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PDF Makalah PKN Quotpengaruh Dampak Positif Dan Negatif Dari Kemajuan Iptek Terhadap Negara Dalam Bingk Ai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Compress
PDF Makalah PKN Quotpengaruh Dampak Positif Dan Negatif Dari Kemajuan Iptek Terhadap Negara Dalam Bingk Ai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Compress
9
AMUM VBG@MGUMY
Mhcmleuhnhhmc, sb`mhm puon im`n Mhhmc TPU ymg` tbhmc lbhnlpmcamg rmclmt emg
cnemymc-Gym abpmem abhklpka amln, sbcng``m amln empmt lbgybhbsmnamg tu`ms lbliumt
lmamhmc pbg`mruc emlpma pksntnj emg gb`mtnvb emrn ablmoumg NVUBA tbrcmemp Gb`mrm
emhml ing`amn Icngbam Uug``mh Nam. Amln lbg`udmp imgyma tbrnlm amsnc abpmem sblum
pncma ymg` tbhmc lblibrnamg imgtumg tbrutmlm abpmem Iu Trn emg sntus wbi ymg` amln
omenamg mdumg ugtua lbliumt lmamhmc ngn, imna sbdmrm hmg`sug` lmupug tnema hmg`sug`
Amln ou`m lbgymemrn imcwm tu`ms lmamhmc ngn lmsnc imgyma abaurmg`mg imna emrn sb`n
nsn, lmupug emrn sb`n pbguhnsmg. Rgtua ntu amln lbg`cmrmpamg arntnamg emg smrmg ymg`
ibrsnjmt lblimg`ug ugtua absblpurgmmg tu`ms lmamhmc ngn emg ugtua abhmgdmrmg
lbliumt. Tblk`m lmamhmc ngn empmt ibrlmgjmmt im`n pblimdm. Mlnng.
Vbguhns
9
EMJUMY NTN
DKZBY …………………………....................................................... =
AMUM
AMUM VBG@M
VBG@MGU
GUMY
MY ………………
………………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………….
…... 9
EMJUMY
EMJU MY NT
NTNN ……………
……………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
……… 4
IMI N VBGEMCRHRMG
= .= Hmtmr
tmr Ibhmamg` ……
………
…………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
…………..
….. 5
=.9
=.9 Yulu
Yulusmg
smg Lmsm
Lmsmhm
hmc
c ………………
………………………
………………
………………
………………
………………
………….
…... 2
= .4 Uuoumg …………………………………………………………………... 2
=.5
=.5 Lmg
Lmgjmmt
jmmt …………
……………… …………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… 2
IMI NN VBLIMCMTMG
9.= NVUBA
NVUBA (Nhlu
(Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg Ubagkh
Ubagkhk`
k`n)
n) ……………………
………………………………
…………...
... :
9.=.= Vbg`brtnmg
Vbg`brtnmg NVUBA ………………………………………………
………………………………………………….
…. :
9.=
9.=.9 Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img
g`m
`mg
g NVU
NVUBA
BA …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…… >
9.=
9.=.4 Tb
Tbom
omrm
rmc
c Vbra
Vbrabblimg
limg`m
`mg
g NVUB
NVUBA
A …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
……... =6
9.=.5 Vb
Vbrmgmg NNV
VUBA Em
Emhml Ab
Abcneupmg Lm
Lmgusnm ……………… =4
9.9 Emlp
Emlpma
ma Gb`mt
Gb`mtnj
nj emg
emg Vksntnj
Vksntnj NVUBA
NVUBA ……………………
………………………………
……………………
………… =:
9.
9.4
4TTkh
khus
usnn V
Vbg
bgdb
db`m
`mcm
cmg
gEEml
mlpm
pma
a emr
emrnn NNVU
VUBA
BA …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
……..
.... 96
IMI NN VBGRURV
4.
4.=
= Tn
Tnlp
lpu
uhm
hmg
g …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…... 99
4.9 Tmrmg ………………………………………………………………….. 99
EMJU
EMJUMY
MY V
VRT
RTUM
UMAM
AM …………
………………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…….. 94
9
IMI N
VBGEMCRHRMG
=.= Hmt
Hmtmr
mr Ibh
Ibhmam
mamg`
g`
Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg sb
sbom
omrm
rmc
c lmgu
lmgusn
snmm sb
sbhm
hmhu
hu en
enwm
wmrg
rgmn
mn kh
khbc
bc pb
pbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg nhlu
nhlu
pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n ymg` lbhng`aupngym. Cmh ngn tbgtugym ibrimgeng` hurus
ebg`mg upmym lmgusnm emhml lblbgucn abiutucmg cneupgym sbcmrn-cmrn. Tbomhmg ebg`mg
ntuhmc, tbagkhk`n pug hmcnr sbim`mn smrmgm ugtua lblbgucn abiutucmg.
9
=.9
=.9 Yulu
Yulusm
smg
g Lmsm
Lmsmhm
hmc
c
=. Mpm
Mpm pbg`
pbg`brt
brtnm
nmg
g emrn
emrn NVU
NVUBA
BA ;
9. Im`mnl
Im`mnlmgm
mgm pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg NVUB
NVUBA
A pmem smmt
smmt ngn;
ngn;
4. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm sbomrmc
sbomrmc pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g NVUBA
NVUBA en Ngekgbsnm;
Ngekgbsnm;
5. Mpm pbrmg
pbrmg NVUB
NVUBA
A emhml
emhml abcneu
abcneupmg
pmg Lmgu
Lmgusnm;
snm;
2. Mpmamc
Mpmamc pbrmg NVUBA
NVUBA lblnhnan
lblnhnan emlpma
emlpma pksntnj
pksntnj emg
emg emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnv
gb`mtnvb;
b;
:. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm emlpma
emlpma NVUBA
NVUBA tbrcmem
tbrcmemp
p ibrim`m
ibrim`mnn inemg`;
inemg`;
0. Im`mnlmgm
Im`mnlmgm skhusn
skhusn ugtua
ugtua lbgmg``
lbgmg``uhmg`
uhmg`nn emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnvb
gb`mtnvb NVUBA;
NVUBA;
=.4 Uuoumg
=. Rgtua
Rgtua lbg`b
lbg`btmc
tmcun
un pbg`br
pbg`brtnm
tnmg
g emrn NVUBA
NVUBA..
9. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun im`mnl
im`mnlmgm
mgm pbrablimg
pbrablimg`mg
`mg NVUBA
NVUBA pmem
pmem smmt ngn.
4. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun sbomrmc pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g NVUBA
NVUBA en
en Ngekgbsnm.
Ngekgbsnm.
5. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun pbrmg NVUBA
NVUBA emhml
emhml abcneup
abcneupmg
mg lmgusnm.
lmgusnm.
2. Rgtua lbg`bt
lbg`btmcun
mcun emlpma
emlpma NVUBA
NVUBA tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp ibrim`mn
ibrim`mn inemg`
inemg` imna
imna ntu emlpma
emlpma
gb`mtnvb lmupug emlpma pksntnj.
:. Rgtua lbg`btmcun
lbg`btmcun im`mnlm
im`mnlmgm
gm skhusn
skhusn m`mr emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnvb
gb`mtnvb empmt
empmt antm
antm db`mc.
=.5 Lmgjmm
jmmt
=. Lbgmlimc
Lbgmlimc wmwmsmg
wmwmsmg emg pbg`btmcum
pbg`btmcumg
g lbg`bgmn
lbg`bgmn NVUBA emhml abcneupmg
abcneupmg
lmgusnm.
9. Empmt
Empmt lbl
lblmcm
mcmln
ln emlpma
emlpma gb`mtn
gb`mtnvb
vb emg emlpma
emlpma pksntn
pksntnjj emrn
emrn pblmgj
pblmgjmmtm
mmtmg
g
NVUBA.
4. Empmt
Empmt lbgdmrn
lbgdmrn skhusn
skhusn emrn
emrn pbrlms
pbrlmsmhm
mhmcmg
cmg ymg`
ymg` tbromen
tbromen manimt
manimt pblmgj
pblmgjmmtm
mmtmg
g
NVUBA ymg` ibrhbincmg emg ymg` lbg`mrmc ab gb`mtnvb.
9
IMI NN
VBLIMCMTMG
9.=.
9.=.=
= Vb
Vbg`
g`br
brtn
tnmg
mg NV
NVUB
UBA
A
NVUBA
NVUBA memhmc
memhmc markg
markgnl
nl emrn
emrn Nhlu
Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg Ubagkh
Ubagkhk`n
k`n,, enlmgm
enlmgm emrn
emrn
markgnl
markgnl tbrsbiut
tbrsbiut lblpugymn
lblpugymn mrtngym
mrtngym sbgenrn,
sbgenrn, imna Nhlu, Vbg`btmcum
Vbg`btmcumg,
g, lmupug
lmupug
Ubagkhk`n
Ubagkhk`n.. Nhlu empmthm
empmthmc
c enpmgemg`
enpmgemg` sbim`mn
sbim`mn prkeua,
prkeua, sbim`mn
sbim`mn prksbs, emg sbim`mn
sbim`mn
b`mtnvb btnam.
Nh
Nhlu
lu enpm
enpmge
gemg
mg`
` sbim
sbim`m
`mnn prks
prksbs
bs am
amrbg
rbgmm nhlu
nhlu lbru
lbrupm
pmam
amg
g cm
cmsn
snhh em
emrn
rn
ab`nmtmg b`mtn, ymg` ibrusmcm lblmcmln mhml, lmgusnm emg pbrnhmauagym
pbrnhmauagym
imna sbdmrm ngenvneu mtmu abhklpka.
Nhlu sbim`mn prkeua mrtngym
mrtngym nhlu enpbrkhbc emrn cmsnh lbtkeb abnhlumg
ymg` enmaun sbdmrm ulul emg snjmtgym ymg` ugnvbrsmh. Khbc amrbgm ntu nhlu
empmt enuon abibgmrmggym, sbcng``m tnema lustmcnh sumtu tbkrn ymg` suemc
lmpmg sumtu smmt empmt entulimg`amg khbc tbkrn hmng.
Nhl
Nhlu
u sbim`
sbim`mn nhlu, amrbgm
mn nhlu amrbgm nhlu
nhlu sbhmng
sbhmng ugnvbr
ugnvbrsmh,
smh, ak
aklug
lugmh,
mh, ou`m
ou`m mhmt
mhmt
lbymangamg sbamhn`us tnema ib`ntu smom luemc lbgbrnlm abibgmrmg.
Nstnhmc nhlu ymg`
ymg` enablu
enabluama
amamg
mg en mtms
mtms ibribe
ibribemm ebg`mg
ebg`mg nstnhmc
nstnhmc pbg`bt
pbg`btmcu
mcumg.
mg. Nhlu
Nhlu
enpb
enpbrk
rkhb
hbc
c lbhm
lbhmhu
hunn ab
ab`n
`nmt
mtmg
mg lbtk
lbtkeb
eb nhln
nhlnmc
mc mt
mtmu
mu bp
bpns
nstb
tblk
lkhk
hk`y
`y.. Om
Omen
en,, bp
bpns
nstbl
tblkh
khk`
k`y
y
lbru
lbrupm
pmam
amg
g pbli
pblimc
mcms
msmg
mg im`m
im`mnl
nlmg
mgmm lbge
lbgemp
mpmt
mtam
amg
g pb
pbg`
g`bt
btmc
mcum
umg.
g. Bpns
Bpnstb
tblk
lkhk
hk`n
`n
nhlu tbrdbrlng emhml ab`nmtmg lbtkeb nhlnmc. Tbemg`amg pbg`btmcumg memhmc pnanrmg
mtmu pblmcmlmg en humr mtmu tmgpm ab`nmtmg lbtkeb nhlnmc, snjmtgym empmt ek`lmtns,
imgyma spbauhmsn emg tnema ibrpnoma pmem abgymtmmg blpnrns. Tulibr pbg`btmcumg empmt
ibrupm cmsnh pbg`mhmlmg ibremsmramg
ibrems mramg mamh sbcmt (dkllkg sbgsb) ymg` ensbrtmn lbgdkim-
dkim,
dkim, ngtuns
ngtunsnn (pbg`b
(pbg`btmc
tmcumg
umg ymg`
ymg` enpbrk
enpbrkhbc
hbc tmgpm
tmgpm pbgmhm
pbgmhmrmg
rmg)) emg wmcyu
wmcyu (lbrup
(lbrupmam
mamg
g
pbg`btmcumg ymg` enibrnamg Uucmg
Uucmg abpmem pmrm gmin mtmu utusmg-Gym).
9
Mempug ibibrmpm ebjngnsn nhlu lbgurut pmrm mchn sbpbrtn ymg` enautnp khbc Imactnmr tmcug
9662 enmgtmrmgym memhmc ?
^mg`
^mg` enlm
enlmas
asue
ue eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg mtmu
mtmu pb
pbg`
g`brt
brtnm
nmg
g tb
tbgt
gtmg
mg`
` nhlu
nhlu pb
pbg`
g`bt
btmc
mcum
umg
g me
memh
mhmc
mc
pbg`btmcumg ymg` enemsmramg mtms jmatm-jmatm en lmgm pbg`uonmg abibgmrmggym enmtur
lbgurut
lbgurut sumtu tng`amc hmau. Amlus Ibsmr Imcmsm Ngekgbsnm lbgymtmamg
lbgymtmamg imcwm nhlu
pbg`btmcumg memhmc pbg`btmcumg tbgtmg` sumtu inemg` ymg` ensusug sbdmrm ibrsnstbl
lbgurut lbtkeb tbrtbgtu, ymg` empmt en`ugmamg ugtua lbgbrmg`amg `bomhm-`bomhm tbrtbgtu.
emg prmatba-prmatba imru ymg` ibhul imgyma enabtmcun, entbrnlm emg en`ugmamg
9
mtmu entbrmpamg khbc sbim`nmg wmr`m lmsymrmamt emhml sumtu hkamsn tbrtbgtu emhml
rmg`a
rmg`amm lbge
lbgekr
krkg
kg`
` tbro
tbrome
meng
ngym
ym pb
pbru
ruim
imcm
cmg
g ng
ngen
envn
vneu
eu em
emg
g mt
mtmu
mu sbhur
sbhuruc
uc wmr`
wmr`mm
lmsymrmamt ymg` ibrsmg`autmg.
d. Lbgurut Omqubs Bhhuh mrtn
Omqubs mrtn tbagkh
tbagkhk`
k`nn sbim`m
sbim`mnn “absbhu
“absbhuruc
rucmg
mg lbtkeb
lbtkeb ymg`
ymg` sbdmrm
sbdmrm
rmsnkgmh lbg`mrmc emg lblnhnan bjnsnbgsn emhml sbtnmp inemg` ab`nmtmg lmgusnm“.
Absnlpuhmgg
Absnlpuhmggym,
ym, nhlu pbg`btmcum
pbg`btmcumg
g lblpugymn
lblpugymn tbkrn-tbkrn
tbkrn-tbkrn mtmu rulus-rulu
rulus-ruluss ymg`
tbtmp, emg tbagkhk`n lbrupmamg prmatba mtmu nhlu tbrmpmg emrn tbkrn-tbkrn ymg` ibrmsmh emrn
nhlu pbg`btmcumg. Omen nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n lblpugymn smhng` lblpugymn
cuiug`mg.
NVUBA memhmc sng`amtmg emrn –nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n, ymntu sumtu sulibr
ngjkrlmsn ymg` empmt lbgng`amtamg pbg`btmcumg mtmupug wmwmsmg sbsbkrmg` eninemg`
tbagkhk`n. Empmt ou`m enamtmamg, ebjngnsn NVUBA nmhmc lbrupmamg sb`mhm sbsumtu ymg`
ibrcuiug`mg ebg`mg tbagkhk`n, imna ntu pbgblumg ymg` tbrimru ymg` ibrsmg`autmg
ebg`mg tbagkhk`n mtmupug pbrablimg`mg eninemg` tbagkhk`n ntu sbgenrn.
9
9.=.
9.=.9
9 Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg NV
NVUB
UBA
A
Vbrablimg`mg eugnm nptba ymg` eblnanmg pbsmtgym tbhmc lblimwm lmgjmmt humr
inmsm im`n ablmoumg pbrmemimg ulmt lmgusnm. Obgns-obgns pbabrommg ymg` sbibhulgym
lbgugtut ablmlpumg jnsna duaup ibsmr, angn rbhmtnj suemc insm en`mgtnamg khbc pbrmg`amt
lbsng-lbsng ktklmtns. Tnstbl abrom rkiktns tbhmc lbg`mhncjug`snamg tbgm`m ktkt lmgusnm
eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg pb
pbli
libs
bsmrm
mrmg
g em
emg
g pb
pbrdb
rdbpm
pmtmg
tmg ym
ymg`
g` lbgm
lbgmao
aoui
uiam
amg.
g.Ib`
Ib`nt
ntup
upug
ug eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg tb
tbhmc
hmc
entbluamggym jkrluhmsn-jkrluhmsn imru mgbam ampmsntms aklputbr, sbkhmc suemc lmlpu
lbg``bsbr pksnsn ablmlpumg ktma lmgusnm emhml ibrim`mn inemg` nhlu emg matnvntms
lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Yng`ams
Yng`ams amtm, ablmoumg
ablmoumg nptba ymg` tbhmc antm dmpmn sbamrmg` ibgmr-ibgmr
ibgmr-ibgmr tbhmc
enmaun emg enrmsmamg lblibrnamg imgyma abluemcmg emg abgymlmgmg im`n abcneupmg
ulmt lmgusnm.
lbluom nptba
lbluom nptba sbim`m
sbim`mnn hnibrmt
hnibrmtkr
kr ymg`
ymg` mamg
mamg lblibi
lblibimsam
msamg
g lbrbam
lbrbam emrn
emrn aug`au
aug`aug`
g`mg
mg
abjmgmmg
abjmgmmg eugnm.
eugnm. Nptba enymangn
enymangn mamg lblibrn ulmt lmgusnm absbcmtmg, abimcm`nmmg
abimcm`nmmg emg
nlkrtmhntms.
nlkrtmhntms. Tulimg`mg nptba tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp pbrmemimg
pbrmemimg emg absbomctbrmmg lmgusnm tnemahmc
tnemahmc
empmt enpug`anrn. Gmlug lmgusnm tnema insm puhm lbgnpu enrn mamg abgymtmmg imcwm nptba
lbgemtmg`a
lbgemtmg`amg
mg lmhmpbtmam
lmhmpbtmam emg absbg`smrmmg im`n lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Emhml pbrmemimg lkebrg
ymg`
ymg` luem,
luem, tbrhmh
tbrhmhu
u sbrng`
sbrng` lmgusn
lmgusnmm tbrcbgy
tbrcbgyma
ma khbc
khbc ensnhu
ensnhusn
sn emrn
emrn emlpma
emlpma gb`mtnj
gb`mtnj nptba
nptba
tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp abcneupmg
abcneupmg ulmt lmgusnm.
lmgusnm. Amhmupug
Amhmupug nptba lmlpu lbg`ug`amp
lbg`ug`amp sblum tminr
rmcmsnm mhml emg abcneupmg, tnema ibrmrtn nptba sngkgnl ebg`mg abibgmrmg. Tbimi nptba
cmgym lmlpu lbgmlpnhamg abgymtmmg. Abibgmrmg ymg` lmgusnmwn cmrushmc hbinc emrn
sbab
sbabem
emrr abgy
abgymt
mtmm
mmg
g kiyb
kiybat
atnj
nj.. Abib
Abibgm
gmrm
rmg
g cmru
cmruss lb
lbgd
gdma
maup
up pupuhm
hm ug
ugsu
surr ab
abme
menh
nhmg
mg..
Vbrablimg`mg NVUBA ymg` ib`ntu pbsmt lblpugymn pbg`mruc hmg`sug` pmem abcneupmg
lmgusnm. Vbg`mruc ymg` entnliuhamg ibribem-ibem tbtmpn sbdmrm ulul pbrablimg`mg ntu
ibrpbg`mruc pmem blpmt inemg`, ymntu?
ymntu?
m. Vbg`mr
Vbg`mrucuc ab inemg`
inemg` ngtbhbat
ngtbhbatumh
umh ymg` lbgng`
lbgng``mh
`mhamg
amg abinmsmm
abinmsmmg
g mtmu
mtmu abpbrdm
abpbrdmymm
ymmg
g
trmensnkgmh ebg`mg lbg`mlinh abinmsmmg-abinmsmmg imru.
i. Vbg`mruc pmem inemg` ngeustrn
ngeustrn emg ablmlpumg en lbemg pbrmg`.
d. Vbg`mr
Vbg`mrucuc ymg` enimwma
enimwmamgg
mggym
ym pmem kr`mgnsms
kr`mgnsmsnn skdnmh
skdnmh hmlimt
hmlimt hmug
hmug lbrmlimt
lbrmlimt pmem
pmem
abcneupmg pkhntna.
e. Vbruimcmg
Vbruimcmg lmupug
lmupug ibgturm
ibgturmgg tbrcmemp
tbrcmemp tmtm hng`a
hng`aug`mg
ug`mg..
9
Cmh ngn sbdmrm hmg`sug` lbgymg`aut sbgen-sbgen abcneupmg lmgusnm emg hmlimt
hmug tbhmc lbgomen abtbrhnimtmg ibrsmlm, ymg` pmem macnrgym mamg lbgbgtuamg cneup
lmtngym lmgusnm en iuln.
Cuiug`mg mgtmrm nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n lbg`mhmln sumtu pbrablimg`mg
emrn zmlmg ab zmlmg sbrtm lbhmhun imgyma tmcmpmg. Emhml lbgdmpmn abeueuamggym ymg`
Vbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n tmcmp ngn lbhnputn pbrlbsngmg, akgstruasn, emg tbagna hnstrna ymg`
entugo
entugomg`
mg` khbc
khbc pbg`bt
pbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg tbgtmg
tbgtmg`
` lbamgn
lbamgnam,
am, tcbrlk
tcbrlkeng
engmln
mlnam,
am, hnstrna
hnstrna,, emg lm`gbt
lm`gbt..
Emhml tmcmp ngn smngs lbgemcuhun pblmamnmg tbagkhk`n. Enpbrhuamg nhlu pbg`btmcumg
ugtua entbrmpamg ab tbagkhk`n.
Vmemm tmcmp
Vme tmcmp abtn`m
abtn`m ymg`
ymg` lbrupm
lbrupmamg
amg tmcmp
tmcmp tbagkh
tbagkhk`
k`nn lkebrg
lkebrg,, pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg
tbag
tbagkh
khk`
k`nn entm
entmge
gemn
mn khbc
khbc ak
akgs
gsbp
bp-a
-akg
kgsbp
sbp smngs
smngs em
emg
g en
enem
emcu
cuhu
hunn kh
khbc
bc pb
pbra
ranrm
nrmmg
mg ym
ymg`
g`
enrmlmhamg ebg`mg lbg``ugmamg cuaul NVM. Emhml tmcmp tn`m ngn, NVM emg tbagkhk`n
ibrablimg` ibrsmlm-smlm emg smhng` tbramnt. Umcmp ngn memhmc tmcmp ymg` pmhng`
prkeuatnj ebg`mg cmsnh lbhnputn sb`mhm inemg`. Vbgblumg-pbgblumg emg tbagkhk`n imru
ymg` sbluhm
ymg` sbluhm entuou
entuouamg
amg ugtua
ugtua lblpbr
lblpbrkhb
khbc
c abug``
abug``uhm
uhmgg en inemg`
inemg` lnhntb
lnhntbrr emg pkhntn
pkhntna,
a,
lbg`cmsnhamg dmimg` tbagkhk`n ymg` hbinc ibrlmgjmmt im`n ablmoumg emg absbomctbrmmg
lmgusnm.
9.=.
9.=.4
4 Tbom
Tbomrm
rmc
c Vbr
Vbrab
abli
limg
mg`m
`mg
g NVU
NVUBA
BA
Nhlu pbg`btmcumg
pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n ymg` enpbhkpkrn
enpbhkpkrn img`sm Imrmt
Imrmt pmem lmsm akhkgnmh
akhkgnmh Ibhmg
Ibhmgem
em
tblymt
tblymtmm ibhul
ibhul lmlpu
lmlpu lbgekr
lbgekrkg`
kg` tbr
tbrome
omengy
ngymm rbvkhu
rbvkhusn
sn Nhl
Nhlu
u pbg
pbg`bt
`btmcu
mcumg
mg emg tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n en
Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm Vmem
Vmem lbsm
lbsm Vbgeue
Vbgeueuam
uamg
g Obpmg`
Obpmg` sblpmt
sblpmt enpbra
enpbrabgm
bgmham
hamg
g ibibrm
ibibrmpm
pm tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n imru,
imru,
acususgym emhml inemg` pbrtmgnmg Mabg tbtmpn, tmrgymtm cmh tbrsbiut tnema imgyma ibrpbg`mruc
9
tbrcmemp lmsymrmamt pmem lmsm ntu. Vbgbrmpmg tbagkhk`n lkebl en emhml lmsymrmamt cmgym
tbrpusmt pmem inemg` tbrtbgtu emg sbim`nmg ibsmr enaumsmn khbc pbg`usmcm msng` Vmem lmsm ntu,
Ngekgbsnm lmsnc tbrtng``mh omuc enimgeng`amg ebg`mg gb`mrm-gb`mrm Imrmt emhml pbrablimg`mg
nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n. Cmh tbrsbiut en mgtmrmgym ensbimiamg khbc jmatkr-jmatkr sbim`mn
ibrnaut.
Ubr
Ubrimt
imtmsg
msgym
ym oulhmc
oulhmc krmg`
krmg` Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm ymg`
ymg` tbr
tbrhnim
hnimtt hmg
hmg`su
`sug`
g` emhml
emhml pbg`bl
pbg`blimg
img`mg
`mg nhlu
nhlu
pbg`btmcumg emg tbagkhk`n.
tbagkhk`n.
Unema memgym abng`ngmg imna emrn pbg`umsm akhkgnmh Ibhmgem lmupug pbg`umsm swmstm msng`
emhml lbhmauamg mhnc tbagkhk`n im`n pbgeueua prniuln.
Unema tbrmengym ngkvmsn tbagkhk`n ymg` ibrmrtn emhml lmsymrmamt Ngekgbsnm sbgenrn.
Tbtb
Tbtbhm
hmc
c ib
ibrm
rmac
acnl
nlym
ym lmsm
lmsm ak
akhkg
hkgnm
nmhh Ibhmg
Ibhmgem
em,, Ngek
Ngekgb
gbsnm
snm pu
pug
g luhm
luhmnn lb
lbrn
rngt
gtns
ns us
usmc
mcmm
pbg`blimg`mg nptba sbdmrm ibrtmcmp. Hblim`m pbgenenamg emg pusmt pbgbhntnmg wmrnsmg akhkgnmh
Ibhmgem pug lbgomen lkemh ibsmr ymg` empmt enlmgjmmtamg khbc Ngekgbsnm, en mgtmrmgym sbim`mn
ibrnaut.
Ubdcrusdcb Ck`b Tdckkh (UCT — angn NUI) mtmu Tbakhmc Ung``n Ubagna en Imgeug`.
Vmem mwmh tmcug =>06-mg, pbrablimg`mg Nptba luhmn lbgugouaamg ablmoumg. Ngenamtkr ablmoumg
Ngeustrnmhnsmsn
Lkebrgnsmsn pbrtmgnmg
Vbrabl
Vbrablimg
img`mg
`mg npt
nptba
ba en Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm sbgenrn
sbgenrn tne
tnema
ma tbr
tbrhbp
hbpms
ms emrn
emrn pbrmg
pbrmg emg abinom
abinomamg
amg
pblbrngtmc. Vblbrngtmc lblibgtua Lmobhns Nhlu Vbg`btmcumg Ngekgbsnm (LNVN) pmem tmg``mh 3
Lmrbt =>2:. Vmem tmg``mh : Lmrmt =3:9. enibgtua Ebpmrtblbg Rrusmg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh (Eurbgms).
Ebg`mg ibrenrngym Eurbgms, lmam LNVN lmsua emhml hblim`m ngn sbim`mn imemg rnsbt acusus.
Eurbgms
Eurbgms abluenmg
abluenmg ibr`mgtn
ibr`mgtn gmlm lbgomen
lbgomen Ebpmrtblmg
Ebpmrtblmg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh
Gmsnkgmh (EYG)
(EYG) pmem tmcug =>:4.
9
Imemg ngn ibrtu`ms lbrulusamg, lbg`mlmtn, lbg`mrmcamg, emg lbg`bgemhnamg ab`nmtmg rnsbt emg
tbagkhk`n en Ngekgbsnm.
Vmemm tmg``m
Vme tmg``mhh 94 M`ustus
M`ustus =>:0,
=>:0, pblbrn
pblbrngtm
gtmc
c lbgenr
lbgenrnam
namg
g Hblim`
Hblim`mm Nhlu
Nhlu Vbg`bt
Vbg`btmcu
mcumg
mg
Ngekgbsnm (HNVN) smim`mn jusn emg Ebpmrtblbg Ynsbt Gmsnkgmh emg LNVN. Mempug jug`sn ymg`
enblimg HNVN memnmc smim`mn ibrnaut.
Lblibr
Lblibrnn gmsbcm
gmsbcmtt abpme
abpmemm pnlpng
pnlpngmg
mg pblbrn
pblbrngtm
gtmcmg
cmg emhml
emhml cmh pbr
pbrulu
ulusmg
smg emg
pbgyusugmg abinomamg gmsnkgmh emhml nhlu pbg`btmcumg ymg` lbrupmamg im`nmg
emrn abinomasmgmmg gmsnkgmh sbdmrm absbhurucmg.
Lblinling`
Lblinling` mpmrmtur-m
mpmrmtur-mpmrmt
pmrmtur
ur pbgbhntnmg
pbgbhntnmg nhlnmc emg pbg`blimg`
pbg`blimg`mg
mg tbagk
tbagkhk`n
hk`n
ymg` mem.
Lblingm tbgm`m-tbgm`m pbgbhntnmg m`mr lblpugymn rmsm absmemrmg emg tmg``ug`
omwmi ymg` tng``n ugtua lblug`angamg
lblug`angamg pbrablimg`mg ymg` pbsmt en Ngekgbsnm.
Lbgmgml, lblupua, lbg`blimg`amg, emg lblingm absmemrmg nhlnmc rmaymt
Ngekgbsnm.
Lbgybhbg``m
Lbgybhbg``mrmamg
rmamg cuiug`mg emg abrom smlm ebg`mg
ebg`mg imemg ngtbrgmsnkgmh
ngtbrgmsnkgmh emg
imemg nhlnmc gb`brm hmng sbsumn ebg`mg pbrmturmg
pbrmturmg ymg` ibrhmau.
HNVN lblnhnan ibibrmpm hblim`m sbim`mn rbmhnsmsn emrn jug`sn pblcngmmg tbgm`m-tbgm`m
pbgbhntnmg ymg` entuouamg ugtua lbg`blimg`amg pktbgsn nptba en Ngekgbsnm. Hblim`m-hblim`m
tbrsbiut mgtmrm hmng sbim`mn ibrnaut.
Hblim`m Inkhk`n Gmsnkgmh (HIG)
Hblim`m @bkhk`n emg Vmrtmlimg`mg Gmsnkgmh (H@VG)
Hblim`m Lbtmhur`n Gmsnkgmh (HLG)
Hblim`m Ksbmgkhk`n Gmsnkgmh (HKG)
9
pbebsmmg. Ibramntmg ebg`mg cmh tbrsbiut, prnkrntms rnsbt emg tbagkhk`n lbhnputn inemg`-
inemg` sbim`mn ibrnaut.
Inemg` abiutucmg emsmr lmgusnm ymg` lbgugomg` usmcm pbgng`amtmg emym lmlpu
jnsna
jnsna emg lbgtmh
lbgtmh lmgusn
lmgusnmm Ngekgb
Ngekgbsnm
snm lbhmhun
lbhmhun usmcm
usmcm pblbgu
pblbgucmg
cmg abiutu
abiutucmg
cmg emsmr.
emsmr.
Vbgbhntnmg enjkausamg pmem lmsmhmc pmg`mg emg absbcmtmg.
In
Inem
emg`
g` suli
sulibr
br mhml
mhml em
emg
g bg
bgbr
br`n
`n ym
ymg`
g` lbgu
lbgugo
gomg
mg`
` pb
pblm
lmgj
gjmmt
mmtmg
mg,, pb
pblb
lbhn
hncm
cmrm
rmmg
mg,,
pbg``ugmmg sulibr mhml, emg bgbr`n ugtua pblimg`ugmg gmsnkgmh. Tblum ngn
enwuou
enwuoueam
eamg
g lbhmhu
lbhmhunn pbgbhn
pbgbhntnmg
tnmg tbrcmem
tbrcmemp
p lmsmhmc
lmsmhmc sulibr
sulibr mhml cmymtn
cmymtn,, gnrcmy
gnrcmymtn
mtn,,
lngbrmh, bgbr`n akgvbgsnkgmh emg gkg-akgvbgshkgmh, sbrtm lmsmhmc ibgdmgm mhml.
Inemg` ngeustrn ugtua lbgng`amtamg ablmlpumg gmsnkgmh. Vbgbhntnmg enjkausamg pmem
Ine
Inemg`
mg` sksnmh
sksnmh,, bakgkl
bakgkln,
n, jnhsmjmt
jnhsmjmt,, iuemy
iuemym,
m, cuaul
cuaul emg pbruge
pbrugemg`
mg`-ug
-ugemg
emg`mg
`mg ymg`
ymg`
ibrusmcm lbgugomg` pblimg`ugmg gmsnkgmh en inemg`-inemg` tbrsbiut. Ibrim`mn
pbgbhntnmg cmrus endurmcamg pmem stuen emg emlpma tbagkhk`n emhml prksbs
pblimg`ugmg.
9.=.5
9.=.5 Vbrmgm
Vbrmgmg
g NVUB
NVUBA
A Emhml
Emhml Abcneu
Abcneupmg
pmg Lmgusn
Lmgusnmm
Nhlu pbg`btmcumg (sdnbgdb) memhmc sumtu kioba, nhlnmc ymg` lblnhnan sbabhklpka
prngsnp, emhnh, rulus ymg` lbhmhun pbrdkimmg ymg` snstblbtns
snstblbt ns enhmauamg ibruhmg` amhntbhmc
tbruon abibgmrmggym, prngsnp-prngsnp, emhnh-emhnh emg rulus-rulus lmgm empmt enmomramg
emg enpbhmomrn
enpbhmomrn (Lbgurut
(Lbgurut Tkgemg`
Tkgemg` Tnm`nmg).
Tnm`nmg). Tbemg`amg
Tbemg`amg Ubagkhk`n
Ubagkhk`n memhmc absbhurucmg
absbhurucmg
smrmgm
smrmgm ugtua
ugtua lbgybe
lbgybenma
nmamg
mg imrmg`
imrmg`-im
-imrmg
rmg`
` ymg`
ymg` enpbrh
enpbrhuam
uamg
g im`n
im`n abhmg`
abhmg`sug
sug`mg
`mg emg
abgymlmgmg cneup lmgusnm. Ubagkhk`n memhmc prkeua nhlu pbg`btmcumg. Nhlu NVM emhml
inemg` nhlu pbg`btmcumg emg pblmgjmmtmggym
pblmgjmmtmggym empmt antm ibemamg emhml emsmr mtmu lurgn,
nhlu pbg`btmcumg tbrmpmg, emg tbagkhk`n. Nhlu pbg`btmcumg mhml emsmr, nhlu pbg`btmcumg
mhml tbrmpmg, emg tbagkhk`n lbg`amon imcmg pkaka ymg` smlm, ymntu mhml. Vbribemmg
abtn`mgym tbrhbtma pmem mspba ymg` enamongym. Lbgurut Mlkr bt mh. (=>33) nhluwmg NVM
emsmr
emsmr lbgdki
lbgdkimm ugtua
ugtua lblmcm
lblmcmln
ln im`mnl
im`mnlmgm
mgm mhml
mhml ibabro
ibabrom.
m. Tbemg`
Tbemg`amg
amg nhluwm
nhluwmg
g NVM
tbrmpmg lbgdkim lbgdmrn dmrm ugtua lbg`bgemhnamg dmrm mhml ibabrom. Mchn tbagkhk`n
lblm
lblmgj
gjmmt
mmtam
amg
g pb
pbgb
gblu
lumg
mg NVM
NVM em
emsmr
smr em
emg
g NVM
NVM tb
tbrm
rmpm
pmg
g ug
ugtu
tua
a lbli
lblium
umtt mh
mhmt
mt `u
`ugm
gm
9
lbg`bg
lbg`bgemhn
emhnamg
amg dmrm mhml ibabro
ibabrom.
m. Lbguru
Lbgurutt Pcntb
Pcntb & Jrbebr
Jrbebrnas
nasbg
bg (9666)
(9666) NVM empmt
empmt
enpmgemg` sbim`mn prksbs ugtua lblibgtua, lkebh, emg tbkrn ymg` lblug`angamg krmg`
ugtua lblprbenasn, lbgobhmsamg, emg lbg`bgemhnamg tng`amc hmau mhm
ibhul enabtmcun krmg`, abng`ngtmcumg ntu lbgugtug lbgdmrn prngsnp mtmu tbkrn ymg` empmt
enpbrk
enpbrkhbc
hbc emrn
emrn cmsnh
cmsnh pbg`am
pbg`amonm
onmg,
g, ymntu
ymntu lbhmhu
lbhmhunn pbrdki
pbrdkimmg
mmg.. Vbg`am
Vbg`amonm
onmg
g ngn lbrupm
lbrupmamg
amg
pbg`amonmg ymg` tnema ibrlmasue ugtua lbgdmrn akgensn mtmu prksbs kptnlmh ymg`
encmrmp
encmrmpamg
amg,, lbhmng
lbhmngamg
amg cmgym
cmgym ugtua
ugtua lblbgu
lblbgucn
cn pbgobh
pbgobhmsmg
msmg emrn
emrn ki
kioba
oba (ibgem
(ibgem)) emg
pbrnstnwm mhml. Akgsbp-akgsbp NVM emsmr lbrupmamg akgsbp-akgsbp NVM lbg`bgmn
akgensn, ngtbrmasn, emg pbrnstnwm emrn akgensn ymg` gkrlmh (inkhk`n) mtmu nebmh (jnsnam).
Emhml akgsbp-akgsbp NVM emsmr, sbrng`amhn mem (pmrmlbtbr), ymg` emhml abgymtmmggym
ibrpbg`mruc, tnema enlmsuaamg ab emhml akgsbp-akgsbpgym. Akgsbp-akgsbp ntu sbg`mom
ensusug sbdmrm nebmh mtmu gkrlmh m`mr ibrhmau ulul, ymg` ibrmrtn empmt en`ugmamg ampmg
smom emg enlmgm smom. Abibrhmaumg ulul akgsbp-akgsbp tbrsbiut hums, sbcng``m ibrjug`sn
sbim`mn akgsbp-akgsbp emsmr im`n NVM tbrmpmg emg tbagkhk`n. Vmrm nhluwmg lbgblpmtamg
NVM emsmr sbim`mn nhlu emsmr im`n nhlu-nhlu tbrmpmg emg tbagkhk`n.
Ubag
Ubagkh
khk`
k`nn sm
smg`
g`mt
mt lblp
lblpbg
bg`m
`mru
rucn
cn ab
abcn
cneu
eupm
pmg
g lmgu
lmgusnm
snm sb
sbcm
cmrn
rn-cm
-cmrn
rn,e
,ebg
bg`m
`mg
g
lblmgjmmtamg cmsnh pbgblumg smngs emg lblmsuamggym ab rulmc-rulmc, amgtkr, pmirna,
abgemrmmg, ehh. Lbhmhun sbomrmc pbrablimg`mg tbagkhk`n empmt entbhusurn pbrablimg`mg
tbagkhk`n trmgspkrtmsn, sbpbrtn lkinh, abrbtm mpn, pbsmwmt tbrimg` emg smrmgm pbgbrimg`mg
hmnggym. Tbhmgoutgym pbrcmtnmg lmgusnm pmem tbagkhk`n aklugnamsn ymg` entugomg`khbc
tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n bhbatrkgna
bhbatrkgnam,
m, anlnm,
anlnm, pbrablimg`m
pbrablimg`mg
g pbg``ugmm
pbg``ugmmg
g sngmr-S
sngmr-S ymg` lbg`manimt
lbg`manimtamg
amg
rbvkhusn emhml inemg` absbcmtmg.
Abtbramntmg mgtmrm smngs, prkeua tbagkhk`n ebg`mg tbagkhk`n ymg` hmnggym smhng
tugomg`-lbg
tugomg`-lbgugomg
ugomg`
` emg smhng` ibrablimg`,
ibrablimg`, lnsmhgym
lnsmhgym ? hnstrna empmt lbg`blimg
lbg`blimg`amg
`amg
ibrim`mn mhmt emg smrmgm sbpbrtn, mhmt bhbatrkgnam (rmenk, UZ, DE, emg dklputbr).
Entbluamggy
Entbluamggymm guahnr
guahnr ebg`mg
ebg`mg pblmgjmmtmg
pblmgjmmtmg rmenmsn sngmr rmenkmatnj ymg` encmsnhamg
encmsnhamg lmam
ibrim`mn pbrmhmtmg ugtua lblmgjmmtamg sngmr tbrsbiut ibrablimg` sbcng``m mem guahnr
ugtua absbcmtmg, pbrtmgnmg, ugtua, ehh. Ubagkhk`n aklugnamsn empmt entbhusurn luhmn emrn
pbrdbtmamg sbim`mn mhmt ymg` lbg`cmsnhamg lbenm aklugnamsn mgtmr lmgusnm sbpbrtn
Akrmg lmomhmc.
9
ababrng`mg.
Rgtu
Rgtua
a pb
pbgy
gybe
benm
nmmg
mg smgem
smgemg`
g`,, sm
smng
ngss em
emg
g tbagk
tbagkhk
hk`n
`n en
enab
abli
limg
mg`a
`amg
mg luhm
luhmnn em
emrn
rn
pbgblumg emg pbgng`amtmg oulhmc imcmg imau ugtua tbastnh, emrn ymg` tbriumt emrn sbrmt
mhmln sbpbrtn ampms, wkh, emg sutrm lbgomen emrn sbrmt sngtbtns sbpbrtn gnhkg. Vbrmgmg smngs
emg tbagkhk`n emhml pbgybenmmg pmpmg (pbrulmcmg) empmt entbhusurn, luhmn emrn imcmg,
ibgtua img`ugmg, pblmgjmmtmg hmcmg, sbgtucmg sbgn emg abgymlmgmg im`n ymg`
lbgblpmtn.
Emhm
Emhml
l inem
inemg`
g` pblb
pblbgu
gucm
cmg
g absb
absbcm
cmtm
tmg
g lmgu
lmgusn
snm,
m, sm
smng
ngss em
emg
g tb
tbag
agkh
khk`
k`nn tb
tbhm
hmc
c
ibrablimg` luhmn emrn imcmg kimt-kimtmg, pbrmhmtmg absbcmtmg, pbgbhntnmg tbrcmemp
pbgymant, emg tbagna kpbrmsn. Ibramntmg ebg`mg abcneupmg lmgusnm, lmam ugtua
lblbgucn abiutucmg pkaka sbpbrtn pmg`mg, smgemg`, pmpmg, emg absbcmtmg, tnema insm
enhbpmsamg ebg`mg abtbrsbenmmg emg pbrablimg`mg gb`mtnj. Vbgbhntnmg lbg`bgmn mg`ng,
lmtmcm
lmtmcmrn,
rn, mnr,
mnr, pmsmg`
pmsmg` surut,
surut, pmgms
pmgms smluer
smluerm,
m, pmgms
pmgms iuln,
iuln, emg guahnr
guahnr sbemg`
sbemg` `bgdmr
`bgdmr
enhmauamg. Bgbr`n-bgbr`n tbrsbiut lbrupmamg sulibr ymg` tma tbrimtms.
9
tbrimru en iuln
iuln im`nmg lmgmpug lbhmhun ngtbrgbt.
Antm empmt ibraklugnamsn ebg`mg tblmg, lmupug abhumr`m ymg` smg`mt
Vbg`
Vbg``ugmm
`ugmmg
g ngjkrlmsn
ngjkrlmsn tbrtbgtu
tbrtbgtu emg sntus tbrtbgtu
tbrtbgtu ymg` tbrempmt en ngtbrgbt
ngtbrgbt
ymg` gb`mtnj ensmhmc `ugmamg pncma tbrtbgtu
tbr tbgtu ugtua tuoumg tbrtbgtu.
Abrmc
Abrmcmsn
msnmm
mmg
g mhmt
mhmt tbs
tbs sblma
sblmang
ng tb
tbrm
rmgd
gdml
ml lbhm
lbhmhu
hunn ng
ngtb
tbrg
rgbt
bt an
antm
tm em
empm
pmtt
lblp
lblpbr
brkh
khbc
bc ngjk
ngjkrl
rlms
msnn tbgt
tbgtmg
mg`
` tb
tbss ps
psna
nakh
khk`
k`n,
n, em
emg
g im
imca
camg
mg em
empm
pmtt
lblpbrkhbc hmymgmg tbs psnakhk`n sbdmrm hmg`sug` emrn ngtbrgbt.
Ab
Abdbl
dblmsm
msmg
g tbag
tbagkh
khk`
k`n.
n. Tbhm
Tbhmng
ng ntu
ntu me
memm ab
abdb
dblm
lmsm
smg
g samh
samhmm ab
abdnh
dnh ma
mani
nimt
mt
tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n Abrusma
Abrusmamg
mg amrbgm
amrbgm tbrsbrm
tbrsbrmg`
g` vnrus,
vnrus, abcnhm
abcnhmg`m
g`mg
g ibrim`
ibrim`mn
mn jnhb
jnhb
pbgtng` emhml ngnhmc ibibrmpm dkgtkc ymg` tbromen amrbgm tbagkhk`n.
Yusmagym lkebl ngtbrgbt amrbgm ensmlimr pbtnr.
9
9) Ine
Inemg
mg`
` Vbg
Vbgen
ene
ena
namg
mg
Emlpma pksntnj emrn ablmoumg NVUBA ymagn ?
Lugduhgym lbenm lmssm, acususgym lbenm bhbatrkgna sbim`mn sulibr nhlu
emg pu
pusmt
smt pbgene
pbgenenam
namg.
g. Tbcng`
Tbcng``m
`m `uru
`uru iuamg
iuamg smtu-sm
smtu-smtug
tugym
ym sulibr
sulibr nhlu
nhlu
pbg`btmcumg.
Vblbg
Vblbgucmg
ucmg abiutucmg
abiutucmg mamg jmsnhntms pbgenenamg
pbgenenamg empmt enpbgucn
enpbgucn ebg`mg
dbpmt,
dbpmt, sbpbrtn
sbpbrtn pbg``m
pbg``mgem
gemmg
mg skmh
skmh uonmg
uonmg ebg`mg
ebg`mg memgym
memgym lbsng
lbsng jktk
jktk dkpy
dkpy
ugtu
ugtua
a lblb
lblbgu
gucn
cn abiu
abiutu
tucm
cmg
g mamg
mamg ou
oulh
lhmc
mc sk
skmh
mh ym
ymg`
g` im
imgy
gyma
ma em
empm
pmtt
ensbhbsmnamg emhml wmatu ymg` sng`amt.
Tnstbl pblibhmomrmg tnema cmrus lbhmhun tmtmp luam. Ebg`mg ablmoumg
tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n prksbs
prksbs pblibhmomrm
pblibhmomrmg
g tnema cmrus lblpbrtblua
lblpbrtbluamg
mg snswm ebg`mg
`uru, tbtmpn insm ou`m lbg``ugmamg omsm pks ngtbrgbt emg hmng-hmng.
Memgym pbg`khmcmg emtm cmsnh pbgnhmnmg ymg` lbg``ugmamg pblmgjmmtmg
tbagkhk`n.
Tbt
Tbtbhm
bhmc
c memgym
memgym pbrabl
pbrablimg
img`mg
`mg NVUBA,
NVUBA, sblum
sblum tu`msg
tu`msgym
ym ymg`
ymg` eu
euhug
hugym
ym
enabro
enabromam
mamg
g ebg`mg
ebg`mg lmgumh
lmgumh emg lbliut
lbliutuca
ucamg
mg wmatu
wmatu ymg`
ymg` duaup
duaup hmlm,
hmlm,
lbgomen luemc ugtua enabromamg ebg`mg lbg``ugmamg lbenm tbagkhk`n
sbpbrtn empmt lbg`khmc emtm ebg`mg lblmgjmmtamg ibrim`mn prk`rml.
Lugd
Lugduhgym
uhgym lbtkeb-lbtk
lbtkeb-lbtkeb
eb pblibhmomrm
pblibhmomrmg
g ymg` imru, ymg` lbluemcamg
lbluemcamg
snswm emg `uru emhml prksbs pblibhmomrmg. Ebg`mg ablmoumg tbagkhk`n
tbrdnptmhmc lbtkeb-lbtkeb imru ymg` lbliumt snswm lmlpu lblmcmln
lmtb
lmtbrn
rn-l
-lmtb
mtbrn
rn ym
ymg`
g` mi
mist
strma
rma,, am
amrb
rbgm
gm lmtb
lmtbrn
rn tbrsbi
tbrsbiut
ut eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg im
imgt
gtum
umg
g
tbagkhk`n insm eniumt mistrma.
Vrk`rml tbs ngtbhn`bgsn sbpbrtn tbs Ymvbg, Enjjbrbgtnmh Mptntuebs Ubst empmt
enmasbs lbhmhun dklpmdt ensa.. Nlphnamsn emrn pbrlmsmhmcmg ngn memhmc, tbs
psnakhk`n ymg` mem mamg luemc sbamhn ikdkr, emg pbg`blimg`mg tbs
psnakhk`n cmrus ibrpmdu ebg`mg abdbpmtmg pblikdkrmg lbhmhun ngtbrgbt
tbrsbiut.
Vbgymhmc `ugmmg pbg`btmcumg im`n krmg`-krmg` tbrtbgtu ugtua lbhmauamg
tngema
tngemamg
mg tnema
tnema ibrlkr
ibrlkrmh.
mh. Ebg`mg
Ebg`mg ablmou
ablmoumg
mg en imemg`
imemg` pbgene
pbgenenam
namg
g antm
antm
9
lbgdbtma
lbgdbtma `bgbrmsn
`bgbrmsn ymg` ibrbpbg`btmcum
ibrbpbg`btmcumg
g tng``n,
tng``n, tbtmpn lblpugymn
lblpugymn lkrmh
ymg` rbgemc.
Tnsw
Tnswmm lbgo
lbgome
menn lmhm
lmhmss ib
ibhmo
hmomr
mr am
amrb
rbgm
gm im
imgy
gyma
ma en
enmg
mgtm
tmrm
rm lbrba
lbrbamm ym
ymg`
g`
lbg`cminsa
lbg`cminsamg
mg wmatugym
wmatugym ugtua
ugtua lbg``ugmam
lbg``ugmamg
g obomrng`
obomrng` sbpbrtn
sbpbrtn jmdbikka,
jmdbikka,
twnttbr emg hmng-hmng.
Ubromengym ngeustrnmhnsmsn.
Vbr
Vbrsmng
smng`mg
`mg emhml
emhml eugnm
eugnm abrom
abrom sbcng`
sbcng``m
`m lbgugt
lbgugtut
ut pbabrom
pbabrom ugtua
ugtua sbhmhu
sbhmhu
lbgmlimc sanhh emg pbg`btmcumg ymg` enlnhnan.
Ablmomumg bakgkln
Ablmomumg bakgkln lmlpu lbg`cmsnhamg
lbg`cmsnhamg prkeua
prkeua abekatbrmg
abekatbrmg lbgomen
lbgomen
aklkentn.
Emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA ?
Ub
Ubrom
romen
engy
gymm pb
pbg`
g`mg
mg``
``ur
urmg
mg im
im`n
`n tb
tbgm
gm`m
`m ab
abrom
rom ym
ymg`
g` tnem
tnema
a lblp
lblpug
ugym
ymnn
aumhnjnamsn ymg` sbsumn ebg`mg ymg` eniutucamg.
Tnjmt akgsultnj sbim`mn manimt aklpbtnsn ymg` abtmt pmem brm `hkimhnsmsn
luemcgym. Ebg`mg imgymagym prkeua humr gb`brn ymg` lmsua emg ebg`mg
cmr`m ymg` hbinc lurmc, empmt lbg`urmg`n rmsm abdngtmmg antm tbrcmemp
prkeua emhml gb`brn.
Mpminhm tnema upemtb ebg`mg NVUBA ymg` sblmang lmou, antm mamg
9
5) Inem
Inemg`
g` Vkhn
Vkhntn
tna
a
Unli
Unliuh
uhgy
gymm ab
abhms
hms lbgb
lbgbg`
g`mc
mc im
imru
ru ym
ymg`
g` ma
mamg
mg lbgo
lbgome
menn pb
pbhk
hkpk
pkrr ug
ugtu
tua
a
lbgugtut abibimsmg pkhntna emg abibimsmg ibrpbgempmt ymg` hbinc ibsmr.
Vrksbs rb`bgbrmsn abpblnlpngmg ymg` mamg ibremlpma emhml `mym emg
suistmg
suistmgsn
sn pkhntn
pkhntna
a ymg`
ymg` entbrmp
entbrmpamg
amg sbcng`
sbcng``m
`m abibim
abibimsmg
smg emg pbrsml
pbrsmlmmg
mmg
sblmang abgtmh.
En inemg`
inemg` pkhntn
pkhntna
a ngtbrg
ngtbrgmsn
msnkgm
kgmh,
h, ou`m
ou`m tbrempm
tbrempmtt abdbge
abdbgebru
brug`m
g`mg
g tuliuc
tuliuc
ibrablimg`gym sbcng``m lbhmcnramg abaumtmg bakgkln
bakgkln imru.
2) In
Inem
emg`
g` Tks
Tksnm
nmhh emg Iue
Iuemy
mymm
Emlpma pksntnj emrn pbrablimg`mg NVUBA en inemg` skdnmh iuemym memhmc ?
Lbg
Lbgng
ng`a
`amta
mtamg
mg rm
rmsm
sm pb
pbrdm
rdmym
ym enrn
enrn ab
ablm
lmou
oumg
mg ba
bakg
kgkl
klnn en gb
gb`m
`mrm
rm Msnm
Msnm
lbhm
lbhmcn
cnra
ramg
mg jbgk
jbgklb
lbgm
gm ym
ymg`
g` lbgm
lbgmrn
rna.
a. Vb
Vbra
rabl
blim
img`
g`mg
mg em
emg
g ab
ablm
lmou
oumg
mg
bakgkln tbhmc lbgng`amtamg rmsm pbrdmym enrn emg abtmcmgmg enrn sbim`mn
su
sumtu
mtu im
img`
g`sm
sm ma
mamg
mg sb
sblm
lman
ang
g ak
akak
akc.
c. Img`
Img`sm
sm-i
-img
mg`s
`smm Imrmt
Imrmt tnem
tnema
a hm
hm`n
`n
lbhbdbcamg img`sm-img`sm en Msnm.
Uba
Ubamgm
mgmg,
g, aklpbt
aklpbtnsn
nsn ymg`
ymg` tmo
tmoml,
ml, en pbhim`
pbhim`mn
mn mspba
mspba abcneu
abcneupmg
pmg sbim`mn
sbim`mn
akgsbaubgsn `hkimhnsmsn, mamg lbhmcnramg `bgbrmsn ymg` ensnphng, tbaug, emg
pbabrom abrms.
Abbj
Abbjbat
batnjmg
njmg inmym
inmym emg wmatu.
wmatu. Lnsmhg
Lnsmhgym
ym smmt lbg`mo
lbg`momr,
mr, angn
angn tbhmc
tbhmc mem
tbagkhk`n pblibhmomrmg sbdmrm kghngb, omen `uru mtmu eksbg tnema pbrhu rbpkt
ugtua ab sbakhmc mtmu amlpus, duaup lbgbrmg`amg pbhmomrmg hbwmt lbenm
ngtbrgbt abpmem mgma lurnegym.
Lmsymrmamt tnema pbrhu hm`n lblibhn Akrmg ugtua lbg`btmcun ngjkrlmsn
lbg`
lbg`bg
bgmn
mn ib
ibrnt
rntm,
m, du
duau
aup
p eb
ebg`
g`mg
mg lbli
lbliua
uamm ng
ngtb
tbrg
rgbt
bt,, an
antm
tm suem
suemc
c em
empm
pmtt
lblimdm ibrntm lbhmhun lbenm kghngb, emg tnema lbg`bhumramg inmym.
Tbl
Tblman
mang
g ibrabl
ibrablimg
img`gy
`gymm ngenvn
ngenvneu
eu emhml
emhml sumtu
sumtu inemg`
inemg`,, imna
imna emrn
emrn sb`n
bakgkln, pkhntna, pbgenenamg, emg hmng sbim`mngym.
Ablmlpumg ngenvneu emhml lbgdmrn emg lbg`ulpuhamg emtm ugtua imcmg
ensaus
ensausnn empmt
empmt lbrbam
lbrbam empmta
empmtamg
mg ebg`mg
ebg`mg dbpmt
dbpmt emg maurmt
maurmt lbhmhu
lbhmhunn lbenm
lbenm
ibrimsns tbagkhk`n.
9
abiuemymmg ymg` rbgemc mamg lkrmh emg sulibr emym lmgusnm ymg`
ikirka emg tma ibraumhntms sbenantpug.
sbenantpug.
Lmsymrmamt
Lmsymrmamt cmrus enibrnamg pblmcmlmg
pblmcmlmg tbgtmg`
tbgtmg` dmrm lbg``ugmam
lbg``ugmamg
g tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n
ngjkrlmsn ebg`mg imna emg tnema lbhmg``mr btnam. Tbcng``m tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn
empmt enlmgjmmtamg ebg`mg sblbstngym.
Vblbrngtmc cmrus lbliumt sumtu pbrmturmg ymg` tb`ms tbrcmemp sbtnmp pbhmg``mrmg
pbg``ugmm tbagkhk`n ngjkrlmsn ymg` lbru`namg krmg` hmng.
Lmsymrmamt ou`m cmrus en ibrn pbgyuhucmg ugtua lbg``ugmamg tbagkhk`n ymg` en
aumsmn ugtua lbgomhng cuiug`mg ymg` hbinc ngtbgts ebg`mg tblmg mtmu krmg`-krmg`
ymg` sbibhulgym tbhmc en abgmh eneugnm gymtm. Omg`mg tbrkisbsn ugtua lbgdmrn
tblmg-
tblmg-tbl
tblmg
mg imru
imru en Jmdbik
Jmdbikka,
ka, twnttbr
twnttbr , mtmu skdnmh
skdnmh lbenm
lbenm ymg`
ymg` hmn
hmng
g amrbgm
amrbgm
abdbgebrug`mg ymg` tbromen, lbrbam ymg` cmgym mgem abgmh eneugnm lmym tnema
9
Vbrhu mem absmemrmg pbrmg emg abromsmlm mgtmrm sbhuruc pbg``ugm hmgymgmg UNA.
Lbg``u
Lbg ``ugma
gmamg
mg skjtwm
skjtwmrb
rb ymg`
ymg` enrmgd
enrmgdmg`
mg` acusus
acusus ugtua
ugtua lbhnge
lbhngeug`
ug`nn –absbc
–absbcmtm
mtmg„
g„
mgma. Lnsmhgym smom prk`rml gmgy dcnp mtmu pmrbgts hkda ymg` empmt lblprktbasn
mgma ebg`mg lbg`ugdn sb`mhm masbs ymg` ibrimu sbas emg ababrmsmg.
Lbhbtmaamg dklputbr mtmu hmptkp en rumg` tbg`mc rulmc, sbpbrtn pbrpustmammg,
rumg` abhumr`m, emg iuamg en emhml amlmr mgma. Lbhbtmaamg dklputbr mtmu hmptkp
en em
emhml
hml am
amlm
lmrr mg
mgma
ma,, lbgu
lbguru
rutt am
amln
ln ma
mamg
mg lblp
lblpbrs
brsuh
uhnt
nt kr
krmg
mg`t
`tum
um em
emhm
hml
l cm
cmhh
pbg`mwmsmg. Mgma insm hbhumsm lbg`masbs sntus pkrgk mtmu lbg``ugmamg `mlbs
ymg` ibrimu ababrmsmmg emg smenstns en emhml amlmr tbraugdn. Inhm ibrmem en rumg`
abhumr`m, abhbhumsmmggym ugtua lbhmg``mr mturmg pug mamg tbrimtms amrbgm mem
mg``ktm abhumr`m ymg` hmhu hmhmg`.
9
IMI NNN
VBGRURV
4.9Tnlpuhmg
Tb`mhm cmh ymg` mem en eugnm ngn lblnhnan emlpma pksntnj emg gb`mtnv , sbpbrtn
cmhgym
cmhgym NVUBA.
NVUBA. Emlpma
Emlpma pksnt
pksntnj
nj memgym
memgym NVUBA
NVUBA ymntu
ymntu lmgusn
lmgusnmm sblman
sblmang
g luemc
luemc ugtua
ugtua
ibabrom, lbg`khmc TEM emg lbhmauamg mpmpug ugtua lblpbrkhbc mpm ymg` nm iutucamg
ugtua abhmg`sug`mg cneupgym. Gmlug, emlpma gb`mtnvb emrn memgym NVUBA ngn smhmc
smtugym nmhmc imgymagym tbromen abomcmtmg ymg` enmanimtamg ablmoumg tbagkhk`n ymg` mem
sbamrmg`. Abtbramntmg ymg` tbromen mgtmrm NVUBA ebg`mg TEL ymntu memgym cuiug`mg
tnlimh-imhna emg sbimi-manimt.
Ablmoumg tbagkhk`n memhmc sbsumtu ymg` tnema insm antm cngemrn emhml abcneupmg
ngn, amrbgm ablmoumg tbagkhk`n mamg ibromhmg sbsumn ebg`mg ablmoumg nhlu pbg`btmcumg.
Vbrablimg`m
Vbrablimg`mg
g tbagkhk`n
tbagkhk`n lblmg`
lblmg` smg`mt enpbrhuamg.
enpbrhuamg. Tbtnmp ngkvmsn endnptmamg
endnptmamg ugtua
ugtua
lblibrnamg lmgjmmt pksntnj im`n abcneupmg lmgusnm. Lblibrnamg imgyma abluemcmg,
sbrtmm sbim`m
sbrt sbim`mnn dmrm
dmrm imru
imru emhml
emhml lbhmau
lbhmauamg
amg matnjn
matnjntms
tms lmgusn
lmgusnm.
m. Acusus
Acusus emhml
emhml inemg`
inemg`
tbagkhk`n lmsymrmamt suemc lbgnalmtn imgyma lmgjmmt ymg` enimwm khbc ngkvmsn-ngkvmsn
ymg`
ymg` tbh
tbhmc
mc encmsn
encmsnham
hamg
g emhml
emhml ibibrm
ibibrmpm
pm tmcug
tmcug tbrmac
tbrmacnr
nr ngn.
ngn. Gmlug
Gmlug lmgusn
lmgusnmm tnema
tnema insm
insm
lbgnpu
lbgnpu enrn
enrn sbgenr
sbgenrnn mamg
mamg abgymt
abgymtmmg
mmg imcwm
imcwm tbagkh
tbagkhk`n
k`n lbgemt
lbgemtmg`
mg`amg
amg ibrim`
ibrim`mn
mn bjba
gb`mtnvb im`n lmgusnm.
4.4
4.4 Tmrmg
Tmrmg
Memgym ablmoumg NVUBA cbgemagym tnema lbg`uimc jug`sn sbomtn emrn memgym
NVUBA tbrsbiut, ymntu ugtua lblimgtu abcneupmg lmgusnm. Khbc amrbgm ntu, lmgusnm
cmrushmc inoma emhml lblmgjmmtamg NVUBA, imna ntu ebg`mg dmrm tnema lbg``ugmamggym
sbdmrm ibrhbincmg, lmupug ebg`mg lblnanramg emcuhu mpm emlpma mtmu manimt ymg` mamg
entnliuhamg emrn ablmoumg NVUBA, sbcng``m tnema lblimymcmamg enrngym sbgenrn, krmg`
hmng, lmupug hng`aug`mggym. Rgtua lbgdb`mc mtmu lbg`urmg`n manimt gb`mtnvb ablmoumg
tbagkhk`n, lmam antm sbpmtutgym ugtua lblibgtbg`n enrn antm ebg`mg nhlu. Imna nhlu
m`mlm lmupug eugnm. Amrgm ebg`mg nhlu antm lmlpu lblibemamg mgtmrm lmgjmmt emg
lmecmrmt emhml sbiumc tbagkhk`n.
9
EMJUMY VRTUMAM
cttp?//amebaenlms.ihk`spkt.dk.ne/96=5/6=/lmamhmc-emlpma-nptba-tbrcmemp-
abcneupmg.ctlh
cttp?//gbiuhmgminhmc.ihk`spkt.dk.ne/96=2/==/pbrmgmg-nptba-emhml-abcneupmg-
lmgusnm.ctlh
cttp?//jmornmhinrugn.emlmn.ne/96=2/==/60/bakhk`n-emg-emlpma-pbrablimg`mg-nptba-
tbrcmemp-abcneupmg-lmgusnm/