Monteregio
OTHER SOURCES
Cignoli, Roberto. “La obra matemática de António Monteiro.”
In II Encontro Luso-Brasileiro de Historia da Matemática,
edited by Sergio Nobre. São Paulo, Brazil, 1997. A clear
account of Monteiro’s mathematical work.
Gomes, Alfredo Pereira. “O regreso de António Monteiro a
Portugal de 1977 a 1979.” Portugaliae Mathematica 39
(1985): 33–41. Special issue in honor of António Monteiro.
Luís Gomes, Ruy and Luis Neves Real. “António Aniceto
Monteiro e o C.E.M. do Porto (1941/1944).” Portugaliae
Mathematica 39 (1985): 9–14. Special issue in honor of
António Monteiro.
Monteiro, Luiz. “Profesor Dr. António A. R. Monteiro y su
actividad en la Universidad Nacional del Sur.” In II Encontro
Luso-Brasileiro de Historia da Matemática, edited by Sergio
Nobre. São Paulo, Brazil, 1997.
Nachbin, Leopoldo. “The Influence of António A. Ribeiro
Monteiro in the Development of Mathematics in Brazil.”
Portugaliae Mathematica 39 (1985): 15–17. Special issue in
honor of António Monteiro.
Ortiz, Eduardo L. “Professor Antonio Monteiro and
Contemporary Mathematics in Argentina.” Portugaliae
Mathematica 39 (1985): 19–32. Special issue in honor of
António Monteiro.
———. “Transferencias de Matemática Pura y Física Teórica de
Portugal a Argentina en 1943–58: Beck, Monteiro y Ruy
Gomes.” In Um dia com o Centro de Estudos Matemáticos do
Porto, edited by Maria do Céu Silva, et al. Porto, Portugal:
Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, 2001.
———. “António A. Monteiro and the Practice of
Mathematics.” In The Practice of Mathematics in Portugal,
edited by Luís Saraiva and Henrique Leitão. Coimbra,
Portugal: Por ordem da Universidade, 2004. Monteiro’s ideas
on mathematics research and education.
Ribeiro, Hugo. “Actuação de António Aniceto Monteiro em
Lisboa entre 1939 e 1942.” Portugaliae Mathematica 39
(1985): 5–7. Special issue in honor of António Monteiro.
Silva da Silva, Circe Mary. “António Aniceto Ribeiro
(1907–1980) no Brasil.” In II Encontro Luso-Brasileiro de
Historia da Matemática, edited by Sergio Nobre. São Paulo,
Brazil, 1997.
Sousa Amaral, Elza Maria Alves de. “António A. R. Monteiro—
Um matemático Portugués no Brasil.” In II Encontro Luso-
Brasileiro de Historia da Matemática, edited by Sergio Nobre.
São Paulo, Brazil: 1997.
Eduardo L. Ortiz
MONTEREGIO,
JOANNES DE
SEE Regiomontanus, Johannes.
180
Moreno
MORENO, FRANCISCO PASCASIO
(b. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 31 May 1852; d. Buenos
Aires, 22 November 1919), anthropology, geology, paleon-
tology, geography.
Moreno, who can be considered one of the first
anthropologists of Argentina, worked intensively to col-
lect materials in that country and to make them known
through preservation in local museums. Moreno spent
several years in Europe, where he was inspired by major
natural history museums to promote the building of a
national establishment of that kind in Argentina. At the
start of the twentieth century he was appointed by the
Argentine government to act as an expert (perito) in the
border conflict between Argentina and Chile. His late
years were devoted to politics, public education, and the
development of scientific and natural resource policies.
Social Context. Francisco P. Moreno was born in Buenos
Aires, where he attended primary school. His English-
Creole family—the Moreno Thwaites—were active in
Buenos Aires commercial, financial, and insurance circles,
as well as local politics. His father, Francisco Moreno
(1819–1888), was one of the founding members of the
influential Club del Progreso, secretary of the Buenos
Aires Commerce Stock Market, director of the Buenos
Aires Province Bank, member of the Argentine parliament
(1854), and a member of the board of Argentine railroads.
Francisco Pascasio and his brother did not attend univer-
sity; rather they worked in the family’s insurance compa-
nies. The family also possessed sheep ranches in Buenos
Aires, where the Moreno sons started their first natural
history and archaeology collections, later stored in their
private residence. Francisco Pascasio pursued this activity
in his adult years. Moreno’s scientific self-education relied
on handbooks for amateur scientific travelers, such as
David Kaltbrunner’s Manuel du Voyageur published in
Zürich in 1879. Thanks to his family connections—
especially the friendship of his father with the minister of
government of the Province of Buenos Aires—he became
part of Argentine learned societies and political networks,
where he negotiated state support for his scientific endeav-
ors (Quesada, 1924–1925). He received an honorary doc-
torate from the University of Córdoba in 1877 and the
Royal Geographical Society Founder’s Medal in 1907 for
extensive explorations in the Patagonian Andes.
Anthropological Collections. The interest of young
Moreno in amassing collections of natural history and
archaeology drew the attention of prominent members of
Buenos Aires political and intellectual circles. Becoming a
member of the Sociedad Científica Argentina (Argen-
tinean Scientific Society), established in 1872, he acted as
director of the society’s museum (1875). Moreno was an
N E W D I C T I O N A RY O F S C I E N T I F I C B I O G R A P H Y
 Moreno
extensive traveler: subsidized by his father and Sociedad
Científica, in the years 1873–1877 he explored the valleys
of Patagonia and the Argentinian Northwest, where he
continued to collect natural history and archaeological
objects, recording the natural resources of the regions. He
pioneered in Argentina the use of both anthropometric
instruments created by French anthropologists and Paul
Broca’s instructions for the collection of calibrated anthro-
pometric data.
In 1877 he presented his collections to the Province
of Buenos Aires for the purpose of establishing an archae-
ological and anthropological museum and to be
appointed as its perpetual director. The museum was
inaugurated in August 1878. In the years that followed,
Moreno’s rhetoric, little by little, became plagued by argu-
ments that tied science to fatherland, and exploration
traveling to the country’s rights over Patagonian territo-
ries. In 1879 he was appointed by the national govern-
ment to lead the Southern Territories’ Exploring
Commission, sent to the rivers Negro and Deseado, in the
Patagonian plateau. Instead, he left the expedition to
explore the Patagonian Andes, where he was taken pris-
oner by the Manzaneros’ chief Shaihueque.
The national government considered Moreno a
deserter of a public mission. For that reason the minister
of government suggested he leave Argentina to acquire
real scientific education at the École d’Anthropologie in
Paris, in order to become a professional scientist and to
skip the dangers of enthusiasm and self education, ele-
ments that Moreno celebrated as the core of his scientific
endeavors. In Paris he acted as an Argentine correspon-
dent in the frame of the extensive international network
articulated by Broca’s successor Paul Topinard for com-
pleting the collection of skeletons and crania of the École
d’Anthropologie. In the late 1870s he contributed in pro-
viding evidence to the idea sustained in Paris that in the
Americas, as in Europe, the native race was characterized
by dolichocephalism, the brachycephalic race having
arrived lately from the West.
La Plata Museum. Returning to Argentina in 1881,
Moreno lobbied for the formation of a monumental
national museum in Buenos Aires, which by different cir-
cumstances was established as a provincial institution in
the city of La Plata, a short distance from Buenos Aires.
The Museo de La Plata, Argentina, established in 1884,
was the first in South America to have a building espe-
cially designed for the requirement of a museum. Devoted
to the study of “American man” and evolution in South
America, the museum envisioned a continental scope; to
achieve its goals Moreno employed different strategies to
collect objects that encompassed geology, zoology, paleon-
tology, botanic, archaeology, and societies that, at the
N E W D I C T I O N A RY O F S C I E N T I F I C B I O G R A P H Y
Moreno
time, were perceived to be in the process of “extinction.”
In the late 1870s and the 1880s several campaigns against
native peoples from Patagonia and Chaco were carried out
as governmental or private initiatives to erase “savagery”
from lands to be included in the market economy. Either
to preserve information about “vanishing races” or to
record the changes experienced by native peoples in the
process of becoming “civilized,” expeditions were dis-
patched to the localities where that process was taking
place. As a result, the Museo de La Plata repositories con-
tinue to represent, in the early twenty-first century, one of
the sources for researching the preindustrial period of
native peoples inhabiting present-day Argentina and the
Southern Cone (Sheets-Pyenson, 1988; Lopes and Pod-
gorny, 2000). This position was not always assured:
administrators of the budget of the Province of Buenos
Aires were not always sympathetic to Moreno’s require-
ments, and he had to redefine the mission of the Museo
de La Plata several times in order to justify its continuing
existence.
Geological and Geographical Expeditions. During his
expeditions of the late 1870s in the Southern Andes,
Moreno explored Lake Nahuel Huapí and Río Santa
Cruz. In doing so he named several lakes, such as the Lake
San Martín.
A concern with the question of the distribution and
origin of mammals as posed by Florentino Ameghino
(1854?–1911) in the late 1880s had been responsible for
shifting the interest of the museum’s expeditions toward
Patagonia vertebrate paleontology. Naturalist travelers
were dispatched to Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego,
and Isla de los Estados to collect fossil mammalians, rep-
tiles, and birds. These collections represent an outstanding
contribution to the knowledge of a previously unknown
fossil fauna. Museo de La Plata employees also surveyed
different regions of the country and published geologic
profiles of the Argentine Andes. The research expeditions
also revealed a great number of lower forms of vertebrates,
including numerous marsupialia, some of which—accord-
ing to Moreno—were closely related to the mammals of
the Pleistocene fauna of Australia.
When Moreno was appointed in 1896 as geographi-
cal perito (expert) in the border conflict with Chile, fol-
lowing the policy settled in the Treaty of 1881, he
explored the Andean regions with a team of geologists.
Maps, photographs, plans, and geologic profiles comple-
mented a complete geographical and physiographic
description of Patagonia that resulted from the expedition
under Moreno’s leadership. One of Moreno’s most impor-
tant accomplishments was the observation of the fact that
in the Patagonian Cordillera the interocean divortium
aquarum in many places does not overlap with the
181
 Moreno
highest peaks of the Andes. Moreno also recognized two
glacial events in Patagonia (Camacho, 2000). During
those years, he also propagated the idea of the ancient
connection between the new uplifted lands of the south-
ern part of the American continent and the other lands of
the Southern Hemisphere—Africa and Australia (Cama-
cho, 2000; Moreno, 1899). In 1899 Moreno proposed in
London that experienced geologists from the Royal Geo-
graphical Society, the Royal Society, and the British
Museum, with other scientific institutions, should carry
out the systematic examination of the Argentine country
in order to investigate south American fossiliferous strata
(Moreno, 1899).
Scientific and Educational Policies. In 1906 Moreno
resigned the directorship of the Museo de La Plata. He
was elected national deputy for 1910–1913. In this capac-
ity he proposed several projects, such as the construction
of railroads in Patagonia (1910); the acquisition of
Ameghino’s collections and library for the national
museum (1911); the creation of a national scientific serv-
ice (for topographic, hydrographical, geologic, and bio-
logical surveys, 1912); and the establishment of national
parks (1912) (Ludueña, 1995). Moreno cooperated in the
organization of the Congreso Científico Internacional
Americano (Buenos Aires, 1910). He acted as vice presi-
dent of National Council for Education, devoting much
work to the protection of working-class children, and to
the dismantling of the National Museum of Pedagogy,
which was led by socialist teachers. Moreno was also active
in the introduction to Argentina of the Boy Scouts move-
ment in 1911. Most of Moreno’s articles were published
in the Revista and Anales of the Museo de La Plata, publi-
cations he established in 1890.
Public Dimension of Moreno. Moreno died in Buenos
Aires in November 1919, in a country divided by the so-
called social issue (cuestión social ) that generated the most
diverse reactions among the Argentine upper class, such as
the creation in January 1919 of Liga Patriótica, a perma-
nent citywide militia that upheld “fatherland and order.”
Moreno’s funeral was a public event attended by the pres-
ident of the Liga Patriótica, who turned Moreno into a
hero of the Argentine Right movements.
This adoption of Moreno by the Argentine Right was
fulfilled in the 1930s and 1940s. Since then, Moreno has
been presented to the public as the sentry of Patagonia.
In this frame, those elements that during Moreno’s life
were criticized by his contemporaries—enthusiasm, self-
education, and amateurism—became the key elements for
Moreno’s future biographers, such as Aquiles Ygobone
(1953) and Carlos A. Bertomeu (1949). This kind of
biography that emphasized the patriotic value of Moreno’s
182
Moreno
travels continues to be very popular even in the early
twenty-first century. Instead of a reliable source for the
historian of science they constitute a corpus that still
requires further study to enable a full understanding of the
history of ideology in Argentina.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WORKS BY MORENO
“Cementerios y paraderos prehistóricos de la Patagonia.” Anales
científicos argentinos 1 (1874): 2–13.
“Sur des restes d’industrie humaine préhistorique dans la
République Argentine.” Compte-rendu du Congrès
international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques.
Stockholm: Norstedt & Söner, 1876.
El estudio del hombre Sud-Americano. Buenos Aires: La Nación,
1878.
Viaje a la Patagonia Austral, 1876–1877. Buenos Aires: La
Nación, 1879.
“Voyages en Patagonie.” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de
l’Est 2 (1880): 534–571.
“Antropología y arqueología. Importancia del estudio de estas
ciencias en la República Argentina.” Anales de la Sociedad
Científica Argentina 12 (1881): 160–173, 193–207.
“Patagonia. Resto de un antiguo continente hoy sumergido.
Contribuciones al estudio de las colecciones del Museo
Antropológico y Arqueológico de Buenos Aires. Conferencia
del 15 de Julio de 1882.” Anales de la Sociedad Científica
Argentina 14 (1882): 97–137.
“El Museo de La Plata, rápida ojeada sobre su fundación y
desarrollo.” Revista del Museo de La Plata 1 (1890): 1–30.
Esploración arqueológica de la Provincia de Catamarca: Primeros
datos sobre su importancia y resultados. La Plata, Argentina:
Tall. del Museo, 1891.
“Notas sobre algunas especies de un género aberrante de los
Dasypoda (Eoceno de la Patagonia) conservadas en el Museo
de La Plata.” Revista del Museo de La Plata 2 (1891): 57–63.
With Alcide Mercerat. “Catálogo de los Pájaros Fósiles de la
República Argentina conservados en el. Museo de La Plata.”
Anales del Museo de La Plata 1 (1891): 7–71.
“Reconocimiento de la región andina de la República Argentina.
Apuntes preliminares sobre una excursión a los territorios del
Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut y Santa Cruz hecha por las
secciones Topográfica y geológica bajo a dirección de F. P.
Moreno, director del Museo.” Revista del Museo de La Plata 8
(1898): 99–372.
“Note on the Discovery of Miolania and of Glossotherium
(Neomylodon) in Patagonia.” Nature 1556, no. 60 (1899):
395–398.
OTHER SOURCES
Bertomeu, Carlos A. El perito Moreno, centinela de la Patagonia:
Estudio biográfico. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 1949.
Camacho, Horacio. “Francisco P. Moreno y su contribución al
conocimiento geológico de la Patagonia.” Saber y Tiempo 9
(2000): 5–32.
N E W D I C T I O N A RY O F S C I E N T I F I C B I O G R A P H Y
 Morgan
“Embodied Institutions. La Plata Museum as Francisco P.
Moreno’s Autobiography.” 34th Cimuset Conference in
Brazil, Río de Janeiro, 2006. Río de Janeiro: Mast, 2007.
Hosne, Roberto. Francisco Moreno: Una herencia patagónica
desperdiciada. Buenos Aires: Emecé, 2005.
Lopes, Maria Margaret, and Irina Podgorny. “The Shaping of
Latin American Museums of Natural History.” Osiris 15
(2000): 108–118. An accessible overview of the history of the
Museo de La Plata.
Ludueña, Felipe. Labor parlamentaria del Perito Doctor Francisco
P. Moreno. Buenos Aires: Secretaría Parlamentaria. 1995.
Luna, Félix. Francisco P. Moreno. Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2001.
Moreno, Eduardo V. Reminiscencias de Francisco P. Moreno.
Versión propia. 2nd ed. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria
de Buenos Aires, 1979.
———. Perito Moreno’s Travel Journal: A Personal Reminiscence.
Buenos Aires: El Elefante Blanco, 2002.
Moreno Terrero de Benites, Adela. Recuerdos de mi abuelo
Francisco Pascasio Moreno: “El perito Moreno.” Buenos Aires:
s.n., Tall. Gráf. La Tradición, 1988.
Podgorny, Irina. “Bones and Devices in the Constitution of
Paleontology in Argentina at the End of the Nineteenth
Century.” Science in Context 18, no. 2 (2005): 249–283. The
most accessible discussion in English.
———. “La derrota del genio. Cráneos y cerebros en la filogenia
argentina.” Saber y Tiempo 5, no. 20 (2006): 63–106.
Quesada, Ernesto. “Doctor Francisco P. Moreno: 1852–1919.
Fundador y primer director del Museo: Homenaje a su
memoria en representación del Instituto Histórico y
Geográfico del Brasil.” Revista del Museo de La Plata 28
(1924–1925): 9–16. The most reliable biographical note on
F. P. Moreno.
Sheets-Pyenson, Susan. Cathedrals of Science: The Development of
Colonial Natural History Museums during the Late Nineteenth
Century. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988. A
good overview for the general reader.
Ygobone, Aquiles. Francisco P. Moreno. Arquetipo de argentinidad.
Contribución al estudio e investigación histórica, geográfica,
económica y social del País. Buenos Aires: Orientación
Cultural, 1953.
Irina Podgorny
MORGAN, THOMAS HUNT (b. Lexing-
ton, Kentucky, 25 September 1866; d. Pasadena, Califor-
nia, 4 December 1945), embryology, genetics. For the
original article on Morgan see DSB, vol. 9.
The original DSB article presented Thomas Hunt
Morgan as a specialist in embryology and genetics. Gar-
land E. Allen painted Morgan as a man “known to his
friends, colleagues, and students as a man of quick mind,
incisive judgment, and sparkling humor” (p. 515). The
reader sees a Morgan who won a Nobel Prize for his work
N E W D I C T I O N A RY O F S C I E N T I F I C B I O G R A P H Y
Morgan
in genetics, but also the study of heredity as a logical and
consistent part of a more complex Morgan excited about
natural history and organisms generally. Allen introduced
Morgan’s most important students, but the emphasis
remained on Morgan and his ideas and methods. The
picture was consistent with that presented in formal obit-
uaries and earlier biographical sketches, though Allen was
much more aware of the larger context in which Morgan
worked than most previous authors.
In his much longer biography of Morgan published
two years later, Allen developed this picture further and
added some additional themes that he pursued in other
work in more detail. Chapter 3 of Thomas Hunt Morgan:
The Man and His Science (1978) laid out the idea of a
“revolt from morphology” that had formed a foundation
for his textbook, Life Science in the Twentieth Century.
Thus, Morgan became the exemplar for a broad interpre-
tation of trends in the history of biology.
Work at Bryn Mawr. Importantly, the years that Allen
characterized in terms of the “revolt” and that he tied to
Morgan’s endorsement of the experimental embryological
program of “Entwicklungsmechanik” were also the years
that Morgan was on the faculty at Bryn Mawr College.
Allen acknowledged the significance of this appointment
at a leading women’s college in a couple of pages, but later
scholarship by Margaret Rossiter and Helen Lefkowitz
Horowitz has carried exploration of the role of women in
science, and the role of Bryn Mawr and Martha Carey
Thomas in particular, much further.
The fact that Morgan and fellow leading biologists
Edmund Beecher Wilson and Jacques Loeb each began his
career at Bryn Mawr in the last two decades of the nine-
teenth century deserves more attention. Despite the lim-
ited archival materials in the scientists’ collections
concerning this early period, there may well be instructive
materials available at Bryn Mawr or in collections of out-
standing students there. Researchers have little under-
standing of what Morgan, Wilson, and Loeb gained from
Bryn Mawr, though it is clear that Morgan gained a wife.
Lilian Vaughan Sampson Morgan became Morgan’s collab-
orator on many projects, and a researcher in her own right.
It is known what scholarly work Morgan carried out
at Bryn Mawr, but there is little about his teaching or
interactions with students in his lab. One can hope for
future insight along these lines to illuminate the way sci-
ence was carried out in that time and place and to learn
more about what the growing study of women in science
reveals about scientific careers more generally. Because the
building of a collaborative team became a central feature
of Morgan’s research approach, and because Morgan did
work with such outstanding young women as Nettie
Maria Stevens during his Bryn Mawr days, one can only
183