or variable x to base b, divide into evenly. The least
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logb x , is the exponent of b needed to give x. common multiple (LCM) is the

lowest multiple of two numbers.

Problem:
What is the least common multiple of 15
and 18?
Remainder Theorem states that if a polynomial in
an unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree Solution:
expression in the same variable, (x – k), where k
LCM = 32 ( 5 )( 2 )
may be any real number or complex number, the Properties of Exponent 15 = 3  5
remainder to be expected will be equal to the sum 18 = 3  2
2
LCM = 90
obtained when the numerical value of k is
substituted for x in the polynomial. Thus, A factor is a number that divides
into a larger number evenly. The
remainder = f(x) greatest common factor (GCF) is
x→k
the largest number that divides
Factor theorem states that if a polynomial is into two or more numbers evenly.
divided by (x – k) will result to a remainder of zero,
then the value (x – k) is a factor of the polynomial. Problem:
What is the greatest common factor of 70
Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were The term “logarithm” comes from Greek words, “logus” and 112?
suggested by a French mathematician, Etienne meaning “ratio” and “arithmus” meaning “number”.
Bezout (1730 – 1783). John Napier (1550 – 1617) invented logarithm in Solution:
1614 using e = 2.718… for its base. Logarithm with
base e (loge or ln) is called the natural logarithm or the 70 = 2  5  7
The Future of Education! Napierean logarithm. In 1616, through the suggestion
112 = 24  7
of John Napier, Henry Briggs (1561 0 1630), a
Like us on Facebook professor of Geometry at Gresham College in London,
Common factors are 2 and 7.
alterguru.com improved the logarithm using 10 as the base. The
logarithm with base 10 is known as common logarithm
or the Briggsian logarithm. GCF = 2 ( 7 )
Excel Review Center GCF = 14 Excel Review Center
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Quadratic is an expression or an equation that

Binomial Theorem
contains the variable squared, but not raised to any Binomial is an expression containing two terms joined by either + or -.
higher power.
Binomial theorem gives the result of raising a binomial expression to a certain power. The
The general quadratic equation is expressed as: expansion and the series lead to are called the binomial expansion and the binomial
series, respectively.
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 The binomial theorem is expressed as follows:
where, A, B and C are real numbers and with A  0.
n (n − 1)
(x + y) = xn + nxn−1y + x n −2 y 2 +
n
+ nxyn-1 + yn
When B = 0, quadratic equation is known as a pure 2!
quadratic equation.
The rth term of the binomial expansion of ( x + y ) may be calculated using the following
n

A quadratic equation in x is also known as a

formulas:
second-degree polynomial equation.
n (n − 1)(n − 2 ) (n − r + 2)
r th = n Cr −1x(
n−r +1) r −1
x(
The solution to a quadratic equation is either by n−r +1) r −1
r th = y y
factoring or by the use of the quadratic formula. (r − 1)!
The following is the quadratic formula:
A term involving a variable with a specific exponent is obtained by using the following formula:

x=
−B  B2 − 4AC n (n − 1)(n − 2 ) (n − r + 1)
yr = xn−r yr
2A r!

The quantity B2 − 4AC in the above equation is Sum of the coefficients of the expansion of ( x + y ) :
n

known as the discriminant.

Sum = ( Coeff. of x + coeff. of y )

n
The discriminant will determine the nature of the
roots of the quadratic equation.

(x + y)
n
The table below shows the value of the discriminant Sum of exponents of the expansion of :
and its corresponding nature of roots.
Sum = n (n + 1) Excel Review Center

Properties of Binomial Expansion of (x + y)n

SUM & PRODUCT
of roots of Quadratic Equations
The sum and product of the roots of a quadratic
equation can be solved even without using factoring
or quadratic formula as long as the general equation
is given.
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The following are the properties of the roots of a
quadratic equation:
Let r1 and r2 be the roots of a quadratic equation:
Sum of the roots:
When the two roots are added, the result is:
1. The number of terms in the resulting expansion is equal to n + 1.
2. The exponent of x decreases by 1 in succeeding terms, while that exponent
of y increases by 1 in succeeding terms.
3. The sum of the exponents of each term is equal to n.
4. The first term is xn and the last term is yn and each of the terms has a
coefficient of 1
5. The coefficient increases and then decreases in a symmetric pattern.
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PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
The coefficients of a binomial expansion (x + y)0 →
can also be conveniently obtained by
arranging them in a triangular array or (x + y)1 →
pattern. This is known as Pascal’s Triangle
named after the famous French (x + y)2 →
mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623 –
1662). (x + y)3 →

B Each number in the triangle is equal to the (x + y)4 →

r1 + r2 = − sum of the two numbers immediately .
A
above it. .
Product of the roots: .
In Italy, this triangular pattern is known as
When the two roots are multiplied, the result is:
Tartaglia’s triangle while in many parts of
C Asia, it is referred to as Yang Hui’s Coefficient of any term in the binomial
r1  r2 = triangle.
A expansion:
( Coeff. of PT )(Exponent of x of PT )
C=
www.excelreviewcenter.com.ph Excel Review Center Exponent of y of PT + 1
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Sequence & Series PROGRESSION continuation Fibonnacci and Related

A sequence is a set or collection of numbers
Infinite geometric progression is geometric
progression only that the number of terms (n) is
Sequences continuation
arranged in an orderly manner such that the extremely large or infinity.
preceding and the following numbers are C. Gnomons: Numbers which can be
completely specified. An infinite sequence is a If r > 1, sum of all terms is infinite drawn as dots on equally long legs
function whose domain is the set of positive of a right angle.
a1
integer. If the domain of the function consists of If r < 1, the sum of all terms is S =
the first n positive integers only, then it is said 1− r
to be a finite sequence. The numbers in the where:
a1 = first term
given sequence are called elements. An element Excel Review Center
is sometimes called term. r = common ratio

1, 3, 5, 7, 9 → Finite sequence A sequence of numbers whose reciprocals form

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, … → Infinite sequene
Series is the sum of the terms in a sequence. An
alternating series has positive and negative
terms arranged alternately. If an infinite series
has a finite sum, it is referred to as convergent
series and divergent series if it has no sum at
all.
an arithmetic progression is known as harmonic D. Oblong numbers: Numbers which can
progression. In solving a problem, it would be be drawn as dots and arranged in a
wise to convert all given terms into arithmetic rectangle shape.
sequence by getting its reciprocals. Use the
formulas in arithmetic sequence and take the
reciprocal of resulting value to obtain the
equivalent harmonic term for an answer.

PROGRESSION Fibonnacci and

E. Pentagonal numbers
A progression is simply another term for a Related Sequences
sequence. The most common types of The following are the some of the famous and
progression are: related sequences:
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
2. Geometric Progression (GP) 1. Fibonacci Numbers – Named after the Italian
3. Harmonic Progression (HP) merchant and mathematician, Leonardo di
Pisa or Fibonacci (Figlio dei Bonacci, “Son of
A sequence is said to be in arithmetic the Bonnaccis”).
progression if its succeeding terms have a F. Cubic numbers
common difference. The sum of all the terms in 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144…
arithmetic progression is called as arithmetic
series. Each number is equal to the sum of the two
preceding numbers.
Last term (nth term): an = a1 + ( n − 1) d
Sum of all terms: 2. Lucas Sequence – Named after Edouard
Lucas (1841 – 1891). Like the Fibonacci
numbers, every term of the Lucas sequence G. Tetrahedral numbers
n n
S= ( a1 + an ) S= 2a1 + ( n − 1) d is the sum of the two preceding numbers.
2 2 
where: 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123…
a1 = first term
an = last term (nth term) 3. Figurate Numbers:
n = number of terms
d = common difference = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = 
I. Triangular numbers: Numbers which can
be drawn as dots and arranged in H. Square pyramidal numbers
A sequence is said to be a geometric
triangular shape.
progression if its succeeding terms have a
common ratio. The sum of all the terms in Excel Review Center
geometric progression is called as geometric
series.

Last term (nth term): an = a1r n −1

J. Square numbers: Numbers which can be
Sum of all terms: drawn as dots and arranged in square
shape.
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a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n ) By piling up tetrahedral numbers, 1, 4, 10,

S= 1 S= 1 20, 35, 56, etc, we make four-dimensional
r −1 1− r
where: numbers:
a1 = first term
an = last term (nth term) 1, 5, 15, 35, 70,…
n = number of terms
r = common ratio = a2/a1 = a3/a2 Excel Review Center
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