Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

EXERCISE 5D

1 Write down the period of each of these functions.

y = cos x° y = sin 2 x° 1
a b c y = 3tan x°
2
d y = 1 + 2 sin 3x° e y = tan( x − 30)° f y = 5 cos(2 x + 45)°

2 Write down the amplitude of each of these functions.

y = sin x° y = 5 cos 2 x° 1
a b c y = 7 sin x°
2
d y = 2 − 3 cos 4x° e y = 4 sin(2 x + 60)° f y = 2 sin(3x + 10)° + 5

3 Sketch the graph of each of these functions for 0° < x < 360°.
1
a y = 2 cos x b y = sin x c y = tan 3x
2
d y = 3 cos 2 x e y = 1 + 3 cos x f y = 2 sin 3x − 1
g y = sin( x − 45) h y = 2 cos( x + 60) i y = tan( x − 90)

4 a Sketch the graph of each of these functions for 0 < x < 2 π .

π π
i y = 2 sin x y = cos  x − 
ii iii y = sin  2x + 
 2  4
b Write down the coordinates of the turning points for your graph for part a iii.

5 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = sin 2 x and y = 1 + cos 2 x for 0° < x < 360°.
134
b State the number of solutions of the equation sin 2x = 1 + cos 2x for 0° < x < 360°.

6 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = 2 sin x and y = 2 + cos 3x for 0 < x < 2 π.
b Hence, state the number of solutions, in the interval 0 < x < 2 π, of
  the equation 2 sin x = 2 + cos 3x.

7 a On the same diagram, sketch and label the graphs of y = 3sin x and y = cos 2x   for the interval 0 < x < 2 π.
b State the number of solutions of the equation 3sin x = cos 2x in the interval 0 < x < 2 π.

8 y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O
π π 3π 2π x
2 2

Part of the graph y = a sin bx + c is shown above.

Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of c.
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry

9 y
5
4
3
2
1
O
60 120 180 240 300 360 x

Part of the graph of y = a + b cos cx is shown above.

Write down the value of a, the value of b and the value of c.

10 a Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin x for −π < x < π.

The straight line y = kx intersects this curve at the maximum point.
b Find the value of k. Give your answer in terms of π.
c State the coordinates of the other points where the line intersects the curve.

11 y

P
5
135
O
π π 3π 2π x
2 2

Part of the graph of y = a tan bx + c is shown above.

π
The graph passes through the point P  , 8  .
4 
Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of c.

12 f( x ) = a + b sin x for 0 < x < 2 π

7π 
Given that f(0) = 3 and that f  = 2, nd:
 6 
a the value of a and the value of b
b the range of f .

13 f( x ) = a − b cos x for 0° < x < 360°, where a and b are positive constants.
The maximum value of f( x ) is 8 and the minimum value is −2.
a Find the value of a and the value of b.
b Sketch the graph of y = f( x ).

14 f( x ) = a + b sin cx for 0° < x < 360°, where a and b are positive constants.
The maximum value of f( x ) is 9, the minimum value of f( x ) is 1 and the period is 120°.
Find the value of a, the value of b and the value of c.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

15 f( x ) = A + 5 cos Bx for 0° < x < 120°

The maximum value of f( x ) is 7 and the period is 60°.
a Write down the value of A and the value of B.
b Write down the amplitude of f( x ).
c Sketch the graph of f( x ).

PS 16 The graph of y = sin x is re ected in the line x = π and then in the line y = 1.
Find the equation of the resulting function.
π
PS 17 The graph of y = cos x is re ected in the line x = and then in the line y = 3.
2
Find the equation of the resulting function.

5.5 Inverse trigonometric functions

The functions y = sin x,  y = cos x and y = tan x for x ∈ R are many-one functions. If,
REWIND
however, we suitably restrict the domain of each of these functions, it is possible to make
the function one-one and hence we can de ne each inverse function. In Section 2.5 you learnt
about the inverse of a
The graphs of the suitably restricted functions y = sin x,  y = cos x and y = tan x and their function. Here we will
inverse functions y = sin−1 x,  y = cos −1 x and y = tan−1 x, together with their domains and look at the particular
ranges are: case of the inverse of a
trigonometric function.
136
y y
1 π
2 y = sin –1x
y = sin x

O π x REWIND
–π
2 2
In Chapter 2 you
–1 O x
1 learnt about functions
–1
and that only one-one
functions can have
y = sin x
an inverse function.
π π
domain: − <x< –π You also learnt that if
2 2 2
f and f −1 are inverse
range: −1 < sin x < 1
functions, then the
y = sin −1 x graph of f −1 is a
re ection of the graph
domain: − 1 < x < 1
of f in the line y = x .
π π
range: − < sin −1 x <
2 2
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry

5 Solve each of these equations for 0° < x < 360°.

a 2 sin x = cos x b 2 sin x − 3 cos x = 0
c 4 sin x + 7 cos x = 0 d 3 cos 2 x − 4 sin 2 x = 0

6 Solve 4 sin(2 x + 0.3) − 5 cos(2 x + 0.3) = 0  for  0 < x < π.

7 Solve each of these equations for 0° < x < 360°.

a sin x cos( x − 60) = 0 b 5sin 2 x − 3 sin x = 0
c tan2 x = 5 tan x d sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x = 0
e 2 sin x cos x = sin x f sin x tan x = 4 sin x

8 Solve each of these equations for 0° < x < 360°.

a 4 cos2 x = 1 b 4 tan2 x = 9

9 Solve each of these equations for 0° < x < 360°.

a 2 sin2 x +  sin x − 1 = 0 b tan2 x + 2 tan x − 3 = 0
c 3 cos2 x − 2 cos x − 1 = 0 d 2 sin2 x − cos x − 1 = 0
e 3 cos2 x − 3 = sin x f cos x + 5 = 6 sin2 x  
g 2 cos2 x − sin2 x − 2 sin x − 1 = 0  h 1 + tan x cos x = 2 cos2 x

10 Solve each of these equations for 0 < x < 2 π.

145
a 4 tan x = 3 cos x b 2 cos2 x + 5sin x = 4

11 Solve sin2 x + 3sin x cos x + 2 cos2 x = 0 for 0 < x < 2 π.

5.7 Trigonometric identities

x + x = 2x is called an identity because it is true for all values of x.

When writing an identity, we often replace the = symbol with a ≡ symbol to emphasise
that it is an identity.

Two commonly used trigonometric identities are:

sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1 and tan x ≡
cos x
In this section you will learn how to use these two identities to simplify expressions and to
prove other more complicated identities that involve sin x, cos x and tan x.

When proving an identity, it is usual to start with the more complicated side of the identity
and prove that it simpli es to the less complicated side.
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry

(1 + sin x )2
 ≡ Replace cos2 x with 1 − sin2 x in the
cos2 x
denominator.
(1 + sin x )2
≡ Use 1 − sin2 x = (1 + sin x )(1 − sin x ).
1 − sin2 x

(1 + sin x )2
≡ Divide numerator and denominator by
(1 + sin x )(1 − sin x )
1 + sin x.
1 + sin x
≡
1 − sin x
≡ LHS

EXPLORE 5.5

Equivalent trigonometric expressions:

1
1 – sin 2 x sin x tan x + cos x sin 2 x
cos x tan 2 x cos x

tan 2 x cos 3 x
cos x cos 3 x + cos x sin 2 x
sin 2 x 147

sin x cos 3 x
tan x sin 2 x cos x 1 – sin 2 x
(1 – cos x)(1 + cos x)

Discuss why each of the trigonometric expressions in the coloured boxes simpli es to
cos x.

Create trigonometric expressions of your own that simplify to sin x.

(Your expressions must contain at least two different trigonometric ratios.)

Compare your answers with those of your classmates.

EXERCISE 5G

1 Express 2 sin2 x − 7 cos2 x + 4 in terms of sin x.

2 Prove each of these identities.

1 − cos2 x
a cos x tan x ≡ sin x b ≡ tan x
sin x cos x
cos2 x 1 + sin x − sin2 x
c ≡ 1 + sin x d ≡ cos x + tan x
1 − sin x   cos x  
cos2 x   −  sin2 x
e + sin x ≡ cos x f cos 4 x + sin2 x cos2 x ≡ cos2 x
cos x   +  sin x
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

3 Prove each of these identities.

a (sin x + cos x )2 ≡ 1 + 2 sin x cos x b 2(1 + cos x ) − (1 + cos x )2 ≡ sin2 x
c 2 − (sin x + cos x )2 ≡ (sin x − cos x )2 d (cos2 x − 2)2 − 3sin2 x ≡ cos 4 x + sin2 x

4 Prove each of these identities.

a cos2 x   −  sin2 x ≡ 2 cos2 x − 1 b cos2 x   −  sin2 x ≡ 1 − 2 sin 2 x
c tan2 x − sin2 x ≡ tan2 x sin2 x d cos4 x +  sin2 x ≡ sin 4 x +  cos2 x

5 Prove each of these identities.

cos2 x   −  sin2 x
a ≡ cos x + sin x b sin 4 x − cos4 x ≡ 2 sin2 x − 1
cos x   −  sin x
cos 4 x   −  sin4 x cos x 1
c ≡ 1 − tan2 x d ≡ 1+
cos2 x tan x(1 −  sin x ) sin x
2
sin x − cos x tan x − 1  1 1  1 − cos x
e ≡ f
sin x + cos x tan x + 1  sin x − tan x  ≡ 1 + cos x
tan x   +  1 sin2 x (1 −  cos2 x )
g ≡ sin x + cos x h ≡ tan 4 x
sin x  tan x   +  cos x cos2 x (1 −  sin2 x )

6 Prove each of these identities.

1  cos x 1 1
a − ≡ tan x b tan x + ≡
cos x 1 + sin x tan x sin x cos x
1 sin x 1  +  cos x 2
148 c − cos x ≡ sin x tan x d + ≡
cos x 1  +  cos x sin x sin x
sin x  sin x 2 tan x 1 + cos x  1 − cos x 4
e + ≡ f − ≡
1 −  sin x 1 + sin x cos x 1 −  cos x 1 + cos x sin x tan x

7 Show that (1 + cos x )2 + (1 − cos x )2 + 2 sin2 x has a constant value for all x and state this value.

8 a Express 7 sin2 x + 4 cos2 x in the form a + b sin2 x.

b State the range of the function f( x ) = 7 sin2 x + 4 cos2 x, for the domain 0 < x < 2 π.

9 a Express 4 sin − cos2 in the form (sin + a )2 + b.

b Hence, state the maximum and minimum values of 4 sin − cos2 , for the domain 0 < < 2 π.
1 − sin 1 2(1 + sin )
PS P 10 a Given that a = , show that = .
2 cos a cos
b Hence, nd sin and cos in terms of a.