Name: Ravid Cohen

ID: 209423342

Coupled Problems in Functional Materials – Homework #3

1. Find principal directions and stretches for the following deformation law:

y1 = (1 + α)x1 + αx2
y2 = −αx1 + (1 + α)x2
y3 = x3

Where α is constant

Solution:

I can write the equations system as a state space matrix:

1+α α 0
dy
⃗ = [ −α 1 + α 0] dx⃗
⏟ 0 0 1
𝐅

The principal stretches are:

1+α α 0 1 1+α α 0 1
𝛌𝟏 = √F ∙ e̅1 ∙ F ∙ e̅1 = [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [0] ∙ [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [0] =
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1+α 1+α
= [ −α ] [ −α ] = √(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐
0 0

1+α α 0 0 1+α α 0 0
𝛌𝟐 = √F ∙ e̅2 ∙ F ∙ e̅2 = [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [1] ∙ [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [ 1] =
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
α α
= [1 + α] [1 + α] = √𝛂𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐
0 0
 1+α α 0 0 1+α α 0 0 0 0
𝛌𝟑 = √F ∙ e̅3 ∙ F ∙ e̅3 = [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [0] ∙ [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ [0] = [0] [0] = 𝟏
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

From the lecture 3:

C = λ12 m ̅ (1) + λ22 m

̅ (1) ⊗ m ̅ (2) + λ23 m
̅ (2) ⊗ m ̅ (3) ⊗ m
̅ (3)

√(1 + α)2 + α2 0 0
√C = V = [ 0 √α2 + (1 + α)2 0]
0 0 1

So, the principal stretches are:

(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝐂=[ 𝟎 𝛂 + (𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐
𝟐
𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

I’ll find the eigenvectors for each eigenvalue:

0 0 0
2
λ1,2 = (1 + α) + α 2
⟹ [0 0 0 ] v̅ = 0̅
2 2 2
0 0 1 − (α + (1 + α) )

v̅1 = (1 0 0)

v̅2 = (0 1 0)

(1 + α)2 + α2 0 0
λ3 = 1 ⟹ [ 0 α + (1 + α)2
2
0] v̅3 = 0̅
0 0 1

v̅3 = (0 0 1)

Principal directions:

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
[𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
2. Calculate the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient for the deformation law

presented in (1).

Solution:

R = F ∙ V −1

adj(V)
while ∶ V −1 =
det (V)

√(1 + α)2 + α2 0 0
adj(V) = [ 0 √α2 + (1 + α)2 0 ]
0 0 (1 + α)2 + α2

det(V) = (1 + α)2 + α2

√(1 + α)2 + α2 0 0
−1
1
⟹ V = [ 0 √α2 + (1 + α)2 0 ]=
(1 + α)2 + α2
0 0 (1 + α)2 + α2

1
0 0
√(1 + α)2 + α2
= 1
0 0
√(1 + α)2 + α2
[ 0 0 1]

1
0 0
1+α α 0 √(1 + α)2 + α2
R = F ∙ V −1 = [ −α 1 + α 0] ∙ 1 =
0 0 1 0 0
√(1 + α)2 + α2
[ 0 0 1]
 1+α α
0
√(1 + α)2 + α2 √(1 + α)2 + α2
= −α 1+α
0
√(1 + α)2 + α2 √(1 + α)2 + α2
[ 0 0 1]

So, F polar decomposition is:

𝟏+𝛂 𝛂
𝟎
√(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 √(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 √(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝐅 = RV = −𝛂 𝟏+𝛂 ∙[ 𝟎 √𝛂𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 𝟎]
𝟎
√(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 √(𝟏 + 𝛂)𝟐 + 𝛂𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏]

3. Calculate the Cartesian components of the Green strain tensor for the deformation law
presented in (1).

Solution:

I’ll use the following equation:

1 1
EG = [V 2 − 1] = [C − 1]
2 2

2 2
1 (1 + α) + α 0 0 1 0 0
⟹ 𝐄𝐆 = [[ 0 α + (1 + α)2
2
0 ] − [ 0 1 0]] =
2
0 0 1 0 0 1

(1 + α)2 + α2 − 1
0 0
2
= (1 + α)2 + α2 − 1 =
0 0
2
[ 0 0 0]

𝛂(𝛂 + 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟎
=[ 𝟎 𝛂(𝛂 + 𝟏) 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎