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FAC2602 Study Guide
FAC2602 Study Guide
Semesters 1 & 2
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This document contains the tutorial matter of your learning units.
Open Rubric
CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction 3
3. Learning Unit 1 4
4. Learning Unit 2 13
5. Learning Unit 3 31
6. Learning Unit 4 47
7. Learning Unit 5 73
8. Learning Unit 6 91
2
INTRODUCTION
Dear Student,
3
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 1
PROVISIONS IN RESPECT
OF COMPANIES IN A
GROUP CONTEXT
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to identify and define a business combination, a parent and subsidiary
company as well as simple groups in relation to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Business combination
Acquire
Entity
Parent
Subsidiary
Sub-subsidiary
Control
Share capital
Simple group
Complex group
5
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The first learning unit, which deals with group financial statements, is mainly background
knowledge. As you progress through the course, you will come to understand the purpose
that this background knowledge serves. We refer back to certain concepts and principles
discussed here in subsequent learning units, so they should become clearer to you later on in
the module.
Over the years, the tendency in the business world has been to form bigger and bigger
enterprises. Sole proprietors combined to form partnerships, which in turn amalgamated to
form yet bigger partnerships. However, these bigger partnerships posed one problem: all the
partners were not equally involved. Some partners merely contributed capital, whereas others
were more actively involved in managing the enterprise on a daily basis. The result was the
formation of companies to limit the liability of the inactive partners.
Companies also began to combine with other companies to form larger companies and groups
of companies.
6
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
EXAMPLE
P Ltd
S Ltd
a) P Ltd is the parent. (P Ltd holds more than half of the issued share capital and it is
assumed also more than half the voting rights in S Ltd.)
b) S Ltd is the subsidiary.
Where a parent is linked with a subsidiary to form a larger economic unit, it is customary to
refer to the entity as a group.
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements (issued May 2011) defines a group as a parent
and all its subsidiaries. In such a group, the management of the different independent parent
and subsidiary entities would co-ordinate their efforts on a central and unified basis to serve
the interests of the group as a whole. It is possible for management to operate on a unified
basis because of the control that the parent exercises over its subsidiaries.
IFRS 10 determines that an investor (in this case the parent) controls an investee (the
subsidiary) when the investor is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement
with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the
investee.
The above is an example of a simple group. Although you will only have to deal with accounting
and disclosure for simple groups in this course, we would like to introduce you to the concept of
complex groups so that it will not be an entirely new or foreign concept to you in future.
7
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
EXAMPLE
S1 Ltd S2 Ltd
2.
P Ltd
S1 Ltd
S2 Ltd
It should be clear to you from the above that simple groups have only one subsidiary where
complex groups have more than one subsidiary.
The following definitions are important in the light of the above explanation:
8
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
Business combination
A business combination is defined as a transaction or another event in which an acquirer
obtains control of one or more businesses.
Parent
A parent is an entity that controls one or more other entities (subsidiaries).
Subsidiary
A subsidiary is an entity that is controlled by another entity (the parent).
Sub-subsidiary
A sub-subsidiary is a subsidiary of another subsidiary.
Control
An investor (parent) controls an investee (subsidiary) when the investor (parent) is exposed or
has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee (subsidiary) and has the
ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee (subsidiary).
An investor (parent) controls an investee (subsidiary) only if all of the following is true for the
investor:
Shares do not have a nominal or par value in terms of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. All
shares of the same class have the same rights, and each share has one voting right, except
when the company's memorandum of incorporation provides otherwise (e.g. the voting rights
of preference shares may be excluded).
It should now be clear to you that a parent can obtain control over a subsidiary when the
parent holds the majority of the shares in the subsidiary.
In the examples we use, the percentages of shareholding and voting rights usually
correspond, since each share normally carries one vote. However, it is important to know that
this is not always the case in practice and that the percentage of voting rights would
determine the percentage of equity if there are no other factors influencing control.
In learning unit 3, we will explain the calculation of the percentage interest in more detail.
9
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
The essence of consolidations is that the parent is able to control the policy and management
of the subsidiary. Therefore, the group should be seen as an economic unit.
Although the parent shows investments in its subsidiaries on its statement of financial position,
it is highly probable that the value of the investments may have changed considerably since the
investments were made. The statements may therefore not be an accurate reflection of the
activities of the group.
For this reason, it is in the interest of the shareholders of the parent to have a single set of
annual financial statements drawn up for the group to give the shareholders an idea of the
earnings per share and the assets and liabilities of the group. We also call this set of
statements the consolidated statements, group annual financial statements or group
statements. Briefly, these are a combination of all the statements of the companies in the
group. They indicate that the investment represented in the parent's statements has been
replaced by the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary which represent this investment.
However, we need to make certain adjustments to represent these combined values
realistically as a single economic unit, which we will explain to you in the next learning unit.
Group annual financial statements may include the following consolidated financial
statements: statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of
changes in equity, statement of financial position, statement of cash flows and notes to the
consolidated financial statements.
A parent that elects in terms of the above-mentioned not to present consolidated financial
statements may present separate financial statements as its only financial statements.
1.5 EXERCISES
We end the learning unit with a few revision questions. For your own sake, try to answer them
by referring to the notes before you look at the proposed solutions.
QUESTION 1
a) Parent
b) Subsidiary
c) Wholly-owned subsidiary
QUESTION 2
Distinguish between simple and complex groups and give a schematic representation of each.
QUESTION 3
11
FAC2602 / Learning unit 1
SOLUTIONS
Refer to the following sections of this learning unit for the answers to the questions:
QUESTION 1
a) Section 1.2
b) Section 1.2
c) Section 1.2
QUESTION 2
Section 1.2
QUESTION 3
Section 1.3
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
12
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 2
CONSOLIDATION OF A
WHOLLY-OWNED
SUBSIDIARY AT DATE OF
ACQUISITION
13
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to consolidate the financial statements of a group of companies at the date of
acquisition if a subsidiary is wholly-owned in accordance with International Financial Reporting Stan-
dards (IFRS).
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Net asset value
Premium
Discount
Intragroup items
Common items
Goodwill
Gain from a bargain purchase
14
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a parent and its wholly-
owned subsidiary at the date of acquisition in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
calculate intragroup items and common items
calculate goodwill and a gain from a bargain purchase at the acquisition of a
subsidiary
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
2.1 INTRODUCTION
As we explained in learning unit 1, the consolidated statements of a group are in principle
merely the combined statements of all the companies in the group. However, we will have to
make certain adjustments to the statements before we can refer to them as consolidated
statements.
A Ltds
financial
statement
Adjustments to Group consolidated
B Ltds Financial statements
financial
statement
A Ltd drafts its financial statements from its financial records, as does B Ltd. Once the
individual statements have been completed, the accountant use the information from these
statements to make the necessary consolidation adjustments and only then compiles the
consolidated statements. Note that the original financial statements of A Ltd and B Ltd are
never amended during the consolidation process. This process repeats itself year after year,
and the adjustments have to be made afresh every year. You will understand this better as
you study the following learning units.
15
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
Note:
In this module, we only deal with cases where the investment in the subsidiary is carried (in the
records of the parent) at the original cost price, which is assumed to be its fair value. For the
sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the fair value remains unchanged from the original cost
price.
EXAMPLE 1
The following example illustrates the elimination of investment in the parent's books at the
date of acquisition:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position for the A Ltd Group at
28 February 20.5. Assume that A Ltd acquired its interest on that date. B Ltd was
incorporated on 28 February 20.5.
16
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
SOLUTION 1
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital of B Ltd 10 000
Investment in B Ltd 10 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
The group consolidated statement of financial position would now be drafted as follows:
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 20.5
R
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents (10 000 + 10 000) 20 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital 20 000
EXAMPLE 2
The following example illustrates the elimination of investment in the parent's records a few
years after acquisition:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Investment in B Ltd - at fair value (cost price: R10 000) 10 000 -
Trade and other receivables 12 000 8 000
Cash and cash equivalents 14 000 10 000
36 000 18 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (20 000/10 000 shares) 20 000 10 000
Retained earnings 16 000 8 000
36 000 18 000
17
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the A Ltd Group at
28 February 20.9 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS). Assume that A Ltd acquired its interest on
28 February 20.5 when B Ltd was incorporated.
SOLUTION 2
Dr Cr
R R
A LTD GROUP
Consolidated statement of financial position as at 28 February 20.9
R
ASSETS
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (12 000 + 8 000) 20 000
Cash and cash equivalents (14 000 + 10 000) 24 000
Total assets 44 000
With reference to the previous two examples, we can deduce the following:
The journal entry for the elimination of the investment and the owners' equity at the date of
acquisition will remain unchanged from one year to the next.
The share capital on the consolidated statement of financial position is always only that of
the parent.
The profits the subsidiary made after the date of acquisition become part of the retained
earnings of the group and are shown as such in the consolidated statements. We will
discuss this principle at greater length in learning unit 4.
The profits the subsidiary made before the date of acquisition cannot form part of the
retained earnings of the group. The parent pays for such profits. We will also take a closer
look at this principle in learning unit 4.
Since the parent obtained its interest in the subsidiary at the date of incorporation (the date
on which the company was established), there could not have been any retained earnings
in the records of B Ltd.
18
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
Sells Sells
machine timber
The actual profit the group made from the sale of goods was the profit made from sales to the
public only, since all the other sales took place within the group. Sales within a group are
known as intragroup sales and therefore have to be eliminated during consolidations.
A Ltd may lend a sum of money or sell an asset to B Ltd. We also have to eliminate these
transactions. In learning unit 7, we will study intragroup transactions in detail.
19
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
The following three situations may arise if a parent obtains an interest in a subsidiary:
The price paid by the parent for the interest/investment in the subsidiary is equivalent to the
fair value of assets and liabilities acquired. An acquisition of this kind is known as an
acquisition at net asset value.
The price paid by the parent for the interest is higher than the fair value of assets and
liabilities acquired. This is known as acquisition at a premium. This premium should be
treated as goodwill.
After initial recognition, the parent must measure the goodwill acquired in a business
combination at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. We do not amortise
goodwill. Instead, the parent must test it for impairment annually, or more frequently if
events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired in accordance with
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.
In this module, we will not be dealing with impairment losses, but will assume the initial cost
price of goodwill to be equal to current fair value.
The price paid by the parent is lower than the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired.
This is known as the acquisition of a subsidiary at a discount, which is also referred to as
a gain from a bargain purchase and is recognised at the acquisition date in profit or loss.
For the purpose of this module, note that a gain from a bargain purchase is a possibility
when acquiring a subsidiary. However, we will deal with this in Accounting III modules.
The following examples illustrate the possible situations which could arise:
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION 1
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
At Since
Total
R R
R
Share capital 50 000 50 000 –
Retained earnings 40 000 40 000 –
90 000 90 000 –
Purchase difference – –
Consideration 90 000 90 000 –
Therefore, it is clear that the price A Ltd paid for the investment in B Ltd is equal to the
nett assets acquired. (90 000 = 50 000 + 40 000)
21
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
The price paid by A Ltd for the investment in B Ltd is equal to the value of the net assets
acquired. (90 000 = 50 000 + 40 000)
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.5
R
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents (30 000 + 55 000) 85 000
Trade and other receivables (60 000 + 35 000) 95 000
Total assets 180 000
EXAMPLE 2
22
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Investment in B Ltd - at fair value (cost price: R100 000) 100 000 -
Bank 20 000 55 000
Trade and other receivables 60 000 35 000
180 000 90 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 100 000 50 000
Retained earnings 80 000 40 000
180 000 90 000
SOLUTION 2
Calculations
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.5
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Goodwill 10 000
10 000
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents (20 000 + 55 000) 75 000
Trade and other receivables (60 000 + 35 000) 95 000
170 000
Total assets 180 000
23
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
COMMENTS
In this example, the parent paid more than the net asset value for its interest in the subsidiary,
which means that a premium (goodwill) was paid at acquisition. Goodwill is regarded as an
intangible asset and should be shown as a non-current asset in the consolidated statement of
financial position. In this module, we determine the goodwill at acquisition only. We are not
concerned with future changes in the value of goodwill, which will be dealt with on third-year level.
According to IFRS 3, the two options for calculating goodwill are as follows:
a) The partial method (the method used in this MO001)
b) The full goodwill method (which uses the non-controlling interest at fair value to determine
goodwill). However, this method will be dealt with later on third-year level.
EXAMPLE 3
COMMENTS
This is when the parent pays less than the net asset value for its interest in the subsidiary. We will
deal with this on third-year level.
2.4 EXERCISES
To see whether you are able to apply the content of this learning unit, answer the following
questions. It is important to calculate the answers before looking at the suggested solutions.
24
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
QUESTION 1
You receive the following statements of financial position of P Ltd and S Ltd as at 30 June 20.6:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
ASSETS
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as
at 30 June 20.6 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards; if P Ltd acquired its interest in S Ltd at
30 June 20.6.
25
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
QUESTION 2
P Ltd S Ltd
Dr/(Cr) Dr/(Cr)
R R
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) (100 000) (50 000)
Retained earnings (80 000) (20 000)
Trade and other receivables 40 000 15 000
Inventories 20 000 35 000
Trade and other payables (15 000) (18 000)
Long-term borrowings (100 000) -
Loan – S Ltd 80 000 -
Investment in S Ltd – 50 000 shares at fair value 80 000 -
(cost price: R80 000)
Loan – P Ltd - (80 000)
Bank 25 000 58 000
Property, plant and equipment 50 000 60 000
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as at
31 March 20.5 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards; if P Ltd acquired its interest in S Ltd at 31 March 20.5.
SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
You should have followed the following steps:
26
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
Note that the interest in S Ltd is determined by the amount of shares held in S Ltd and not
the rand value. You must use 100 000 shares and not R145 000.
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Goodwill 30 000
Current assets (40 000 + 115 000) 155 000
Total assets 185 000
27
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
QUESTION 2
You should have followed the following steps:
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (50 000 + 60 000) 110 000
Goodwill 10 000
120 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (40 000 + 15 000) 55 000
Inventories (20 000 + 35 000) 55 000
Cash and cash equivalents (25 000 + 58 000) 83 000
193 000
Total assets 313 000
Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowings 100 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (15 000 + 18 000) 33 000
Total liabilities 133 000
Total equity and liabilities 313 000
29
FAC2602 / Learning unit 2
COMMENTS
You will note that in our proposed solutions to the assignments, we give the consolidated
statement of financial position followed by the calculations. We will not criticise the format of your
answer, but please ensure that you answer the question in full.
It would be perfectly acceptable to give some of the easier calculations in brackets, as in our
proposed solutions.
Note that this question included intragroup loans. We eliminated both the parent's and subsidiary's
debit and credit loans against each other.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a parent and its wholly-
owned subsidiary at date of acquisition in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards?
calculate intragroup and common items?
calculate goodwill and a gain from a bargain purchase at the acquisition of a
subsidiary?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
30
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 3
CONSOLIDATION OF A
PARTLY-OWNED
SUBSIDIARY AT DATE OF
ACQUISITION
31
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to consolidate the financial statements of a group of companies at the date of
acquisition if a subsidiary is wholly-owned in accordance with International Financial Reporting Stan-
dards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Partly-owned subsidiary
Outside owners
Non-controlling owners
Non-controlling interests (NCI)
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to
calculate the percentage applicable to non-controlling owners
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group with a partly-owned
subsidiary at the date of acquisition in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
32
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In learning unit 2, we dealt only with wholly-owned subsidiaries, in other words, where the
parent has acquired the entire issued share capital of the subsidiary.
However, there may be various reasons why it could be impossible for the parent to take up
all the shares in the subsidiary. Some of the owners may not be prepared to sell their shares
to the parent, or the parent may not have sufficient funds to purchase all the shares. The
other owners of the subsidiary are known as non-controlling or outside owners. Non-
controlling owners may consist of ordinary owners and preference owners. We will deal with
subsidiaries with preference shares in learning unit 9.
EXAMPLE
P Ltd
To make provision for the non-controlling owners' interest in the profit of the subsidiary, it is
important to know how to calculate the percentage interest in the subsidiary.
33
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
EXAMPLE 1
The following represent the condensed statements of financial position of A Ltd and its subsi-
diary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 150 000 200 000
Investment in B Ltd
– 80 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost price: R90 000) 90 000 -
Current assets 110 000 10 000
350 000 210 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 50 000 30 000
Long-term borrowings 100 000 80 000
350 000 210 000
SOLUTION 1
Therefore, A Ltd has an 80% interest in B Ltd, and the non-controlling owners of B Ltd only
have a 20% interest in B Ltd.
34
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
EXAMPLE 2
The following represent the condensed statements of financial position of P Ltd and S Ltd:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 150 000 200 000
Investment in S Ltd
- 35 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost price: R75 000) 75 000 -
Current assets 125 000 10 000
350 000 210 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 50 000 30 000
Long-term borrowings 100 000 80 000
350 000 210 000
SOLUTION 2
As for wholly-owned subsidiaries, the following three situations may occur when a parent
acquires an interest in a partly-owned subsidiary:
35
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
EXAMPLE 3
The following are the abridged statements of financial position of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd,
as at 31 December 20.9, which is the date on which A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd.
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Property, plant and equipment 160 000 160 000
Investment in B Ltd - 56 000 ordinary shares at fair value 98 000 –
(cost price: R98 000)
Trade and other receivables 140 000 110 000
398 000 270 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/80 000 shares) 100 000 80 000
Retained earnings 120 000 60 000
Trade and other payables 178 000 130 000
398 000 270 000
SOLUTION 3
56 000 100
A Ltd's interest = x = 70%
80 000 1
36
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
A Ltd 70 % NCI
Total
30 %
At Since
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 80 000 56 000 24 000
Retained earnings 60 000 42 000 18 000
140 000 98 000 42 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 140 000 98 000 42 000
COMMENT
In this question, the date of acquisition and the date of consolidation are the same, which is why
the statement of financial position does not include any of the subsidiary's other equity
components since these have been eliminated at acquisition (see pro-forma consolidated journal
entry).
Non-controlling interests are presented as a credit in the statement of financial position, as it
reflects what is owed to the non-controlling owners in terms of their share of the equity.
Dr Cr NCI#
R R R
Share capital 80 000
Retained earnings 60 000
Investment in B Ltd 98 000
Non-controlling interests (statement of financial position) 42 000 42 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition 42 000
# Please note: We only show this column to reflect the movement of non-controlling interests
(NCI). It is not a journal entry. We will do this in all the exercises that follow.
37
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (160 000 + 160 000) 320 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (140 000 + 110 000) 250 000
Total assets 570 000
EXAMPLE 4
38
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
SOLUTION 4
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 80 000
Retained earnings 60 000
Goodwill 28 000
Investment in B Ltd 140 000
Non-controlling interests (statement of financial position) 28 000 28 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
28 000
39
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
20 .9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (160 000 + 160 000) 320 000
Goodwill 28 000
348 000
Current assets 0
Trade and other receivables (98 000 + 110 000) 208 000
Total assets 556 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (178 000 + 130 000) 308 000
Total equity and liabilities 556 000
EXAMPLE 5
3.3 EXERCISES
We shall now conclude this learning unit with a few revision questions. It is in your own interest
to try to answer these questions by referring to the learning unit before you look at the
proposed solutions.
40
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
QUESTION 1
P Ltd acquired its interest in S Ltd on 30 June 20.5. Each share carries one vote. The following
represent the condensed trial balances of P Ltd and S Ltd at 30 June 20.5:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
Debits
Property, plant and equipment 52 700 133 900
Investment in S Ltd
– 75 000 shares at fair value (cost price: R90 000) 90 000 –
– 10 000 debentures at fair value (cost price: R10 000) 10 000 –
Bank 2 500 –
Inventories 15 800 4 200
171 000 138 100
Credits
Share capital – ordinary shares (150 000/100 000 shares) 150 000 100 000
Retained earnings 12 200 11 300
Debentures (20 000 debentures) – 20 000
Trade and other payables 8 800 1 200
Bank overdraft – 5 600
171 000 138 100
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as at
30 June 20.5 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
41
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
QUESTION 2
P Ltd acquired 40 000 ordinary shares in S Ltd on 1 January 20.5, and each share carries one
vote.
The following represent the condensed statements of financial position of P Ltd and S Ltd at
1 January 20.5:
P Ltd S Ltd
ASSETS R R
Property, plant and equipment 103 200 157 300
Unsecured loan to P Ltd - 20 000
Investment in S Ltd
– 40 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost price: R180 000) 180 000 -
Current assets 44 000 15 500
327 200 192 800
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Revaluation of land and buildings - 50 000
Retained earnings 95 700 40 000
Long-term borrowing from S Ltd 20 000 –
Current liabilities 11 500 2 800
327 200 192 800
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as at
1 January 20.5 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
42
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
75 000 100
P Ltd's interest = x = 75%
100 000 1
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 11 300
Goodwill (b)6 525
Investment in S Ltd 90 000
Non-controlling interests (statement of financial position) 27 825 27 825
Elimination of owners' equity of S Ltd at acquisition
43
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 30 JUNE 20.5
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (52 700 + 133 900) 186 600
Goodwill (b)6 525
193 125
Current assets
Inventories (15 800 + 4 200) 20 000
Cash and cash equivalents 2 500
22 500
Total assets 215 625
COMMENT
Debit and credit bank balances may not be set off against each other upon consolidation.
Therefore, we show the parent's favourable bank balance and the subsidiary's bank overdraft
separately.
The balances can be offset against each other if the company with the favourable balance has
guaranteed the overdraft account, but only if both accounts are at the same bank.
44
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
QUESTION 2
40 000 100
P Ltd's interest = x = 80%
50 000 1
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Revaluation surplus 50 000
Retained earnings 40 000
Goodwill (a)28 000
Investment in S Ltd 180 000
Non-controlling interests(statement of financial position) 38 000 38 000
Elimination of owners' equity of S Ltd at acquisition
45
FAC2602 / Learning unit 3
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 1 JANUARY 20.5
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (103 200 + 157 300) 260 500
Goodwill (a)28 000
288 500
Current assets (44 000 + 15 500) 59 500
Total assets 348 000
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
46
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 4
CONSOLIDATION OF A
WHOLLY-OWNED
SUBSIDIARY AFTER DATE
OF ACQUISITION
47
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to consolidate the financial statements of a group of companies if the interest
in the wholly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in accordance with International Finan-
cial Reporting Standards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Post-acquisition profits
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group if the interest in
the wholly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
48
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In learning unit 2, we discussed the consolidation of a wholly-owned subsidiary at the date of
acquisition. In this learning unit, we deal with the compiling of consolidated annual financial
statements at any date after the acquisition of an interest in a subsidiary. We always eliminate
the owners' equity (share capital and other components) of a subsidiary that exist at the
acquisition of the subsidiary against the investment in the subsidiary. It does not form part of
the owners' equity (share capital and other components) of the group. The parent originally
paid for it. Refer to examples 1 to 3 in learning unit 2 if you need to make sure that you un-
derstand the above statement.
Therefore, all the profits the subsidiary makes after the date of acquisition become the profits
of the group and should be included as such in the consolidated statements. All components
of equity of a subsidiary which was formed after the date of acquisition form part of the total
equity of the group.
specific items which have a market value that is higher or lower than the carrying value
(e.g. property or plant)
the value of the undertaking as a whole
The goodwill that a parent pays for when acquiring a subsidiary represents the parent's
anticipation of future economic benefits. We reflect goodwill at cost price for the purposes of this
course. We will deal with future adjustments in value on third year level.
We will also deal further with the alternative option and methods in IFRS 3 regarding the
calculation of goodwill on third-year level.
49
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
We now turn our attention to a new aspect, namely that we will have to deal with various periods
when analysing the owners' equity of the subsidiary. The following serves as an example of
this:
Suppose A Ltd acquired its 100% interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.1, and you are required to
draft the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 20.8. You will
have to divide the analysis of owners' equity into three parts.
Current year
1 January 20.8 to 31 December 20.8
As in the previous learning units, we will deal with the three situations that may arise when a
parent acquire shares in a subsidiary.
50
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
EXAMPLE 1
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 160 000 180 000
Investment in B Ltd
– 80 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost price: R124 000) 124 000 -
Trade and other receivables 114 000 90 000
398 000 270 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (100 000/80 000 shares) 100 000 80 000
Retained earnings 120 000 60 000
Trade and other payables 178 000 130 000
398 000 270 000
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.6. B Ltd's retained earnings amounted to
R44 000 at the time. Assume that the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of B Ltd is
equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 35 000 23 000
Income tax expense (11 000) (7 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 24 000 16 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 24 000 16 000
51
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.6
Suppose you have to draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income, the consolidated statement of changes in equity and the consolidated
statement of financial position at 31 December 20.6.
SOLUTION 1
52
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital (B Ltd) 80 000
Retained earnings (B Ltd) 44 000
Investment in B Ltd (A Ltd) 124 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.6
R
Profit before tax (35 000 + 23 000) 58 000
Income tax expense (11 000 + 7 000) (18 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 40 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 40 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.6
Share Retained
Total
capital earnings
R R R
Balance at 1 January 20.6 100 000 96 000* 196 000
Changes in equity for 20.6
Total comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year 40 000 40 000
Balance at 31 December 20.6 100 000 136 000 236 000
* Only parent's interest due to the fact that the interest was acquired on 1 January 20.6
53
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
A LTD GROUP
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (160 000 + 180 000) 340 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (114 000 + 90 000) 204 000
Total assets 544 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity attributable to owners of the parent
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 136 000
Total equity 236 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (178 000 + 130 000) 308 000
Total equity and liabilities 544 000
54
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
EXAMPLE 2
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Property, plant and equipment 160 000 180 000
Investment in B Ltd - 80 000 ordinary shares at fair value
(cost price: R148 000) 148 000 -
Trade and other receivables 90 000 90 000
398 000 270 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/80 000 shares) 100 000 80 000
Retained earnings 120 000 60 000
Trade and other payables 178 000 130 000
398 000 270 000
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.5, at which time B Ltd's retained earnings
amounted to R26 000. At the date of acquisition, consider the carrying amount of the assets
and liabilities of B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof.
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit from operations 25 000 23 000
Dividends received from subsidiary 10 000 -
Profit before tax 35 000 23 000
Income tax expense (11 000) (7 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 24 000 16 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 24 000 16 000
55
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.6
REQUIRED
You are required to draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income, the consolidated statement of changes in equity and the
consolidated statement of financial position at 31 December 20.6 in compliance with
the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards.
56
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
SOLUTION 2
Calculations
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(2)
Retained earnings 28 000 28 000
(54 000 31/12/20.5 -
26 000 1/1/20.5)
• Current year
Profit for the year 16 000 16 000
Dividend paid (10 000) (10 000)
182 000 148 000 34 000
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital (B Ltd) 80 000
Retained earnings (B Ltd) 26 000
Goodwill 42 000(1)
Investment in B Ltd (A Ltd) 148 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
57
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.6
R
Profit before tax (35 000 – 10 000 + 23 000)
(4)
48 000
Income tax expense (11 000 + 7 000) (18 000)
(3)
Profit for the year 30 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 30 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.6
58
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.6
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (160 000 + 180 000) 340 000
(1)
Goodwill 42 000
382 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (90 000 + 90 000) 180 000
Total assets 562 000
COMMENT
Note that we eliminate all intragroup transactions. Therefore, we eliminate the dividends the
subsidiary paid to the parent. Consequently, the group's profit before tax will not include the
dividends received from the subsidiary. The dividends in the statement of changes in equity under
retained income will consist of dividends paid by the parent only.
EXAMPLE 3
The acquisition of a wholly-owned subsidiary at a discount does not form part of this course
and will be dealt with in detail at third-year level.
4.4 EXERCISES
We conclude this learning unit with a few revision questions. It is important that you work
through these questions carefully while paying special attention to the comments, since by
now you have progressed so far with consolidations that it is easier to point out certain
important principles to you.
59
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
QUESTION 1
The following are the trial balances of P Ltd and its subsidiary, S Ltd, at 31 December 20.8:
P Ltd S Ltd
Credits R R
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 100 000 50 000
Retained earnings - 1 January 20.8 250 000 130 000
Gross profit 410 000 360 000
Dividends received 30 000 -
Trade and other payables 80 000 60 000
Accumulated depreciation - 31 December 20.8 50 000 30 000
Bank overdraft 30 000 -
950 000 630 000
Debits
Property, plant and equipment at cost price 152 000 100 000
Investment in S Ltd
- 50 000 shares at fair value (cost price: R150 000) 150 000 -
Inventories 180 000 160 000
Trade and other receivables 190 000 80 000
Bank - 68 000
Auditors' remuneration 15 000 12 000
Staff cost 100 000 80 000
Depreciation 15 000 10 000
Taxation for the year 108 000 90 000
Dividends paid 40 000 30 000
950 000 630 000
Additional information
P Ltd acquired its interest in S Ltd on 2 January 20.5, at which date the retained earnings of
S Ltd was R80 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of S Ltd to be
equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position, the consolidated
statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the
consolidated statement of changes in equity of the P Ltd Group for the year
ended 31 December 20.8 in compliance with the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards.
60
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
QUESTION 2
The following are the trial balances of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd, at 31 December 20.8:
A Ltd B Ltd
Credits R R
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 100 000 50 000
Retained earnings - 1 January 20.8 250 000 130 000
Gross profit 410 000 360 000
Dividends received 30 000 -
Trade and other payables 80 000 60 000
Accumulated depreciation - 31 December 20.8 50 000 30 000
Bank overdraft 30 000 -
950 000 630 000
Debits
Property, plant and equipment at cost price 152 000 100 000
Investment in B Ltd
- 50 000 shares at fair value (cost price: R150 000) 150 000 -
Inventories 180 000 160 000
Trade and other receivables 190 000 80 000
Bank - 68 000
Auditors' remuneration 15 000 12 000
Staff cost 100 000 80 000
Depreciation 15 000 10 000
Taxation for the year 108 000 90 000
Dividends paid 40 000 30 000
950 000 630 000
Additional information
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 2 January 20.5, and at that date the retained earnings of
B Ltd was R80 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of B Ltd to be
equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the A Ltd Group as at
31 December 20.8 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards.
61
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
QUESTION 3
The following are the trial balances of J Ltd and its subsidiary, L Ltd, at 31 December 20.8:
J Ltd L Ltd
Credits R R
Share capital - ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 100 000 50 000
Retained earnings - 1 January 20.8 250 000 130 000
Gross profit 410 000 360 000
Dividends received 30 000 -
Trade and other payables 80 000 60 000
Accumulated depreciation - 31 December 20.8 50 000 30 000
Bank overdraft 30 000 -
950 000 630 000
Debits
Property, plant and equipment at cost price 152 000 100 000
Investment in L Ltd
- 50 000 shares at fair value (cost price: R150 000) 150 000 -
Inventories 180 000 160 000
Trade and other receivables 190 000 80 000
Bank - 68 000
Auditors' remuneration 15 000 12 000
Staff cost 100 000 80 000
Depreciation 15 000 10 000
Taxation for the year 108 000 90 000
Dividends paid 40 000 30 000
950 000 630 000
Additional information
J Ltd acquired its interest in L Ltd on 2 January 20.5, at which date the retained earnings of L Ltd
was R80 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of L Ltd to be equal
to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the consolidated statement of changes in equity of the J Ltd
Group for the year ended 31 December 20.8 in compliance with the
requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards.
62
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.8
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment 172 000
[(152 000 + 100 000) - (50 000 + 30 000)]
(2)
Goodwill 20 000
192 000
Current assets
Inventories (180 000 + 160 000) 340 000
Trade and other receivables (190 000 + 80 000) 270 000
Cash and cash equivalents 68 000
678 000
Total assets 870 000
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
Note R
Gross profit (410 000 + 360 000) 770 000
Administrative expenses (15 000 + 12 000 + 15 000 + 10 000 (232 000)
+ 100 000 + 80 000)
Profit before tax 1 538 000
Income tax expense (108 000 + 90 000) (198 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 340 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 340 000
63
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
P LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Expenses R
Auditors remuneration (15 000 + 12 000) 27 000
Depreciation (15 000 + 10 000) 25 000
Staff cost (100 000 + 80 000) 180 000
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.8
64
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of S Ltd
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings 50 000 50 000(1)
(130 000 31/12/20.7 –
80 000 2/1/20.5)
• Current year
Profit for the year (calculation 2) 168 000 168 000
Dividends paid (30 000) (30 000)
338 000 188 000 -
R
Gross profit 360 000
Auditors' remuneration (12 000)
Staff cost (80 000)
Depreciation (10 000)
258 000
Taxation for the year (90 000)
168 000
65
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
3. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital 50 000
Retained earnings 80 000
(2)
Goodwill 20 000
Investment in S Ltd 150 000
Elimination of owners' equity of S Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
In this example, we divide the analysis of owners' equity into three parts (periods) because we
require the figure for retained earnings for the subsidiary at the beginning of the year in order to
draft the statement of changes in equity.
Note that we eliminated the intragroup item, namely dividends of R30 000 paid by the subsidiary.
Note also that if the parent or a subsidiary has a bank overdraft, we may not deduct it from the
favourable bank balance of another company in the group (even if both companies hold their
accounts at the same bank). We must show both balances separately. The deduction is permitted
only if the company with the favourable balance has guaranteed the overdrawn account.
66
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
QUESTION 2
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.8
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment 172 000
[(152 000 + 100 000) - (50 000 + 30 000)]
(2)
Goodwill (calculation 1) 20 000
192 000
Current assets
Inventories (180 000 + 160 000) 340 000
Trade and other receivables (190 000 + 80 000) 270 000
Cash and cash equivalents 68 000
678 000
Total assets 870 000
67
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
68
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital 50 000
Retained earnings 80 000
(2)
Goodwill 20 000
Investment in B Ltd 150 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
Since the question merely asked for a consolidated statement of financial position, the analysis of
owners' equity is different from that in question 1. Because we had to do neither the consolidated
statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income nor the consolidated statement of
changes in equity, we did not require the figure for retained earnings at the beginning of the year
(see (1) in question 1). Therefore, we can combine the "since acquisition" sections in the analysis
and include all movements in retained earnings for the period since acquisition to the end of the
current year.
Because a complete consolidated statement of changes in equity is no longer available, we should
calculate retained earnings separately, as in calculation 2 (100% holding).
QUESTION 3
J LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
Note R
Gross profit (410 000 + 360 000) 770 000
Administrative expenses (15 000 + 12 000 + 15 000 (232 000)
+ 10 000 + 100 000 + 80 000)
Profit before tax 1 538 000
Income tax expense (108 000 + 90 000) (198 000)
(2)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 340 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 340 000
69
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
J LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Expenses R
Auditors' remuneration (15 000 + 12 000) 27 000
Depreciation (15 000 + 10 000) 25 000
Staff cost (100 000 + 80 000) 180 000
J LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.8
70
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of L Ltd
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(1)
Retained earnings 50 000 50 000
(130 000 31/12/20.7 –
80 000 2/1/20.5)
• Current year
Profit for the year (calc 2) 168 000 168 000
Dividends paid (30 000) (30 000)
338 000 188 000 -
71
FAC2602 / Learning unit 4
Dr Cr
R R
Share capital 50 000
Retained earnings 80 000
(3)
Goodwill 20 000
Investment in L Ltd 150 000
Elimination of owners' equity of L Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
In this question, you are merely expected to draft a consolidated statement of profit or loss and
other comprehensive income and a consolidated statement of changes in equity. However, you will
notice that the calculations for questions 1 and 3 are very similar.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group if the interest in
the wholly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
72
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 5
CONSOLIDATION OF A
PARTLY-OWNED
SUBSIDIARY AFTER DATE
OF ACQUISITION
73
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to consolidate the financial statements of a group of companies if the interest
in the partly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Intragroup transactions
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group if the interest in
the partly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
calculate, measure and disclose the goodwill which arises at acquisition
74
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In learning unit 3, we introduced you to the consolidation process for a partly-owned subsidiary
at the date of acquisition. In learning unit 4, we went a step further by explaining the conso-
lidation process for a wholly-owned subsidiary after the date of acquisition. In this learning
unit, you will learn about the consolidation process which takes place when a partly-owned
subsidiary is consolidated at a date after acquisition.
We will follow the same basic calculations as in learning unit 4, except that we will always need
to make provision for the non-controlling interest in the profit. You will notice that we disclose
the profit attributable to the non-controlling owners separately in the consolidated statement of
profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the consolidated statement of changes in
equity.
As mentioned above, the consolidation process remains exactly the same as before, except
for the addition of a separate calculation for non-controlling owners.
75
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
EXAMPLE 1
The following represent the abridged financial statements of X Ltd and its subsidiary, Y Ltd:
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 200 000 220 000
Investment in Y Ltd – 30 000 ordinary shares at fair value 152 500 –
(cost price: R152 500)
Trade and other receivables 50 500 80 000
Bank 27 000 45 000
430 000 345 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (50 000/40 000 shares) 100 000 80 000
Retained earnings 270 000 190 000
Trade and other payables 60 000 75 000
430 000 345 000
X Ltd acquired its interest in Y Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date Y Ltd's retained earnings
amounted to R110 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of Y Ltd to
be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
Gross profit 107 000 105 000
Dividends received from subsidiary 7 500 -
Profit before tax 114 500 105 000
Income tax expense (34 500) (35 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 80 000 70 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 80 000 70 000
76
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
To draft the consolidated financial statements of the X Ltd Group for the year ended
31 December 20.9 we would proceed as follows:
SOLUTION 1
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of Y Ltd
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current
year
(2) (a)
Retained earnings 20 000 15 000 5 000
(130 000 - 110 000)
• Current year
(1)/(b)
Profit for the year 70 000 52 500 17 500
(c)
Dividends paid (10 000) (7 500) (2 500)
280 000 60 000 67 500(3)/(d)
77
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 80 000
Retained earnings 110 000
Goodwill 10 000
Investment in Y Ltd 152 500
Non-controlling interests 47 500 47 500
Elimination of owners' equity of Y Ltd at
acquisition
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (107 000 + 7 500 – 7 500 + 105 000) 212 000
Income tax expense (34 500 + 35 000) (69 500)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 142 500
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 142 500
78
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
Balance at 1 January 20.9 100 000 225 000# 325 000 52 500(a) 377 500
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for
the year
(4)
Profit for the year 125 000 125 000 17 500(b) 142 500
Dividend paid: ordinary (20 000) (20 000) (2 500)(c) (22 500)
(5)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 100 000 330 000 430 000 67 500(d) 497 500
(2)
# (210 000 + 15 000 )
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (200 000 + 220 000) 420 000
Goodwill 10 000
430 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (50 500 + 80 000) 130 500
Cash and cash equivalents (27 000 + 45 000) 72 000
202 500
Total assets 632 500
79
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
COMMENT
Upon consolidation, all the assets, liabilities, profits and losses of a parent and its subsidiaries are
added together. However, the process does not take into account that the non-controlling owners
also have a percentage share. We credit the non-controlling interests in the statement of financial
position to show that it is the portion of equity owed to the non-controlling owners. We reduce the
retained earnings to allocate it to the non-controlling owners by debiting the retained earnings.
Hence:
Dr Retained earnings 5 000
Cr Non-controlling interests 5 000
Likewise, we need to allocate the non-controlling owners' portion of the current year's profit to
them. We credit the non-controlling interests in the statement of financial position to show that it is
the portion of the profit owed to them. We reduce the profit in the statement of profit or loss and
other comprehensive income to allocate it to the non-controlling owners by debiting profit.
Hence:
Dr Non-controlling interests (SCI) 17 500
Cr Non-controlling interests (SFP) 17 500
At the bottom of the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, we can now
allocate the profit between the parent and the non-controlling owners. We include a separate
column for the non-controlling interests' share in equity in the statement of changes in equity.
In the previous learning unit, we eliminated the entire amount of the dividend paid by the
subsidiary against the dividend received by the parent as the subsidiary was wholly-owned. Here,
the subsidiary is partly-owned. To eliminate the dividends, we debit the dividends received by X
Ltd, amounting to R7 500, and credit the dividends paid by Y Ltd, amounting to R10 000. The
balancing figure in the journal is a debit balance of R2 500. We debit non-controlling interests,
thereby reducing the non-controlling interests balance in the statement of financial position, as
they realised a portion of their share in the profit in the form of a dividend received.
Hence:
Dr Dividends received – X Ltd R7 500
Dr Non-controlling interests R2 500
Cr Dividends paid – Y Ltd R10 000
80
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
In a previous learning unit, we explained to you that we must exclude profit which arises from
a transaction within the group (where this profit has not been realised in respect of a tran-
saction with a person outside the group) when determining total group profit.
When a parent sells inventories to a subsidiary at a profit and these inventories are still in the
possession of the subsidiary at year-end, this profit has not yet been realised. It is only when
the subsidiary sells the inventories to a person outside the group that the profit is realised. We
will therefore always show inventories in the consolidated statement of financial position at the
original amount for which a member of the group manufactured or purchased the inventories.
Another frequently occurring intragroup transaction is the amounts that are due or payable
between the parent and the subsidiary within the group. We will examine this aspect more
closely in learning unit 7.
5.4 EXERCISES
Work through the following questions and ensure that you fully understand the solutions,
since we will be adding more complicated aspects in the following four learning units.
QUESTION 1
P Ltd acquired 60 000 ordinary shares in S Ltd on 1 March 20.1, at which date the retained
earnings of S Ltd was R12 000.
Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of S Ltd to be equal to the fair value
thereof at the date of acquisition,.
The following represent the statements of financial position of P Ltd and S Ltd at
28 February 20.2:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 30 600 218 200
Investment in S Ltd
– 60 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost price: R127 200) 127 200 -
Current assets 8 600 10 100
166 400 228 300
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (50 000/100 000 shares) 100 000 200 000
Retained earnings 24 500 20 500
Long-term borrowings 30 800 2 200
Current liabilities 11 100 5 600
166 400 228 300
81
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as at
28 February 20.2 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards if each share carries one vote.
QUESTION 2
The following are the condensed trial balances of X Ltd and Y Ltd at 31 December 20.6:
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
Share capital – ordinary shares (100 000/20 000 shares) 100 000 20 000
Retained earnings – 1 January 20.6 120 000 35 000
Profit before tax 120 000 80 000
Current liabilities 45 000 30 000
Accumulated depreciation on property, plant and equipment 20 000 40 000
405 000 205 000
Property, plant and equipment 263 000 117 000
Investment in Y Ltd at fair value
– 16 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R33 600) 33 600 -
Taxation for the year 42 000 28 000
Current assets 66 400 60 000
405 000 205 000
Additional information
X Ltd acquired its interest in Y Ltd on 1 January 20.5, at which date the retained earnings of
Y Ltd amounted to R22 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of Y Ltd
to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position, consolidated statement
of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and consolidated statement
of changes in equity of the X Ltd Group for the year ended
31 December 20.6 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards.
82
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
QUESTION 3
The following are the abridged statements of M Ltd and N Ltd for the year ended 30 June 20.8:
M Ltd N Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 90 000 70 000
Income tax expense (32 000) (35 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 58 000 35 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 58 000 35 000
Additional information
M Ltd acquired a 70% interest in N Ltd on 17 July 20.2. At that date, the retained earnings of
N Ltd was R10 000. There was no goodwill at the date of acquisition. Consider the carrying
amount of the assets and liabilities of N Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of
acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the consolidated statement of changes in equity of the M Ltd
Group for the year ended 30 June 20.8 in compliance with the requirements
of International Financial Reporting Standards.
83
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 20.2
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (30 600 + 218 200) 248 800
Current assets (8 600 + 10 100) 18 700
Total assets 267 500
Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowings (30 800 + 2 200) 33 000
Current liabilities (11 100 + 5 600) 16 700
Total liabilities 49 700
Total equity and liabilities 267 500
84
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
Calculations
Since acquisition
To end of the current year
Retained earnings 8 500 5 100 3 400
(20 500 - 12 000)
(1) (2)
220 500 5 100 88 200
* 60 000 X 100 = 60%
100 000 1
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 200 000
Retained earnings 12 000
Investment in S Ltd 127 200
Non-controlling interests 84 800 84 800
Elimination of owners' equity of S Ltd at acquisition
85
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
QUESTION 2
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.6
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [(263 000 + 117 000) - (20 000 + 320 000
40 000)]
Current assets (66 400 + 60 000) 126 400
Total assets 446 400
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.6
R
Profit before tax (120 000 + 80 000) 200 000
Income tax expense (42 000 + 28 000) (70 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 130 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 130 000
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the parent (130 000 - 10 400) 119 600
(1)/(b)
Non-controlling interests 10 400
130 000
86
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.6
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of Y Ltd
X Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
20 000 16 000 4 000
Share capital
22 000 17 600 4 400
Retained earnings
42 000 33 600 8 400
Purchase difference - -
Consideration and NCI 42 000 33 600
Since acquisition
• To beginning of
current year
(2)
Retained earnings 13 000 10 400 2 600
(35 000 - 22 000)
• Current year
(1)
Profit for the year 52 000 41 600 10 400
Profit before tax 80 000
Income tax expense (28 000)
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 20 000
Retained earnings 22 000
Investment in Y Ltd 33 600
Non-controlling interests 8 400 8 400
Elimination of owners' equity of Y Ltd at acquisition
QUESTION 3
M LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.8
R
Profit before tax (90 000 + 70 000) 160 000
Income tax expense (32 000 + 35 000) (67 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 93 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 93 000
88
FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
M LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
30 JUNE 20.8
Non-
Share Retained Total
Total controlling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
Balance at 1 July 20.7 100 000 86 800# 186 800 40 200(a) 227 000
Changes in equity for
20.8
Total comprehensive
income for the year
Profit for the year 82 500 82 500 10 500(b) 93 000
Dividend paid: ordinary (5 000) (5 000) - (5 000)
(c)
Balance at 30 June 20.8 100 000 164 300 264 300 50 700 315 000
# (56 000 + 30 800(d))
Calculations
M Ltd 70 % NCI
Total At Since 30 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 80 000 56 000 24 000
Retained earnings 10 000 7 000 3 000
(a)
90 000 63 000 27 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 90 000 63 000 27 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(d) (a)
Retained earnings 44 000 30 800 13 200
(54 000 - 10 000)
• Current year
Profit for the year 35 000 24 500 10 500(b)
169 000 55 300 50 700(c)
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 5
2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 80 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Investment in N Ltd 63 000
Non-controlling interests 27 000 27 000
Elimination of owners' equity of N Ltd at acquisition
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group if the
interest in the partly-owned subsidiary was acquired a few years ago in
accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
calculate, measure and disclose the goodwill which arises at acquisition?
90
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 6
ACQUISITION OF AN
INTEREST IN A
SUBSIDIARY DURING THE
YEAR
91
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to consolidate the financial statements of a group of companies where the
interest in a subsidiary was acquired on a date other than at the end of the financial year in
accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Effective date
Apportion
Pre-acquisition period
Post-acquisition period
92
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to:
allocate the profit of the subsidiary in the year of acquisition between pre- and
post-acquisition
draft the consolidated financial statements where the interest in a subsidiary
was acquired on a date other than at the end of the financial year in
accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In the preceding learning units, the date of acquisition of an interest in a subsidiary has
always been the first day of the subsidiary's accounting period. In practice, the effective date
on which the delivery of shares takes place very rarely coincides with the end of a financial
year. The purchase of an interest in a subsidiary at a date other than the accounting date is
known as the interim acquisition of a subsidiary. We therefore need to allocate items in the
statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (to pre- and post-acquisition date
periods) to determine the amount of retained earnings at the effective date of acquisition,
which is a prerequisite for determining the goodwill at the date of acquisition.
If it is not practicable to apportion the profit or loss of the subsidiary for any financial year with
reference to the facts, we may treat it as if it accrued evenly from day to day during the year
and apportion it accordingly.
We must examine income and expenditure items individually to determine the basis on which
we should apportion each item between the period before acquisition and the period since
acquisition.
We must account for preference dividends in respect of issued preference shares of the sub-
sidiary on a time basis, even if it has not been declared.
Declared ordinary dividends are year-end items by nature and fall in the post-acquisition
period.
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
6.4 PRESENTATION OF THE CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT
OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND THE CON-
SOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
The first step in preparing the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
during the current financial year is to apportion the income and expenditure of the current year
between pre- and post-acquisition periods. Once we have done this, we can draw up the
consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and the
consolidated statement of changes in equity using one of two methods.
In this module, we will only deal with the first method, where only the post-acquisition profits
are included in the operating profit.
EXAMPLE 1
The following are the trial balances of Sandy Ltd and South Ltd for the year ended
31 December 20.2:
Sandy South
Ltd Ltd
R R
Share capital - ordinary shares (800 000/355 000 shares) (800 000) (355 000)
Retained earnings - 1 January 20.2 (480 000) (120 000)
Gross profit (422 700) (166 200)
Dividends received - 31 December 20.2 (23 800) -
Auditors' remuneration 8 500 5 000
Depreciation 102 000 42 000
Staff costs 95 000 35 000
Interest paid on bank overdraft 3 800 -
Income tax expense 12 000 4 200
Dividends declared and paid - 31 December 20.2 80 000 34 000
Property, plant and equipment at carrying amount 861 600 426 200
Investment in South Ltd at fair value
- 248 500 shares purchased on 1 July 20.2 364 700 -
(cost price: R364 700)
Cash at bank 126 700 51 800
Inventory 72 200 43 000
Additional information
South Ltd became a subsidiary of Sandy Ltd on 1 July 20.2. The profit of South Ltd was earned
evenly throughout the year. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of South
Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition, with the exception of land
and building. The excess of the purchase price over the net carrying amount of the assets at
94
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
the date of acquisition was due to the difference between the carrying amount and the fair
value of the land and buildings.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the consolidated statement of changes in equity of the Sandy
Ltd Group for the year ended 31 December 20.2 in compliance with the
requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards. Do all
calculations to the nearest rand.
SOLUTION 1
Notes R
Gross profit 505 800
[422 700 + (166 200/12 x 6)]
Administrative expenses (246 500)
[102 000 + (42 000/12 x 6)] + [95 000 +
(35 000/12 x 6)] + [8 500 + (5 000/12 x 6)]
Finance costs (3 800)
Profit before tax 1 255 500
Income tax expense [12 000 + (4 200/12 x 6)] (14 100)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 241 400
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 241 400
95
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
SANDY LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.2
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following: R
Expenses
Auditors' remuneration (8 500 + 2 500) 11 000
Depreciation (102 000 + 21 000) 123 000
Staff costs (95 000 + 17 500) 112 500
96
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of South Ltd
(1)
Sandy Ltd 70 % NCI
Total At Since
30%
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 355 000 248 500 106 500
Retained earnings 120 000 84 000 36 000
(1/1/20.2)
(2)
Retained earnings 40 000 28 000 12 000
(1/1/20.2 – 1/7/20.2)
(4) (3)
Revaluation of land and 6 000 4 200 1 800
buildings
(a)
521 000 364 700 156 300
Purchase difference - - -
(1)
248 500/355 000 x 100 = 70%
(2)
Refer to calculation 2.
(3)
364 700 - 248 500 - 84 000 - 28 000 = 4 200 (balancing figure)
(4)
4 200/70% = 6 000
(2)
Refer to calculation 3.
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
2. Allocation of items in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
kjlkjlkjincome
1/1/20.2 1/7/20.2
Total
to to
30/6/20.2 31/12/20.2
R R R
Gross profit 166 200 83 100 83 100
Auditors' remuneration (5 000) (2 500) (2 500)
Depreciation (42 000) (21 000) (21 000)
Staff costs (35 000) (17 500) (17 500)
Income tax (4 200) (2 100) (2 100)
Profit earned throughout the year 80 000 40 000(2) 40 000(5)
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 355 000
Revaluation surplus 6 000
Retained earnings (120 000 + 40 000(2)) 160 000
Investment in South Ltd 364 700
(a)
Non-controlling interests 156 300 156 300
Elimination of owners' equity of South Ltd
at acquisition
According to the alternative method, we include both the pre- and post-acquisition profits after
tax of the subsidiary in the profit after tax for the year. Thereafter, we deduct the profit
earned by the subsidiary before acquisition of the controlling interest in order to determine
the profit of the group for the year. You will not be tested on this method in FAC2602.
98
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
99
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
6.6 EXERCISE
QUESTION 1
West Ltd became a subsidiary of East Ltd on 1 January 20.2. Consider the carrying amount
of the assets and liabilities of West Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of
acquisition.
The following are the trial balances of East Ltd and West Ltd for the year ended
30 September 20.2:
East West
Ltd Ltd
R R
Credits
Share capital – ordinary shares (75 000/125 000 shares) 75 000 1 250
–12% preference shares (20 000 shares) 20 000 –
6% Debentures 100 000 45 000
Retained earnings – 1 October 20.1 800 000 305 000
Sales 607 000 428 250
Interest received – 2 400
Dividends received 3 750 –
Trade and other payables 8 300 47 840
Dividends payable 10 000 –
Bank 4 000 –
Accumulated depreciation 53 500 22 950
Long-term borrowing – Bank Ltd – 105 000
1 681 550 1 081 440
Debits
Property, plant and equipment 481 100 452 000
Cost of sales 390 000 285 500
Administrative expenses 65 000 47 000
Depreciation 15 500 2 300
Interest paid – debentures 4 500 2 700
Income tax at 28% 36 960 20 202
Trade and other receivables 314 037 208 738
Bank – 18 000
Dividends paid 15 000 5 000
Dividends declared – 30 September 20.2 10 000 –
Investment in West Ltd (75% equity) at fair value 349 453 –
(cost price: R349 453)
Investment in South Ltd – 6% debentures at fair value – 40 000
(cost price: R40 000)
1 681 550 1 081 440
100
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
Additional information
1. West Ltd applied for a loan at Bank Ltd on 1 July 20.1. Bank Ltd granted the loan at an
interest rate of 20% per annum for a period of five years. The interest for the year ended
30 September 20.2 has not been recorded yet and is payable on 1 October 20.2. Capital
repayment will only start in 20.4.
2. The sales of West Ltd are seasonal. 60% of the sales occurred during the first six months
of the financial year. The remaining amount of the sales figure was earned evenly spread
over the rest of the financial year. West Ltd maintains a gross profit percentage of 50%
on the cost price. All other income and expenditure were received and spent evenly
throughout the year. Income tax must be apportioned according to the profit before tax for
that period.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the East Ltd Group for
the year ended 30 September 20.2 in compliance with the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Do all calculations to the
nearest rand.
101
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
SOLUTION 1
QUESTION 1
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment 856 650
(481 100 + 452 000 - 53 500 - 22 950)
Goodwill 13 358
Investment in South Ltd – 6% debentures at fair value 40 000
910 008
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (314 037 + 208 738) 522 775
Cash and cash equivalents 18 000
540 775
Total assets 1 450 783
102
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
EAST LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 SEPTEMBER 20.2
Notes R
(2)
Revenue (607 000 + 299 775 ) 906 775
Cost of sales (390 000 + 199 850) (589 850)
Gross profit 316 925
Other income(7) 1 800
Administrative expenses (15 500 + 1 725(5) + 65 000 + 35 250(4)) (117 475)
Finance cost (4 500(g) + 1 500(g) + 17 775(6)) (23 775)
Profit before tax 1 177 475
Income tax expense (36 960 + 13 153(8)) (50 113)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 127 362
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 127 362
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
- Owners of the parent (127 362 - 8 455) 118 907
b)
- Non-controlling interests 8 455
127 362
R
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Income
Income from investment(7) 1 800
Expenses
Depreciation (15 500 + 1 725(5)) 17 225
103
FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
EAST LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
30 SEPTEMBER 20.2
12%
Ordi- Non-
prefe-
nary Retained control- Total
rence Total
share earnings ling equity
share
capital interests
capital
R R R R R R
Balance at
75 000 20 000 800 000 895 000 – 895 000
1 October 20.1
Changes in equity for 20.2
(a)
Equity on date of acquisition 112 031 112 031
Total comprehensive income
for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 118 907 118 907 8 455 127 362
Dividend declared: ordinary (10 000) (10 000) – (10 000)
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) (1 250) (16 250)
Balance at (e) (d)
75 000 20 000 893 907 988 907 119 236 1 108 143
30 September 20.2
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of West Ltd
East Ltd 75%(1)
NCI
Total At Since 25%
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 125 000 93 750 31 250
Retained earnings 1/10/20.1 305 000 228 750 76 250
(9)
Retained earnings 18 126 13 595 4 531
(a)
448 126 336 095 112 031
Equity represented by goodwill
jjj- parent 13 358 13 358 -
Consideration and NCI 461 484 349 453 112 031
Since acquisition to end of
the current year
(10) (b)
Profit for the year 33 822 8 455
25 367
(c)
Dividends (5 000) (3 750) (1 250)
(d)
490 306 21 617 119 236
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
2. Allocation of items in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
hjhkjhincome
(1)
75% equity (given)
(2)
Sales
R428 250 x 60% = R256 950 for the first six months
for the first three months = R256 950/2 = R128 475
for the remaining nine months = R428 250 - R128 475 = R299 775
(3)
Gross profit
R128 475 x 50/150 = R42 825
R299 775 x 50/150 = R99 925
(4)
Administrative expenses
R47 000 x 3/12 = R11 750
R47 000 x 9/12 = R35 250
(5)
Depreciation
R2 300 x 3/12 = R575
R2 300 x 9/12 = R1 725
(6)
Finance costs
(R21 000 + R2 700) x 3/12 = R5 925
(R21 000 + R2 700) x 9/12 = R17 775
(7)
Income from investments
R2 400 x 3/12 = R600
R2 400 x 9/12 = R1 800
(8)
Income tax expense
R25 175 x 28% = R7 049
R46 975 x 28% = R13 153
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 6
3. Entry in the financial records of West Ltd
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Interest paid on long-term borrowings 21 000
Trade and other payables 21 000
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
allocate the profit of the subsidiary in the year of acquisition between, at
and since acquisition?
draft the consolidated annual financial statements where the interest in a
subsidiary was acquired on a date other than at the end of the financial
year in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
106
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 7
ELIMINATION OF
INTRAGROUP
TRANSACTIONS
107
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to eliminate intragroup transactions in consolidated financial statements of
companies according to International Financial Reporting Standards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Intragroup bills of exchange
Discounting of bills of exchange
Property, plant and equipment
108
FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to:
record intragroup bills of exchange and bank overdrafts correctly in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies
determine the surplus when revaluing property in respect of an interest in a
subsidiary at acquisition
calculate the unrealised profit effect in trading inventories in both the parent and
the subsidiary
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group if the sale of
property, plant and equipment or inventory have taken place between
companies in the group in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In the preceding learning units, we introduced you to the basic consolidation process for
wholly and partly-owned subsidiaries.
In this learning unit, we deal mainly with other intragroup transactions that take place in
groups and therefore have to be eliminated for consolidation purposes. We will deal with
trading inventories as well as the property, plant and equipment held in a group.
We would like to emphasise that we do not deal with taxation on unrealised intragroup
profits or losses in this module.
For example:
S Ltd would treat it as a bill receivable in their records, while P Ltd would show it as a bill
payable. Upon consolidation, the subsidiary's bill receivable would be offset against the bill
payable in P Ltd's records. From a group perspective, the group cannot enter into a
transaction with itself.
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
S Ltd could have converted the bill into cash before 30/11/20.8 by selling it to a financial
institution. This type of transaction is known as discounting.
On consolidation, we may only offset the bank overdraft of one company in the group against
the favourable bank balance of another company if:
The subsidiary's assets may be revalued merely for the purposes of determining the
purchase price, without a journal entry being made in the subsidiary's financial records.
The assets of the subsidiary may be revalued in order to determine the purchase price,
and an adjustment is subsequently made in the subsidiary's financial records.
The revaluation of assets may lead to capital gains tax, which is ignored for the purposes of
this module.
We will use the following two questions as examples to explain the two situations to you:
110
FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
QUESTION 1
A Ltd acquired 80 000 shares in B Ltd on 1 July 20.1. Each share carries one vote. At that
date, the land and buildings belonging to B Ltd were valued at R200 000. No adjustment was
made in the financial records of B Ltd.
The retained earnings was R46 000. At 30 June 20.4, the trial balances of A Ltd and B Ltd
were as follows:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Credits
Share capital – ordinary shares (300 000/100 000 shares) 300 000 100 000
Retained earnings 121 000 92 000
Long-term borrowings – C Ltd 140 000 –
– A Ltd – 80 000
Current liabilities 15 000 66 000
576 000 338 000
Debits
Land and buildings at cost price 250 000 140 000
Investment in B Ltd at fair value (cost price: R164 800) 164 800 –
Loan – B Ltd 80 000 –
Current assets 81 200 198 000
576 000 338 000
Additional information
1. Consider the carrying amount of all the other assets and liabilities of B Ltd to be equal to
the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the A Ltd Group as at
30 June 20.4 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
111
FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
SOLUTION 1
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 30 JUNE 20.4
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (250 000 + 200 000) 450 000
Current assets (81 200 + 198 000) 279 200
Total assets 729 200
Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowings 140 000
Current liabilities (15 000 + 66 000) 81 000
Total liabilities 221 000
Total equity and liabilities 729 200
112
FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 80 %*
Total At Since NCI 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Retained earnings 46 000 36 800 9 200
60 000 48 000 12 000
Revaluation surplus
(200 000 - 140 000)
206 000 164 800 41 200
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 206 000 164 800 41 200
Since acquisition
to end of the current year
Retained earnings
46 000 36 800 9 200
(92 000 - 46 000)
(b) (a)
252 000 36 800 50 400
* 80 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 80%
Per the information, B Ltd has not yet included this in their financial records:
Dr Cr
R R
Land and buildings 60 000
Revaluation surplus 60 000
Revaluation of land and buildings
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 7
3. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 46 000
Revaluation surplus 60 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 164 800
Non-controlling interests (SFP) 41 200 41 200
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
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QUESTION 2
P Ltd acquired a 70% interest in S Ltd at 1 May 20.2. Each share carries one vote. At the
date of acquisition, P Ltd valued the land and buildings belonging to S Ltd with the carrying
amount of R200 000 at R300 000. It is company policy to value the land and buildings
belonging to S Ltd every second year at 31 August. At the date of acquisition, the retained
earnings of S Ltd was R20 000.
The following represent the condensed trial balances of P Ltd and S Ltd at 31 December
20.6:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
Credits
Share capital – ordinary shares (20 000/16 000 shares) 100 000 80 000
Retained earnings 160 000 40 000
Long-term borrowing – P Ltd – 100 000
Current liabilities 140 000 20 000
Revaluation of land and buildings 100 000 150 000
500 000 390 000
Debits
Land and buildings at valuation 200 000 350 000
Investment in S Ltd at fair value (cost price: R140 000) 140 000 –
Unsecured loan – S Ltd 100 000 –
Current assets 60 000 40 000
500 000 390 000
Additional information
Consider the carrying amount of all the other assets and liabilities of S Ltd to be equal to the
fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the P Ltd Group as at
31 December 20.6 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 2
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.6
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (200 000 + 350 000) 550 000
Current assets (60 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Total assets 650 000
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of S Ltd
P Ltd 70% NCI
Total At Since 30%
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 80 000 56 000 24 000
Retained earnings 20 000 14 000 6 000
Revaluation surplus 100 000 70 000 30 000
(300 000 - 200 000)
200 000 140 000 60 000
Purchase difference
- - -
Consideration and NCI
200 000 140 000 60 000
Since acquisition
To end of the current year
Retained earnings
(40 000 - 20 000) 20 000 14 000 RE 6 000
Revaluation surplus
(150 000 - 100 000) 50 000 35 000 OCE 15 000
(2)
270 000 14 000 RE 81 000(3)
35 000(1) OCE
RE = retained earnings
OCE = other components of equity
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 80 000
Retained earnings 20 000
Revaluation surplus 100 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in S Ltd 140 000
Non-controlling interests 60 000 60 000
Elimination of owners' equity of S Ltd at acquisition
We should eliminate those profits or losses on transactions within the group, as the group is
regarded as one economic entity and will not enter into transactions with itself.
Suppose P Ltd sells inventories to S Ltd at a cost price of R1 000 plus 20% profit. S Ltd packs
the inventories and sells them to X Ltd, a company outside the group, at R1 500.
All the inventories have been sold to X Ltd by the end of the year. There will be no
change to the consolidated annual statements as the profit is actually realised by selling it
to a company outside the group.
If no inventories have been sold to X Ltd, we should eliminate the unrealised profit
of R200 (20% x R1 000) as the profit has not yet realised outside the group. The
inventory of S Ltd and P Ltd's profit includes this amount. To eliminate the unrealised
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profit, S Ltd has to subtract the R200 from its closing inventory (i.e. inventory should be
credited.), while P Ltd has to decrease their profit by debiting cost of sales with R200.
If half the inventories have been sold outside the group, R100 should be eliminated.
A very important aspect of consolidations is that we must start by determining which company
is selling the inventories and which company is buying them.
P Ltd
sells to
S Ltd
If P Ltd sells inventories to S Ltd, P Ltd is making the profit, and no adjustment to non-
controlling interest is necessary.
P Ltd
sells to
S Ltd
If S Ltd sells inventories to P Ltd, S Ltd is making the profit, and the non-controlling interest
must be adjusted by its percentage interest in profit or loss. (This adjustment is made in the
analysis of the owners' equity.)
Note: Unrealised profits and losses have income tax implications, but we ignore these
for the purposed of this module. We will deal with this on third-year level.
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EXAMPLE 1
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) (200 000) (100 000)
Retained earnings – 1 January 20.8 (120 000) (80 000)
Profit before tax (80 000) (60 000)
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 ordinary shares
at fair value (cost price: R80 000) 80 000 -
Property, plant and equipment 200 000 200 000
Inventories 50 000 30 000
Trade and other receivables 70 000 50 000
Trade and other payables (30 000) (60 000)
Taxation for the year 30 000 20 000
Additional information
1. A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd at the time of the incorporation of B Ltd.
2. B Ltd purchases all its inventories from A Ltd at cost price plus 25%. The inventories on
B Ltd's financial records amounted to R20 000 at 1 January 20.8.
3. A Ltd's total sales to B Ltd during 20.8 amounted to R100 000.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the A Ltd Group for the year
ended 31 December 20.8 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 1
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.8
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (200 000 + 200 000) 400 000
400 000
Current assets
25
Inventories [50 000 + 30 000 - (30 000 x 125 )] 74 000
Trade and other receivables (70 000 + 50 000) 120 000
194 000
Total assets 594 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (30 000 + 60 000) 90 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
R
Profit before tax 138 000
[80 000 + 60 000 - 100 000 (sales) + 100 000 (purchases) -
25 25
(30 000 x 125 ) + (20 000 x 125 )]
Income tax expense (30 000 + 20 000) (50 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 88 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 88 000
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.8
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
Balance at
1 January 20.8 200 000 180 000* 380 000 36 000(a) 416 000
Changes in equity for
20.8
Total comprehensive
income for the year
Profit for the year 80 000 80 000 8 000(b) 88 000
Balance at (4)
200 000 260 000 460 000 44 000(c) 504 000
31 December 20.8
25 (1)
* [120 000 - (20 000 x 125) + 64 000 ]
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 100 000 80 000 20 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(1)
Retained earnings 80 000 64 000 16 000
• Current year (3)
Profit for the year (60 000 - 40 000 32 000 8 000
20 000)
(2)
220 000 96 000 44 00
* 80 000/100 000 share x 100% = 80%
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 80 000
Non-controlling interests 20 000 20 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
Note that in this example, the parent sold inventories to the subsidiary. The unrealised profit was
therefore included in the profit of A Ltd, and there were consequently no adjustments in the
analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd, but only in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and
other comprehensive income.
Also note that sales and cost of sales are not always given in questions. You will then have to
make all adjustments against profit before tax.
It is very important to understand the journal entries. When you know which accounts need to be
debited or credited, you will know where the amounts should be added or subtracted in the
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statements.
We need to eliminate all intragroup transactions. When a shareholder or outsider evaluates the
group's statements, the group is regarded as one economic entity. As the single entity will not
enter into transactions with itself, we should eliminate any sales between companies in the group.
Therefore we need to eliminate the intragroup sales of R100 000 mentioned in point 3 of the
additional information. When these sales took place, A Ltd credited sales as it sold these goods. B
Ltd debited their inventory with the purchase. We assume B Ltd sold this inventory and hence had
already affected cost of sales. To eliminate the intragroup sales, we will debit the sales of A Ltd
with R100 000, hence subtracting the amount from sales. We will credit the cost of sales of B Ltd,
hence decreasing cost of sales.
A Ltd sells inventory to B Ltd at a profit of 25%. Both B Ltd's inventory left at year end, and A Ltd's
profit includes this intragroup profit. Since we evaluate the companies as a single entity, we need
to eliminate the intragroup profit (unrealised profit) as it was profit earned from within the group but
had not yet been realised outside the group.
At year end, B Ltd has inventory obtained from A Ltd in its financial records amounting to
R30 000. A Ltd made a profit of 25%. To calculate the unrealised profit portion, we have to
recognise that the R30 000 already includes 25% profit, which makes it 125%. We calculate the
profit of 25% as follows: R30 000 x 25 /125 = R6 000
To eliminate the unrealised profit, B Ltd has to subtract the R6 000 from its closing inventory in the
statement of financial position. We therefore credit inventory to decrease it. We should also
decrease A Ltd's profit by debiting cost of sales. Profit decreases when we debit cost of sales, but
the R6 000 is added to cost of sales. Refer to the journal entries.
In the previous year, the journal entry for eliminating the unrealised profit of R4 000 was
performed similar to what is described above. On consolidation, we have to repeat all the entries
annually because we combine the individual companies' financial records annually and these
current record does not contain the consolidation entries of the previous year. If profit was affected
in the previous year, we need to adjust the retained earnings in the current year. Therefore the
cost of sales of R4 000 that would have been debited in the previous year, will be debited against
the retained earnings in the current year. Due to the general view that the operating cycle of
entities is normally a year, we assume that B Ltd actually sold this inventory to outside parties
within a year, hence the profit is realised. Therefore, we credit cost of sales in A Ltd to increase
the profit again. Crediting the cost of sales implies that the cost of sales decreases, so the R 4 000
is subtracted from cost of sales in the statements.
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EXAMPLE 2
D Ltd E Ltd
R R
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) (200 000) (100 000)
Retained earnings – 1 January 20.8 (120 000) (80 000)
Profit before tax (80 000) (60 000)
Investment in E Ltd – 80 000 ordinary shares
at fair value (cost price: R80 000) 80 000 -
Property, plant and equipment 200 000 200 000
Inventories 50 000 30 000
Trade and other receivables 70 000 50 000
Trade and other payables (30 000) (60 000)
Taxation for the year 30 000 20 000
Additional information
1. D Ltd acquired its interests in E Ltd at the time of the incorporation of E Ltd.
2. D Ltd purchased all its inventories from E Ltd at cost price plus 25%. The inventories
on D Ltd's books amounted to R40 000 at 1 January 20.8.
2. Total sales of E Ltd to D Ltd amounted to R100 000 during 20.8.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the D Ltd Group for the year
ended 31 December 20.8 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 2
D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.8
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (200 000 + 200 000) 400 000
400 000
Current assets
Inventories [50 000 + 30 000 − (50 000 x 25
125)] 70 000
Trade and other receivables (70 000 + 50 000) 120 000
190 000
Total assets 590 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (30 000 + 60 000) 90 000
Total equity and liabilities 590 000
D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.8
R
Profit before tax 138 000
[80 000 + 60 000 − 100 000 (sales) + 100 000 (purchases) –
25 25
(50 000 x 125 ) + (40 000 x 125 )]
Income tax expense (30 000 + 20 000) (50 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 88 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 88 000
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D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.8
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
Balance at
200 000 177 600* 377 600 34 400(a) 412 000
1 January 20.8
Changes in equity for
20.8
Total comprehensive
income for the year
Profit for the year 80 400 80 400 7 600(b) 88 000
Balance at
200 000 258 000 458 000 42 000(c) 500 000
31 December 20.8
(1)
* [120 000 + 57 600 )
(a) (20 000(4) + 14 400(5))
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of E Ltd
D Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20%
At acquisition R R R R
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Purchase difference - - -
(4)
Consideration and NCI 100 000 80 000 20 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(1) (5)
Retained earnings 72 000 57 600 14 400
25
[80 000 – (40 000 x125 )
• Current year (3)
Profit for the year [(60 000 - 38 000 30 400 7 600
25
20 000 + (40 000 x125 )–
25
(50 000 x125 )]
(2)
210 000 88 000 42 000
* 80 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 80%
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in E Ltd 80 000
Non-controlling interests 20 000 20 000
Elimination of owners' equity of E Ltd at
acquisition
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COMMENT
Since the subsidiary in this example has sold the inventories and made the profit, we should also
bring into account the adjustments in respect of unrealised profit in the analysis of owners' equity.
You have probably realised that we can quickly test whether the analysis of owners' equity
balances.
– To see whether the columns have been correctly added up we can say:
– To see whether the non-controlling interest column has been correctly calculated, we can say:
The unrealised profit on assets is realised either through the sale of the asset to an outsider
or the use of the asset at the rate of depreciation.
The following four situations may arise where assets are sold within a group:
Note: Unrealised profits and losses have income tax implications, which we ignore for
the purposes of this module. We will deal with this section on third-year level.
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Study the following examples carefully as they provide a detailed explanation of the sale of
assets within a group:
EXAMPLE 1
D Ltd E Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 180 000 150 000
Investment in E Ltd
‒ 70 000 ordinary shares at fair value 77 000 -
(cost price: R77 000)
Current assets 20 000 32 000
277 000 182 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares 200 000 100 000
(200 000/100 000 shares)
Retained earnings 29 000 37 000
Current liabilities 48 000 45 000
277 000 182 000
D Ltd E Ltd
R R
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
Additional information
1. D Ltd acquired its interest in E Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date E Ltd's retained
earnings amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities
of E Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
2. On 1 January 20.9, E Ltd bought property with a carrying amount of R40 000 from D Ltd.
D Ltd made a profit of R10 000.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated financial statements of the D Ltd Group for the year ended
31 December 20.9 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 1
D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (180 000 + 150 000 ‒ 10 000 profit) 320 000
Current assets (20 000 + 32 000) 52 000
Total assets 372 000
D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (20 000 + 30 000 - 10 000 profit) 40 000
Income tax expense (6 000 + 9 000) (15 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 25 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 25 000
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the parent (25 000 - 6 300) 18 700
Non-controlling interests(1)/(b) 6 300
25 000
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D LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
control-
Share Retained Total
Total ling
capital earnings equity
interest
s
R R R R R
Balance at
200 000 19 200* 219 200 34 800(a) 254 000
1 January 20.9
Changes in equity for
20.9
Total comprehensive
income for the year
Profit for the year 18 700 18 700 6 300(b) 25 000
Balance at
200 000 37 900 237 900 41 100(c) 279 000
31 December 20.9
(2)
* (15 000 + 4 200 )
(4) (5)
(a) (33 000 + 1 800 )
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of E Ltd
D Ltd 70 %* NCI
Total At Since 30 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 70 000 30 000
Retained earnings 10 000 7 000 3 000
110 000 77 000 33 000
Purchase difference - - -
(4)
Consideration and NCI 110 000 77 000 33 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year (2) (5)
Retained earnings 6 000 4 200 1 800
(16 000 - 10 000 at acquisition)
• Current year (1)
Profit for the year 21 000 14 700 6 300
(3)
137 000 18 900 41 100
* 70 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 70%
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in E Ltd 77 000
Non-controlling interests 33 000 33 000
Elimination of owners' equity of E Ltd at acquisition
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EXAMPLE 2
Q Ltd R Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 180 000 150 000
Investment in R Ltd – 70 000 ordinary shares at fair value (cost 77 000 -
price: R77 000)
Current assets 20 000 32 000
277 000 182 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 29 000 37 000
Current liabilities 48 000 45 000
277 000 182 000
Q Ltd R Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 20 000 30 000
Income tax expense (6 000) (9 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 14 000 21 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 14 000 21 000
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
Additional information
1. Q Ltd acquired its interest in R Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date R Ltd's retained
earnings amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities
of R Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
2. On 1 January 20.8, Q Ltd bought property with a carrying amount of R40 000 from R Ltd.
R Ltd made a profit of R10 000.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated financial statements of the Q Ltd Group for the year ended
31 December 20.9 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 2
Q LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (180 000 + 150 000 ‒ 10 000 profit) 320 000
Current assets (20 000 + 32 000) 52 000
Total assets 372 000
Q LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (20 000 + 30 000) 50 000
Income tax expense (6 000 + 9 000) (15 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 35 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 35 000
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Q LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
Balance at
200 000 12 200* 212 200 31 800(a) 244 000
1 January 20.9
Changes in equity for
20.9
Total comprehensive
income for the year
Profit for the year 28 700 28 700 6 300(b) 35 000
Balance at
200 000 40 900 240 900 38 100(c) 279 000
31 December 20.9
(2)
* (15 000 - 2 800 )
(4) (5)
(a) (33 000 - 1 200 )
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of R Ltd
Q Ltd 70 %* NCI
Total At Since 30 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 70 000 30 000
Retained earnings 10 000 7 000 3 000
110 000 77 000 33 000
Purchase difference - - -
(4)
Consideration and NCI 110 000 77 000 33 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current
year (2) (5)
Retained earnings (4 000) (2 800) (1 200)
(16 000 - 10 000 at
h.acquisition - 10 000 profit)
• Current year
(1)
Profit for the year 21 000 14 700 6 300
(3)
127 000 11 900 38 100
* 70 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 70%
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in R Ltd 77 000
Non-controlling interests 33 000 33 000
Elimination of owners' equity of R Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
Note that R Ltd sold the property in a previous financial year, and the transaction therefore has no
effect on the current year's statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. However, it
does have an effect on the opening balance of retained earnings in the statement of changes in
equity. As the subsidiary made the profit, we take the R4 000 into account in the analysis of owners'
equity under the "since acquisition to beginning of current year" section (R2 800), and this affects the
opening balance of retained earnings.
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EXAMPLE 3
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Investment in B Ltd – 16 000 ordinary shares 20 000 –
at fair value (cost price: R20 000)
Machinery 24 000 16 000
Cost price 30 000 20 000
Accumulated depreciation (6 000) (4 000)
Current assets 36 000 19 000
80 000 35 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (50 000/20 000 shares) 50 000 20 000
Retained earnings 30 000 15 000
80 000 35 000
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Gross profit 20 000 10 000
Depreciation (3 000) (2 000)
Profit before tax 17 000 8 000
Income tax expense (5 000) (2 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 12 000 6 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 12 000 6 000
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
Additional information
1. A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date B Ltd's retained
earnings amounted to R5 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
2. On 1 January 20.8 B, Ltd purchased all its machinery from A Ltd at cost price plus
33,3%.
3. Both companies write off depreciation on machinery at 10% per annum according to the
straight-line method.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated financial statements of the A Ltd Group for the year ended
31 December 20.9 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 3
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Machinery [(30 000 + 20 000 − 5 000) − (6 000 + 4 000 − 500 − 500)] 36 000
Current assets (36 000 + 19 000) 55 000
Total assets 91 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
Notes R
Gross profit (20 000 + 10 000) 30 000
Administrative expenses (3 000 + 2 000 − 500) (4 500)
Profit before tax 1 25 500
Income tax expense (5 000 + 2 000) (7 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 18 500
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 18 500
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the parent (18 500 − 1 200) 17 300
Non-controlling interests(1)/(b) 1 200
18 500
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A LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
1. Profit before tax
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Expenses
Depreciation (3 000 + 2 000 - 500) 4 500
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
control-
Share Retained Total
Total ling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
(calc3) (a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 50 000 16 700 66 700 5 800 72 500
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 17 300 17 300 1 200 18 500
(c)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 50 000 34 000 84 000 7 000 91 000
(4) (3)
(a)
(5 000 - 800 )
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 20 000 16 000 4 000
Retained earnings 5 000 4 000 1 000
25 000 20 000 5 000
Purchase difference - - -
(4)
Consideration and NCI 25 000 20 000 5 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year (2) (3)
Retained earnings 4 000 3 200 800
(9 000 - 5 000)
• Current year (1)
Profit for the year 6 000 4 800 1 200
(5)
35 000 8 000 7 000
*16 000/20 000 shares x 100% = 80%
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2. Depreciation
R
Profit from sale of machinery (20 000 x 33,3/133,3) 5 000
Depreciation – 20.8 (5 000 x 10%) 500
– 20.9 (5 000 x 10%) 500
Depreciation up to 31 December 20.9 which has to be adjusted 1 000
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4. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 20 000
Retained earnings 5 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 20 000
Non-controlling interests 5 000 5 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
COMMENT
As B Ltd purchased all of its machinery from A Ltd at the beginning of the previous year, we
should debit retained earnings to eliminate the unrealised profit. A Ltd sold the machinery and
made the profit, therefore A Ltd's retained earnings need to decrease (be debited) to eliminate
the unrealised profit. B Ltd bought the machinery; therefore, B Ltd's machinery needs to be
credited to decrease it, as it contains the profit amount that needs to be eliminated.
Therefore:
Dr Cr
R R
Retained earnings – A Ltd 5 000
Machinery – B Ltd 5 000
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In B Ltd's individual financial records, B Ltd depreciates machinery that still includes the
unrealised profit of R5 000. Therefore, excessive provision is made for depreciation. To
eliminate this, we debit accumulated depreciation. (We normally credit accumulated
depreciation when depreciation occurs.) The amount is calculated as follows:
R5 000 (unrealised profit) x 10% (depreciation rate)
As A Ltd made the profit, and the profit was eliminated in A Ltd's records, everything
that affects profit or retained earnings will occur in A Ltd's records. As this machine is
used, the profit that was first unrealised, now becomes realised each year through use
of the asset, over the remaining useful life of the machine at the rate of depreciation.
Therefore, we should credit the retained earnings or profit again since the profit is
being realised gradually through the use of the asset. In the current year, we credit A
Ltd's depreciation and we credit the retained earnings of A Ltd for the previous years.
Therefore:
Dr Cr
R R
Accumulated depreciation – B Ltd 1 000
Depreciation – A Ltd 500
Retained earnings – A Ltd 500
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EXAMPLE 4
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Investment in Y Ltd ‒ 15 000 ordinary shares 19 500 -
at fair value (cost price: R19 500)
Machinery 8 000 16 000
Cost price 14 000 20 000
Accumulated depreciation (6 000) (4 000)
Current assets 52 500 19 000
80 000 35 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital - ordinary shares (50 000/20 000 shares) 50 000 20 000
Retained earnings 30 000 15 000
80 000 35 000
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
Gross profit 20 000 10 000
Depreciation (3 000) (2 000)
Profit before tax 17 000 8 000
Income tax expense (5 000) (2 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 12 000 6 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 12 000 6 000
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.9
Share capital Retained earnings Total
X Ltd Y Ltd X Ltd Y Ltd X Ltd Y Ltd
R R R R R R
Balance at 1 July 20.8 50 000 20 000 18 000 9 000 68 000 29 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income
for the year
Profit for the year 12 000 6 000 12 000 6 000
Balance at 30 June 20.9 50 000 20 000 30 000 15 000 80 000 35 000
Additional information
1. X Ltd acquired its interest in Y Ltd on 1 January 20.6, on which date Y Ltd's retained
earnings amounted to R6 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
Y Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
2. On 1 January 20.8, X Ltd purchased all its machinery from Y Ltd at cost price plus 25%.
3. Both companies write off depreciation on machinery at 20% per annum according to the
straight-line method.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated financial statements of the X Ltd Group for the year ended
30 June 20.9 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards.
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SOLUTION 4
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 30 JUNE 20.9
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Machinery [(14 000 + 20 000 − 2 800) − (6 000 + 4 000 − 840)] 22 040
Current assets (52 500 + 19 000) 71 500
Total assets 93 540
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.9
Notes R
Gross profit (20 000 + 10 000) 30 000
Administrative expenses (3 000 + 2 000 − 560) (4 440)
Profit before tax 25 560
1
Income tax expense (5 000 + 2 000) (7 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 18 560
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 18 560
X LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.9
R
1. Profit before tax
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Expenses
Depreciation (3 000 + 2 000 - 560) 4 440
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X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
30 JUNE 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 July 20.8 50 000 18 360* 68 360 6 620 74 980
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 16 920 16 920 1 640 18 560
(c)
Balance at 30 June 20.9 50 000 35 280 85 280 8 260 93 540
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of Y Ltd
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2. Depreciation
R
Profit from the sale of machinery (14 000 x12525 ) 2 800
Depreciation – 1/1/20.8 to 30/6/20.8 (6 months)
2 800 x 20% x126 280
– 1/7/20.8 to 30/6/20.9 (12 months)
2 800 x 20% 560
Depreciation for 18 months up to 30 June 20.9 for which an
adjustment has to be made 840
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 20 000
Retained earnings 6 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in Y Ltd 19 500
Non-controlling interests 6 500 6 500
Elimination of owners' equity of Y Ltd at acquisition
150
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7.6 EXERCISES
You should have mastered all the different aspects of consolidated annual financial
statements by now. You will find that the individual questions in the exercises are becoming
more integrated in the sense that they include more and more sections of the work we have
covered. It is therefore very important for you to work through each question before
comparing your own solution with our proposed solution.
QUESTION 1
You receive the following trial balances of A Ltd and B Ltd at 30 June 20.8:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Debits
Property, plant and equipment
– Land and buildings 574 000 408 200
– Motor vehicles 155 000 97 000
Investment in B Ltd
– 70 000 ordinary shares at fair value 290 000 -
(cost price: R290 000)
– Unsecured loan at fair value 40 000 -
Trade and other receivables 86 200 19 400
Inventories 45 000 72 000
Bank - 10 600
Bills receivable 8 000 -
1 198 200 607 200
Credits
Share capital – ordinary shares (400 000/100 000 shares) 800 000 200 000
Retained earnings 213 000 137 600
Revaluation of land and buildings - 100 000
Long-term borrowing from A Ltd - 35 000
Bank overdraft 14 200 -
Trade and other receivables 41 000 60 600
Accumulated depreciation – motor vehicles 130 000 64 000
Bills payable - 10 000
1 198 200 607 200
Additional information
1. A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 July 20.5, on which date B Ltd's retained
earnings was R72 000.
2. At the date of acquisition, A Ltd valued the land and buildings belonging to B Ltd, which
had a carrying amount of R308 200, at R368 200. It is company policy to revalue B Ltd's
land and buildings every two years at 30 June. B Ltd has not purchased or sold any land
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or buildings since 1 July 20.5. Consider the carrying amount of all the other assets and
liabilities of B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof at the date of acquisition.
3. A Ltd discounted R2 000 of the bills receivable from B Ltd at the bank before the expiry
date of 6 July 20.8.
4. Since A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd, A Ltd purchased all its inventories from B Ltd.
B Ltd supplied the inventories at cost price plus 25% profit. The inventories on hand of A
Ltd and B Ltd amounted to R36 000 and R48 000 respectively on 1 July 20.7.
5. On 29 June 20.8, B Ltd repaid R5 000 of the existing loan from A Ltd. A Ltd received this
repayment on 3 July 20.8.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the A Ltd Group as at
30 June 20.8 in accordance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards. (Ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses.
Comparative figures and notes are not required.)
QUESTION 2
The following represent the condensed statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the statements of changes in equity of G Ltd and its subsidiary, L Ltd, for the year
ended 28 February 20.8:
G Ltd L Ltd
R R
Gross profit 484 680 326 300
Other income 59 750 24 500
- Interest received 35 750 12 500
- Administration fees received 24 000 12 000
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Additional information
1. G Ltd acquired 80% of the voting rights in L Ltd on 1 March 20.5 for R250 000, at which
point L Ltd's owners' interest consisted of the following:
R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 64 000
Revaluation surplus 120 000
Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of L Ltd to be equal to the fair
value thereof at the date of acquisition.
2. On 1 December 20.6, L Ltd sold a machine with a carrying amount of R200 000 to G Ltd at a
profit of R50 000. It is the policy of the group to depreciate plant and machinery at 20% per
annum on the straight-line method.
3. G Ltd sold some of its inventories to L Ltd at a profit of 50% on cost price. L Ltd had the
following inventories on hand, which they purchased from G Ltd:
R
28 February 20.7 210 000
28 February 20.8 315 000
3. G Ltd lent the sum of R150 000 to L Ltd at an interest rate of 18% per annum, payable
annually in arrears, on 1 August 20.7. G Ltd received and banked the cheque for interest
for the month of February on 28 February 20.8. The interest did not qualify for capitalisation
and was accounted for by both companies.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
and the consolidated statement of changes in equity for the G Ltd Group for the
year ended 28 February 20.8 in accordance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards. (Ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses.
Do all calculations to the nearest rand.)
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SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 30 JUNE 20.8
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [(574 000 + 408 200) +
(155 000 + 97 000) − (130 000 + 64 000)] 1 040 200
Goodwill 57 600
1 097 800
Current assets
Inventories (45 000 + 72 000 − 9 000) 108 000
Trade and other receivables (86 200 + 19 400) 105 600
Cash and cash equivalents 10 600
224 200
Total assets 1 322 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables [41 000 + 60 600 + (10 000 − 8 000)] 103 600
Bank overdraft (14 200 − 5 000) 9 200
Total liabilities 112 800
Total equity and liabilities 1 322 000
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Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 70 %* NCI
Total At Since 30 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 200 000 140 000 60 000
Retained earnings 72 000 50 400 21 600
Revaluation surplus
(368 200 - 308 200) 60 000 42 000 18 000
332 000 232 400 99 600
Equity represented by
57 600 57 600 -
goodwill - parent
Consideration and NCI
389 600 290 000 99 600
Since acquisition
To end of current year
Revaluation surplus 40 000 28 000 OCE 12 000
(408 200 – 368 200)
28 000 OCE
486 200 39 620 RE 128 580(a)
*70 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 70%
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2. Journal in A Ltd's financial records
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Cash in transit 5 000
Unsecured loan to B Ltd 5 000
Recording of cash in transit
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COMMENT
A Ltd holds 70 000 shares in B Ltd.
In additional information 4, you were given A Ltd and B Ltd's inventories on hand at 1 July 20.7.
This information is irrelevant, however, since we did not ask you to draft a statement of profit or
loss and other comprehensive income. We included both the journal for opening inventory and
the calculation for R7 200 in the analysis for illustrative purposes only.
QUESTION 2
G LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.8
Note R
Gross profit (calculation 1) 775 980
Other income [35 750 + 12 500 − (150 000 x 127 x 18%) 68 500
+ 24 000 + 12 000]
Administrative expenses [158 000 + 134 400 − (50 000 x 20%) (429 400)
+ 60 000 + 48 000 + 12 400 + 8 600 + 12 000 + 6 000]
7
Finance cost [28 500 + 24 650 − (150 000 x 12 x 18%)] (37 400)
Profit before tax 1 377 680
Income tax expense (141 412 + 64 460) (205 872)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 171 808
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 171 808
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G LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.8
R
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Income
7
Interest received [35 750 + 12 500 − (150 000 x 12 x 18%)] 32 500
Administration fees received (24 000 + 12 000) 36 000
Expenses
Depreciation [158 000 + 134 400 − (50 000 x 20%)] 282 400
Staff cost (60 000 + 48 000) 108 000
Auditors' remuneration (12 400 + 8 600) 21 000
Administration fees paid (12 000 + 6 000) 18 000
G LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
28 FEBRUARY 20.8
Non-
Revalua-
Share Retained control- Total
tion Total
capital earnings ling equity
surplus
interests
R R R R R R
(2) (a)
Balance at 1 March 20.7 200 000 80 000 100 690 380 690 43 300 423 990
Changes in equity for 20.8
Total comprehensive income for
the year
(b)
Profit for the year 156 870 156 870 14 938 171 808
(c)
Balance at 28 February 20.8 200 000 80 000 257 560 537 560 58 238 595 798
(2)
224 690 – 54 000(d) – 70 000(1)
(a)
56 800(3) - 13 500(4)
Calculations
1. Gross profit
R
G Ltd 484 680
50
Unrealised profit in opening inventories (150 x 210 000) 70 000(1)
50
Unrealised profit in closing inventories (150 x 315 000) (105 000)
L Ltd 326 300
775 980
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2. Analysis of owners' equity of L Ltd
G Ltd 80 %
NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Retained earnings 64 000 51 200 12 800
Revaluation surplus 120 000 96 000 24 000
284 000 227 200 56 800
Equity represented by goodwill -
parent 22 800 22 800 -
(3)
Consideration and NCI 306 800 250 000 56 800
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(d) (4)
Retained earnings (67 500) (54 000) (13 500)
Given (44 000 - 64 000) (20 000)
Unrealised profit from machinery (50 000)
Depreciation adjustment 2 500
3
(50 000 x 20% x 12 )
• Current year
(b)
Profit for the year 74 690 59 752 14 938
Given 64 690
Excess depreciation 10 000
(50 000 x 20%)
(c)
313 990 5 752 58 238
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3. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 64 000
Revaluation surplus 120 000
Goodwill 22 800
Investment in L Ltd 250 000
Non-controlling interests 56 800 56 800
Elimination of owners' equity of L Ltd at acquisition
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COMMENT
When we write off depreciation over five years on the straight-line method, it actually means that
depreciation rate is 20%.
With intragroup transactions, it is important to identify which entity made the profit. When the
subsidiary sells inventory or machinery to the parent, we account for the unrealised profit by
means of the calculation in the analysis of owners' equity, which will affect retained earnings.
(Remember, the analysis is a calculation to show the allocation of the subsidiary's equity
between the parent and non-controlling shareholders.) However, in this question, the parent sold
inventory to the subsidiary, hence we will adjust the unrealised profit of R70 000 in opening
inventories separately in the opening balance of retained earnings in the statement of changes in
equity.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this study unit, are you able to
record intragroup bills of exchange and bank overdrafts correctly in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies?
determine the surplus when revaluing property at the acquisition of an interest
in a subsidiary?
calculate the unrealised profit effect in trading inventories in both the parent and
subsidiary?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
draft the consolidated annual financial statements of a group, in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards, if a sale of property, plant and
equipment has taken place between companies in the group?
161
FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 8
TREATMENT OF
DIVIDENDS DURING
CONSOLIDATION
162
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 8
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to account for any ordinary dividend declared or paid by a subsidiary in the
consolidated financial statements of companies in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards.
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Dividends paid or declared
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to:
calculate any ordinary dividend declared or paid by a subsidiary in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies
record any ordinary dividend declared or paid by a subsidiary in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Dividends paid and/or declared in the consolidated statement of changes in equity will always
be merely the dividends payable by the owners of the parent. We eliminate all dividends paid
and/or declared by the subsidiary. This principle is in accordance with the basic consolidation
principle, namely that we need to eliminate all intragroup transactions before we compile the
consolidated annual financial statements.
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Non-controlling shareholders share in the subsidiary's profit before the payment of dividends.
Therefore, if a subsidiary pays a dividend, it means that the non-controlling owners have
realised part of their interest in the profit in the form of a dividend. This will reduce the credit
balance of the non-controlling interests in the consolidated statement of financial position, as
the subsidiary now owes the non-controlling owners less.
The following are the five situations that most frequently occur with regard to dividends in the
consolidated annual financial statements:
The subsidiary has made no provision and does not wish to make any provision for
dividends.
The subsidiary has paid a dividend to its owner.
The subsidiary has made provision for the dividend declared, and the parent has made
provision for the appropriate dividend receivable.
The subsidiary has made provision for the dividend declared, but the parent has made no
provision for the appropriate dividend receivable.
The subsidiary must make provision for a dividend declared.
Work carefully through the following five examples that will explain the five situations in more
detail:
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EXAMPLE 1
The following represent the abridged financial statements of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 330 000 170 000
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 shares at fair value 88 000 -
(cost price: R88 000)
Trade and other receivables 28 000 36 000
Current account with B Ltd 10 000 -
456 000 206 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 120 000 38 000
Current account with A Ltd - 10 000
Trade and other payables 136 000 58 000
456 000 206 000
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 73 000 33 000
Income tax expense (22 000) (10 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of B
Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of acquisition.
SOLUTION 1
Calculations
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Retained earnings 10 000 8 000 2 000
110 000 88 000 22 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 110 000 88 000 22 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(2)
Retained earnings 5 000 4 000 1 000
(15 000 - 10 000)
• Current year
Profit for the year (1)
23 000 18 400 4 600
(3)
138 000 22 400 27 600
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 88 000
Non-controlling interests 22 000 22 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at
acquisition
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (330 000 + 170 000) 500 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (28 000 + 36 000) 64 000
Total assets 564 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (136 000 + 58 000) 194 000
Total equity and liabilities 564 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (73 000 + 33 000) 106 000
Income tax expense (22 000 + 10 000) (32 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 74 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 74 000
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31
DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 88 000* 288 000 23 000 311 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 69 400 69 400 4 600 74 000
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) - (15 000)
(c)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 200 000 142 400 342 400 27 600 370 000
(2)
* (84 000 + 4 000 )
EXAMPLE 2
The following represent the abridged financial statements of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 330 000 170 000
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 shares at fair value 88 000 -
(cost price: R88 000)
Trade and other receivables 28 000 36 000
Current account with B Ltd 10 000 -
456 000 206 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 129 600 26 000
Current account with A Ltd - 10 000
Trade and other payables 126 400 70 000
456 000 206 000
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STATEMENTS OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR
THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Gross profit 73 000 33 000
Dividends received 9 600 -
Profit before tax 82 600 33 000
Income tax expense (22 000) (10 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 60 600 23 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 60 600 23 000
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of acquisition.
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SOLUTION 2
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 88 000
Non-controlling interests 22 000 22 000
Elimination of owners' equity of
B Ltd at acquisition
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (330 000 + 170 000) 500 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (28 000 + 36 000) 64 000
Total assets 564 000
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (126 400 + 70 000) 196 400
Total equity and liabilities 564 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (73 000 + 33 000) 106 000
Income tax expense (22 000 + 10 000) (32 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 74 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 74 000
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 88 000* 288 000 23 000 311 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 69 400 69 400 4 600 74 000
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) (2 400) (17 400)
(d)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 200 000 142 400 342 400 25 200 367 600
(2)
* (84 000 + 4 000 )
COMMENT
We always eliminate the dividends paid by the subsidiary, as the transaction takes place within the
group. Dividends paid normally have a debit balance, while dividends received have a credit balance
as it is an income. To eliminate the dividends, we debit the dividends amounting to R9 600 received
by A Ltd and credit the dividends amounting to R12 000 paid by B Ltd. (That is why the statement of
profit or loss and other comprehensive income no longer includes dividends received.) The balancing
figure in the journal is a debit balance of R2 400. We debit non-controlling interests, thereby reducing
the balance in the statement of financial position as the non-controlling owners realised a portion of
their share in the profit in the form of a dividend received.
Dr Cr
R R
Dividends received – A Ltd R9 600
Non-controlling interests R2 400
Dividends paid – B Ltd R12 000
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EXAMPLE 3
The following represent the abridged financial statements of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment 330 000 170 000
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 shares at fair value
(cost price: R88 000) 88 000 -
Trade and other receivables 28 000 36 000
Current account: B Ltd 19 600 -
465 600 206 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 129 600 26 000
Current account: A Ltd - 10 000
Trade and other payables 136 000 58 000
Dividends payable - 12 000
465 600 206 000
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 82 600 33 000
Income tax expense (22 000) (10 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 60 600 23 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 60 600 23 000
175
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A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of acquisition.
SOLUTION 3
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
100 000 80 000 20 000
Share capital
Retained earnings 10 000 8 000 2 000
110 000 88 000 22 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI
110 000 88 000 22 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings (2)
5 000 4 000 1 000
(15 000 - 10 000)
• Current year
(1)
Profit for the year 4 600
23 000 18 400
Ordinary dividend (2 400)
(12 000) (9 600)
(3)
126 000 12 800 25 200
176
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 88 000
Non-controlling interests 22 000 22 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
177
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (330 000 + 170 000) 500 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (28 000 + 36 000) 64 000
Total assets 564 000
Current liabilities
Dividends payable (12 000 − 9 600) 2 400
Trade and other payables (136 000 + 58 000) 194 000
Total liabilities 196 400
Total equity and liabilities 564 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (82 600 − 9 600 + 33 000) 106 000
Income tax expense (22 000 + 10 000) (32 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 74 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 74 000
178
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 88 000* 288 000 23 000 311 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income
for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 69 400 69 400 4 600 74 000
Dividend declared and paid: (c)
(15 000) (15 000) (2 400) (17 400)
ordinary
(d)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 200 000 142 400 342 400 25 200 367 600
COMMENT
In this example, the subsidiary declared a dividend that it has not paid yet. In the subsidiary's
financial records, the dividend payable is a liability of R12 000. For the parent, it is a receivable
asset of R9 600.
We should eliminate the current accounts in the group (what they owe each other) against
each other, but we can only do this once the accounts are equal. R9 600 of the R12 000
dividends payable by B Ltd are payable to A Ltd. We transfer the liability of R9 600 from
dividends payable to the current account: A Ltd, as both represent what is payable to A Ltd.
Hence:
Dr Cr
R R
Dividends payable – B Ltd R9 600
Current account: A Ltd – B Ltd R9 600
After making the entry above, the current account in B Ltd is also equal to R19 600 (R10 000 +
R9 600), and we can eliminate the two accounts against each other.
Hence:
Dr Cr
R R
Current account: A Ltd – B Ltd R19 600
Current account: B Ltd – A Ltd R19 600
179
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EXAMPLE 4
The following represent the abridged financial statements of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Property, plant and equipment 330 000 170 000
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 shares at fair value
(cost price: R88 000) 88 000 -
Trade and other receivables 28 000 36 000
Current account: B Ltd 10 000 -
456 000 206 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 120 000 26 000
Current account: A Ltd - 10 000
Trade and other payables 136 000 58 000
Dividends payable - 12 000
456 000 206 000
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 73 000 33 000
Income tax expense (22 000) (10 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
180
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A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of acquisition.
SOLUTION 4
Calculations
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Retained earnings 10 000 8 000 2 000
110 000 88 000 22 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 110 000 88 000 22 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings (2)
(15 000 - 10 000) 5 000 4 000 1 000
• Current year
Profit for the year (1)
23 000 18 400 4 600
Ordinary dividend (12 000) (9 600) (2 400)
(3)
126 000 12 800 25 200
* 80 000/100 000 shares x 100% = 80%
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Current account: B Ltd 9 600
Dividend received 9 600
Recording of dividend receivable
181
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 88 000
Non-controlling interests 22 000 22 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
182
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
ASSETS R
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (330 000 + 170 000) 500 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (28 000 + 36 000) 64 000
Total assets 564 000
Current liabilities
Dividends payable (12 000 − 9 600) 2 400
Trade and other payables (136 000 + 58 000) 194 000
Total liabilities 196 400
Total equity and liabilities 564 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (73 000 + 33 000) 106 000
Income tax expense (22 000 + 10 000) (32 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 74 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 74 000
183
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained control- Total
Total
capital earnings ling equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 88 000* 288 000 23 000 311 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income
for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 69 400 69 400 4 600 74 000
(c)
Dividend declared: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) (2 400) (17 400)
Balance at 31 December (d)
200 000 142 400 342 400 25 200 367 600
20.9
* (84 000 + 4 000(2))
COMMENT
The only difference between this example and example three, is in this example the parent
has not accounted for the dividend receivable of R9 600 yet. That is why there is first an entry
in A Ltd's individual records, to account for this, before we make the consolidation journal
entries.
We do not adjust the profit before tax with the R9 600 as in example three. There are journals
where dividends receivable are debited and credited with R9 600 in this example. These
cancel out each other.
184
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EXAMPLE 5
The following represent the abridged financial statements of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd:
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Property, plant and equipment 330 000 170 000
Investment in B Ltd – 80 000 shares at fair value
(cost price: R88 000) 88 000 -
Trade and other receivables 28 000 36 000
Current account: B Ltd 10 000 -
456 000 206 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (200 000/100 000 shares) 200 000 100 000
Retained earnings 120 000 38 000
Current account: A Ltd - 10 000
Trade and other payables 136 000 58 000
456 000 206 000
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 73 000 33 000
Income tax expense (22 000) (10 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 51 000 23 000
185
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
Share capital Retained earnings Total
A Ltd B Ltd A Ltd B Ltd A Ltd B Ltd
R R R R R R
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 100 000 84 000 15 000 284 000 115 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income
for the year
Profit for the year 51 000 23 000 51 000 23 000
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15
- 000) -
Balance at 31 December
200 000 100 000 120 000 38 000 320 000 138 000
20.9
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.7, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R10 000. Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of
B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of acquisition.
SOLUTION 5
Calculations
A Ltd 80 %* NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 80 000 20 000
Retained earnings 10 000 8 000 2 000
110 000 88 000 22 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 110 000 88 000 22 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings (2)
(15 000 - 10 000) 5 000 4 000 1 000
• Current year (1)
Profit for the year 23 000 18 400 4 600
Ordinary dividend (12 000) (9 600) (2 400)(4)
(3)
126 000 12 800 25 200
186
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Because B Ltd has not yet made provision for the dividend and A Ltd has not yet reacted to it,
we only provide for the dividend owing to the non-controlling owners, as we would have
eliminated the dividends between A Ltd and B Ltd anyway.
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 100 000
Retained earnings 10 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 88 000
Non-controlling interests 22 000 22 000
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
23 000(a)
Non-controlling interests (SCI) 4 600
Non-controlling interests (SFP) 4 600 4 600(b)
Recording of non-controlling interests in
B Ltd for the current year
187
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (330 000 + 170 000) 500 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (28 000 + 36 000) 64 000
Total assets 564 000
Current liabilities
Dividends payable(4) 2 400
Trade and other payables (136 000 + 58 000) 194 000
Total liabilities 196 400
Total equity and liabilities 564 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
Profit before tax (73 000 + 33 000) 106 000
Income tax expense (22 000 + 10 000) (32 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 74 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 74 000
188
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
Non-
Share Retained Total
Total controlling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 200 000 88 000* 288 000 23 000 311 000
Changes in equity for 20 .9
Total comprehensive income
for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 69 400 69 400 4 600 74 000
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) (2 400) (17 400)
Balance at 31 December (d)
200 000 142 400 342 400 25 200 367 600
20.9
(2)
* (84 000 + 4 000 )
8.3 EXERCISES
Answer the following two questions for further practice:
QUESTION 1
The following balances were obtained from the books of A Ltd and its subsidiary, B Ltd, for
the year ended 28 February 20.4:
A Ltd B Ltd
R R
Sales 600 000 400 000
Cost of sales 340 000 220 000
Repairs and maintenance 35 000 30 000
Depreciation – equipment 18 000 16 000
Dividends received 16 000 -
Interest received on loan to B Ltd 10 000 -
Loan from A Ltd - 15 000
Loan to B Ltd 20 000 -
Staff cost 36 000 24 000
Interest paid 4 000 20 000
Auditors' remuneration 8 000 7 000
Taxation 67 600 32 800
Dividends paid 10 000 20 000
Retained earnings – 1 March 20.3 45 000 59 000
Included in cost of sales:
- Inventories 1 March 20.3 18 000 18 000
- Inventories 28 February 20.4 15 000 20 000
Share capital 100 000 80 000
189
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Additional information
1. On 1 March 20.2, when B Ltd was incorporated, A Ltd acquired 80% of the shares and
voting rights in B Ltd. No goodwill was payable by A Ltd, and at the date of acquisition,
the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities were equal to the fair value thereof.
2. Since incorporation, A Ltd has bought all its inventories from B Ltd at cost plus 33,3%.
On 28 February 20.4 inventories to the value of R5 000 were still in transit. B Ltd sold
inventories of R317 000 to A Ltd during the year.
3. On 1 March 20.2, B Ltd sold equipment to A Ltd at a profit of R20 000. Both companies
depreciate equipment at 20% per annum on the straight-line method.
4. On 28 February 20.4, A Ltd sold property to B Ltd at a profit of R20 000. This profit was
included in the sales of the company.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the consolidated statement of changes in equity of the A Ltd Group
for the year ended 28 February 20.4 in compliance with the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards. Show all your calculations and
ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses as well as capital gains tax.
190
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QUESTION 2
The following represent the condensed statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and statements of changes in equity of X Ltd and its subsidiary, Y Ltd, for the year
ended 30 June 20.3:
X Ltd Y Ltd
R R
Gross profit 465 000 329 000
Other income 35 000 1 000
Dividends received 30 000 -
Interest received – trade receivables 5 000 1 000
500 000 330 000
Expenses (200 000) (150 000)
Depreciation 120 000 100 000
Staff cost 80 000 50 000
Profit before tax 300 000 180 000
Income tax expense (120 000) (70 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 180 000 110 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 180 000 110 000
191
FAC2602 / Learning unit 8
Additional information
1. On 1 July 20.0, X Ltd acquired 70% of the voting rights in Y Ltd for R155 000, on
which date Y Ltd's owners' equity consisted of the following:
R
Share capital 200 000
Retained earnings 20 000
Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of Y Ltd to be equal to the fair
value thereof on the date of acquisition. It is the policy of the group to show goodwill at
cost price in the financial statements.
2. Y Ltd manufactures the same kind of heavy machinery that X Ltd uses. On 1 July 20.1,
iupkjj.Y Ltd sold a machine, which had cost R150 000 to manufacture to X Ltd for R200 000.
R
Machinery purchased – 1 July 20.0 400 000
Depreciation – 30 June 20.1 (80 000)
320 000
Purchase of new machinery from Y Ltd – 1 July 20.1 200 000
Depreciation – 30 June 20.2 (120 000)
– 30 June 20.3 (120 000)
Machinery at carrying amount – 30 June 20.3 280 000
4. X Ltd sells some of its inventories to Y Ltd at a profit of 20% on the cost price. Y Ltd
had the following inventories on hand, which they purchased from X Ltd:
R
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income and the consolidated statement of changes in equity of the X Ltd Group
for the year ended 30 June 20.3 in compliance with the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards. Show all your calculations. Ignore
taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses as well as capital gains tax.
192
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SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.4
Note R
Revenue (600 000 + 400 000 − 20 000 − 317 000) 663 000
Cost of sales (340 000 + 220 000 − 317 000 − 4 500 + 5 000) (243 500)
Gross profit 419 500
Administrative expenses [(18 000 + 16 000 − 4 000) + 8 000 (170 000)
+ 7 000 + 36 000 + 24 000 + 35 000 + 30 000]
Finance cost (4 000 + 20 000 − 10 000) (14 000)
Profit before tax 1 235 500
Income tax expense (67 600 + 32 800) (100 400)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 135 100
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 135 100
193
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A LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.4
R
Profit before tax is arrived at after taking into account the following:
Expenses
Auditors' remuneration (8 000 + 7 000) 15 000
Depreciation (18 000 + 16 000 − 4 000) 30 000
Staff cost (36 000 + 24 000) 60 000
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
28 FEBRUARY 20.4
Non-
Share Retained Total
Total controlling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 March 20.3 100 000 75 800# 175 800 23 700 199 500
Changes in equity for 20.4
Total comprehensive income for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 124 360 124 360 10 740 135 100
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (10 000) (10 000) (4 000) (14 000)
(d)
Balance at 28 February 20.4 100 000 190 160 290 160 30 440 320 600
# 45 000 + 30 800(e)
(a) (a)
(a) 16 000 + 7 700
194
FAC2602 / Learning unit 8
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of B Ltd
A Ltd 80 % NCI
Total At Since 20 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 80 000 64 000 16 000
80 000 64 000 16 000
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 80 000 64 000 16 000(a)
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings 38 500 30 800(e) 7 700(a)
Given 59 000
At acquisition -
59 000
Unrealised profit
1 in inventory
33 3
(18 000 x 133 3 )1 (4 500)
Unrealised profit on sale of
equipment (20 000)
Depreciation on unrealised profit
20
(20 000 x 100 ) 4 000
• Current year
(b)
Profit for the year 53 700 42 960 10 740
Profit after tax 50 200(1)
Unrealised profit in opening
inventory 4 500
Unrealised profit in closing inven-
1
33 3
tory (15 000 + 5 000) x 133 13 (5 000)
Depreciation on unrealised
profit 4 000
(c)
Dividend paid (20 000) (16 000) (4 000)
152 200 57 760 30 440(d)
(1)
400 000 - 220 000 - 30 000 - 16 000 - 24 000 - 20 000 - 7 000 - 32 800
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2. Entry in the financial records of A Ltd
Dr Cr
R R
Inventory 5 000
Loan to B Ltd 5 000
Recording of inventory in transit
QUESTION 2
X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.3
Note R
Gross profit [465 000 + 329 000 + (20/120 x 36 000) − 788 000
(20/120 x 72 000)]
Other income [5 000 + 1 000 + 30 000 − (20 000 x 70%)] 22 000
Administrative expenses [120 000 + 100 000 − (340 000)
(50 000 x 20%) + 80 000 + 50 000]
Profit before tax 1 470 000
Income tax expense (120 000 + 70 000) (190 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 280 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 280 000
X LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.3
R
Profit before tax is calculated after taking into account the following:
Income
Dividends received (30 000 - 14 000(f)) 16 000
Expenses
Depreciation (120 000 + 100 000 - 10 000) 210 000
Staff costs (80 000 + 50 000) 130 000
197
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X LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
30 JUNE 20.3
Non-
Share Retained Total
Total controlling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 July 20.2 300 000 214 000# 514 000 96 000 610 000
Changes in equity for 20.3
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 244 000 244 000 36 000 280 000
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (50 000) (50 000) (6 000) (56 000)
(d)
Balance at 30 June 20 .3 300 000 408 000 708 000 126 000 834 000
198
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Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of Y Ltd
X Ltd 70 % NCI
Total At Since 30 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 200 000 140 000 60 000
Retained earnings 20 000 14 000 6 000
220 000 154 000 66 000
Equity represented by
jjjjjgoodwill - parent 1 000 1 000 -
(1)
Consideration and NCI 221 000 155 000 66 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current
year (e) (2)
Retained earnings 100 000 70 000 30 000
Given 160 000
At acquisition (20 000)
140 000
Unrealised profit on sale (50 000)
of machinery (200 000 -
150 000)
Depreciation on unrealised 10 000
20
llprofit (50 000 x 100 )
• Current year
(b)
Profit for the year 120 000 (84 000) 36 000
Profit after tax 110 000
Depreciation on
unrealised profit 10 000 (f) (c)
Dividend paid (20 000) (14 000) (6 000)
(d)
421 000 140 000 126 000
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2. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital 200 000
Retained earnings 20 000
Goodwill 1 000
Investment in Y Ltd 155 000
Non-controlling interests 66 000 66 000
Elimination of owners' equity of Y Ltd at acquisition
200
FAC2602 / Learning unit 8
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
calculate any ordinary dividend declared or paid by a subsidiary in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies?
record any ordinary dividend declared or paid by a subsidiary in the
consolidated annual financial statements of companies?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
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FAC2602
LEARNING UNIT 9
TREATMENT OF
PREFERENCE SHARES
DURING CONSOLIDATION
Open Rubric
FAC2602 / Learning unit 9
LEARNING OUTCOME
Students should be able to account for any preference dividends in the consolidated annual financial
statements of companies in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Preferential rights
Non-cumulative preference shares
Cumulative preference shares
Participating and non-participating
Arrear preference dividends
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to:
calculate the parent's interest percentage in the preference share capital of the
subsidiary
record any preference dividends paid or declared by a subsidiary in the
consolidated annual financial statements in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards
record arrear cumulative preference dividends payable or paid by a subsidiary
in the consolidated annual financial statements in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries
203
FAC2602 / Learning unit 9
9.1 INTRODUCTION
In learning unit 8, we discussed the treatment of dividends where the subsidiary's share
capital consists of ordinary share capital only. In this learning unit, we deal with the treatment
of preference share capital and preference dividends. Preference shares carry a fixed
dividend percentage. When adequate profits are available, these shares have a preference
right to dividends.
Preference shares can only exist when another class of shares (generally ordinary shares)
exists so the preference shares can enjoy certain preferential rights in comparison to the
other shares. We can summarise these preferential rights as follows:
For the purposes of the following discussion, the preferential rights in respect of
dividends are probably the most important right attached to preference shares. This right
is normally expressed as a percentage of the value of the share, for example 9%
preference shares with an issued value of R400 000 would receive a dividend of R36 000
(9% x R400 000).
If the subsidiary is liquidated, the preference owners will receive a maximum amount of
R400 000.
Where a subsidiary has issued preference shares, these shares have a preferential claim
to the profit of the company, whilst the balance is attributable to the ordinary owners. As in
the case of ordinary shares, preference owners cannot legally lay claim to their share of
the profit before a company has declared a preference dividend. If the preference
shares are cumulative, ordinary owners may receive no dividend in the current
reporting period, unless a preference dividend is declared.
Non-cumulative
These owners are not entitled to payment of arrear dividends.
Cumulative
If no dividend is declared in a specific reporting period, there is a cumulative preferential
right, which is a right to have preference to the arrear and current preference dividends
before a dividend may be declared on any other class of shares on the first subsequent
dividend declaration. Even if the company does not declare a formal dividend to the
preference owners, a dividend will accrue and become payable based on the terms of the
preference shares.
Participating preference shares share in the profits of a company after the payment of the
preference dividend, while convertible preference shares are convertible to ordinary
shares at a specific date in future. Although a company may not buy its own shares, it
204
FAC2602 / Learning unit 9
may buy back (redeem) redeemable preference shares at a predetermined price after a
specific period.
Where preference shares are held in a subsidiary, this affects the calculation of the non-
controlling interests in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income and the statement of financial position. By the time you have
completed this learning unit, you should have a clear understanding of this concept.
When the issuer of preference shares has a contractual obligation to deliver cash or a
financial instrument to the holder of the preference shares, or does not have an unconditional
right to avoid delivering cash or a financial asset to settle the contractual obligation, the
obligation meets the definition of a financial liability (IAS 32.19). Likewise, if the issuer of
preference shares does have an unconditional right to avoid delivering cash or a financial
asset to settle the contractual obligation, the obligation meets the definition of an equity
instrument. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the
assets of an entity after deducting the liabilities.
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FAC2602 / Learning unit 9
EXAMPLE
The following are the condensed financial statements of P Ltd and its subsidiary, S Ltd:
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment
Land and buildings at cost price 100 000 80 000
Plant at carrying amount 40 000 20 000
Investment in S Ltd at fair value
75 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R120 000) 120 000 -
20 000 preference shares (cost price: R25 000) 25 000 -
Current account in S Ltd 8 000 -
Inventories 25 000 60 000
Trade and other receivables 20 000 48 000
338 000 208 000
P Ltd S Ltd
R R
Gross profit 60 500 58 000
Income received from S Ltd
Ordinary dividend 7 500 -
Preference dividend 2 000 -
Profit before tax 70 000 58 000
Income tax expense (25 000) (20 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 45 000 38 000
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 45 000 38 000
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STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.7
Additional information
1. P Ltd acquired its shareholding in S Ltd on 1 January 20.5, on which date S Ltd's retained
earnings was R9 000.
Consider the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities of S Ltd to be equal to the fair
value thereof at the date of acquisition, except for the land and buildings of S Ltd, which
are valued at R120 000. No entries have been made in the books of the subsidiary. No
purchases or sales of land and buildings have taken place subsequently.
2. Since 1 April 20.7, S Ltd has been buying some of its inventories from P Ltd at cost price
plus 25%. On 31 December 20.7, the inventories of S Ltd included inventories to the value
of R10 000 that had been purchased from P Ltd. Inventories that P Ltd invoiced at R3 000
were in transit to S Ltd at 31 December 20.7.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the P Ltd Group for the year
ended 31 December 20.7 in compliance with the requirements of International
Financial Reporting Standards. Ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses.
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SOLUTION
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.7
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [100 000 + 80 000 + 280 000
40 000 (revaluation) + 40 000 + 20 000]
Goodwill (8 250(4) + 5 000(4)) 13 250
293 250
Current assets
25
Inventories [25 000 + 60 000 + 3 000 (in transit) − (13 000 x125 )] 85 400
Trade and other receivables (20 000 + 48 000) 68 000
153 400
Total assets 446 650
R
Profit before tax (calculation 2) 115 900
Income tax expense (25 000 + 20 000) (45 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 70 900
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 70 900
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P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.7
Non-
Share Retained Total
Total controlling
capital earnings equity
interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.7 200 000 27 750* 227 750 68 500 296 250
Changes in equity for
20.7
Total comprehensive
income for the year
(b)
Profit for the year 59 650 59 650 11 250 70 900
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (15 000) (15 000) (5 500) (20 500)
Balance at 31 December (d)
200 000 72 400 272 400 74 250 346 650
20.7
Calculations
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Preference shares P Ltd 40 %* NCI
Total At Since 60 %
R R R R
At acquisition 50 000 20 000 30 000
Share capital
Equity attributable to goodwill -
parent 5 000 5 000(4) -
Consideration and NCI 55 000 25 000 30 000
Since acquisition
• Current year (1)
Attributable profit* 5 000 2 000 3 000
Preference dividend (5 000) (2 000) (3 000)
(3)
55 000 - 30 000
* Refer to the comments on page 167 for an explanation.
* 20 000/50 000 shares x 100% = 40%
R
P Ltd 70 000
S Ltd 58 000
Ordinary dividend received from S Ltd (7 500)
Preference dividend received from S Ltd (2 000)
Unrealised profit in closing inventories (2 600)
25
[(10 000 + 3 000) x125 ]
115 900
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3. Entries in the financial records of S Ltd
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Land and buildings 40 000
Revaluation surplus 40 000
Valuation of land and buildings at acquisition
Inventory 3 000
Current account in P Ltd 3 000
Inventory in transit at 31 December 20.7
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
COMMENTS
Please note that if the parent pays more for its investment in the subsidiary's preference shares
than the value of the shares, we call this "goodwill".
Don't be confused: we do not take the preference dividend* into account twice in the two analyses
of owners' equity. We merely transfer the pro rata portion (10% x 50 000) of the preference
owners' interest in the profit from the ordinary owners' analysis to the preference owners' analysis
so that it can be distributed as dividends according to that percentage interest (40:60).
To calculate the goodwill and non-controlling interests' amounts in the statement of financial
position, we need to add together the amounts obtained from the ordinary and preference
analyses.
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EXAMPLE 1
A Ltd B Ltd
ASSETS R R
Plant 50 000 120 000
Investment in B Ltd at fair value
- 75 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R86 250) 86 250 –
- 4 000 preference shares (cost price: R4 000) 4 000 –
Trade and other receivables 26 750 48 000
167 000 168 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital – ordinary shares (100 000 shares) 100 000 100 000
– 12% preference shares (20 000/10 000 shares) 20 000 10 000
Retained earnings 35 000 40 000
Trade and other payables 12 000 18 000
167 000 168 000
A Ltd acquired its interest in B Ltd on 1 January 20.6, on which date the retained earnings of
B Ltd amounted to R15 000. On 1 January 20.6, no preference dividends were in arrears.
Provision must still be made for the 20.9 preference dividend. Consider the carrying amount
of the assets and liabilities of B Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof on the date of
acquisition.
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SOLUTION 1
Before we can draft the consolidated financial statements we must first do the two analyses of
owners' equity.
Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity in B Ltd
Purchase difference - - -
Consideration and NCI 115 000 86 250 28 750(a)
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings
(28 000 - 15 000) 13 000 9 750(3) 3 250(a)
• Current year
Profit for the year 12 000 9 000 3 000(2)
Preference dividend * (1 200) (900) (300)(2)
(12% x 10 000)
138 800 1 7 850 34 700(4)
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Since acquisition
• Current year
Profit attributable to
preference owners* 480
1 200 720(2)
Preference dividend (480) (1)
(1 200) (720)
10 000 - 6 000(4)
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital – ordinary shares 100 000
Retained earnings 15 000
Goodwill NIL
Investment in B Ltd 86 250
Non-controlling interests 28 750 28 750
Elimination of owners' equity of B Ltd at acquisition
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (50 000 + 120 000) 170 000
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (26 750 + 48 000) 74 750
Total assets 244 750
Current liabilities
Dividends payable [(20 000 x 12%) + 720(1)] 3 120
Trade and other payables (12 000 + 18 000) 30 000
Total liabilities 33 120
Total equity and liabilities 244 750
A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.9
R
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR (21 000 + 12 000) 33 000
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 33 000
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
(5)
Owners of the parent (33 000 − 3 420) 29 580
(2)/(b)
Non-controlling interests (3 000 − 300 + 720) 3 420
33 000
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A LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.9
12%
Ordinary prefe- Non-
Retained Total
share rence control-
earnings equity
capital share ling
capital Total interests
R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.9 100 000 20 000 23 750* 143 750 38 000 181 750
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(5) (b)
Profit for the year 29 580 29 580 3 420 33 000
Dividend declared: preference
(c)
(20 000 x 12%) (2 400) (2 400) (720) (3 120)
(d)
Balance at 31 December 20.9 100 000 20 000 50 930 170 930 40 700 211 630
* (14 000 + 9 750(3))
EXAMPLE 2
The following represent the condensed annual financial statements of F Ltd and G Ltd for the
year ended 28 February 20.7:
F Ltd G Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Land and buildings 475 990 308 700
Investment in G Ltd at fair value
70 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R156 800) 156 800 -
10 000 12% cumulative preference shares
(cost price: R12 500) 12 500 -
10% Debentures (cost price: R4 000) 4 000 -
Inventories 15 510 45 280
Trade and other receivables 21 100 12 800
Loan account – F Ltd - 21 000
685 900 387 780
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EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital
- Ordinary shares (250 000/100 000 shares) 500 000 200 000
- 100 000 12% cumulative preference shares - 100 000
Retained earnings 112 600 28 400
Revaluation surplus 20 000 15 000
Bank overdraft 27 690 3 280
Trade and other payables 4 610 31 100
10% Debentures - 10 000
Loan account – G Ltd 21 000 -
685 900 387 780
F Ltd G Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 29 600 16 300
Income tax expense (10 400) (5 700)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 19 200 10 600
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 19 200 10 600
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Balance at 1 March 20.6 500 000 200 000 – 100 000 20 000 15 000 93 400 17 800 613 400 332 800
Additional information
1. F Ltd acquired its interest in G Ltd on 1 March 20.5, on which date the other components of equity were as follows:
F Ltd G Ltd
R R
Revaluation surplus 20 000 -
Retained earnings 19 000 8 600
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the F Ltd Group at
28 February 20.7 according to the requirements of International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS).
SOLUTION 2
F LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 20.7
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (475 990 + 308 700) 784 690
Goodwill (10 780 + 2 500)(5) 13 280
797 970
Current assets
Inventories (15 510 + 45 280) 60 790
Trade and other receivables (21 100 + 12 800) 33 900
94 690
Total assets 892 660
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F LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.7
F LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28
FEBRUARY 20.7
Revalua- Non-
Share tion Retained controlling Total
capital surplus earnings Total interest equity
R R R R R R
# (a)
Balance at 1 March 20.6 500 000 30 500* 92 640 623 140 167 040 790 180
Changes in equity for 20.7
Total comprehensive income for
the year
(b)
Profit for the year 19 420 19 420 10 380 29 800
(c)
Balance at 28 February 20.7 500 000 30 500 112 060 642 560 177 420 819 980
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Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of G Ltd
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(2)
Retained earnings/(loss) (2 800) (1 960) RE (840)
Given (17 800 - 8 600) 9 200
Arrear preference dividends
(12% x 100 000 x 1 year) (12 000)
(3)
Revaluation surplus 15 000 10 500 OCE 4 500
• Current year
(1)
Profit for the year 10 600 7 420 RE 3 180
(1)
Preference dividends (12 000) (8 400) RE (3 600)
(2 940) RE
(4)
230 180 10 500 OCE 65 820
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Preference shares F Ltd 10 %* NCI
Total At Since 90 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 10 000 90 000
Equity attributable to goodwill -
.parent
2 500 2 500(5) -
Consideration and NCI
102 500 12 500 90 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Preference dividends (2)
12 000 1 200 10 800
• Current year
Preference dividends (1)
12 000 1 200 10 800
(4)
126 500 2 400 111 600
R
F Ltd 29 600
G Ltd 16 300
Interest received on debentures (400)
Interest paid on debentures 400
45 900
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital – ordinary shares 200 000
Retained earnings 8 600
Goodwill 10 780
Investment in G Ltd 156 800
Non-controlling interests 62 580 62 580
Elimination of owners' equity of G Ltd at acquisition
840 (840)
Non-controlling interests (SFP)
Retained earnings/(loss) 840
Recording of non-controlling interests in
profit/(loss) since acquisition to beginning of current
year
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Revaluation surplus 4 500
Non-controlling interests 4 500 4 500
Recording of non-controlling interests in revaluation of
assets for the period ended 29 February 20.6
COMMENTS
Remember that we need to eliminate all intragroup transactions. Always scrutinise the
balances provided in the question carefully. We must also eliminate debentures and the
related interest issued within the group.
There is no journal for the preference dividends, since it hasn’t even been declared yet.
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EXAMPLE 3
The following represent the condensed annual financial statements of W Ltd and V Ltd for the
year ended 28 February 20.7:
W Ltd V Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Land and buildings 475 990 308 700
Investment in V Ltd at fair value
- 70 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R140 000) 150 000 -
- 10 000 12% cumulative preference shares (cost price: R12 500) 12 500 -
- 10% debentures (cost price: R4 000) 4 000 -
Inventories 15 510 38 280
Trade and other receivables 21 100 12 800
Bank - 20 720
Loan account – W Ltd - 28 000
679 100 408 500
W Ltd V Ltd
R R
Profit before tax 29 600 106 000
Income tax expense (10 400) (37 400)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 19 200 68 600
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 19 200 68 600
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Additional information
1. W Ltd acquired its interest in V Ltd on 1 March 20.5, at which date the other components of equity were as follows:
W Ltd V Ltd
R R
Revaluation surplus 20 000 -
Retained earnings 19 000 8 600
2. On 1 March 20.5, no preference dividends were in arrears. All preference dividends since 1 March 20.5 were paid on 28 February 20.7.
3. The land and buildings of V Ltd were revalued on 31 January 20.6.
4. On 28 February 20.7, V Ltd declared a dividend of 10 cents per ordinary share. W Ltd recorded this receivable dividend.
5. On 28 February 20.7, there was no arrear interest on debentures.
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REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the W Ltd Group at 28 February 20.7 according to the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
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SOLUTION 3
W LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 20.7
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment (475 990 + 308 700) 784 690
Goodwill (3 980 + 2 500)(6) 6 480
791 170
Current assets
Inventories (15 510 + 38 280) 53 790
Trade and other receivables (21 100 + 12 800) 33 900
Cash and cash equivalents 20 720
108 410
Total assets 899 580
Non-current liabilities
Long-term borrowing – 10% debentures (10 000 − 4 000) 6 000
6 000
Current liabilities
Bank overdraft 20 890
Trade and other payables (4 610 + 21 100) 25 710
(5)
Dividends payable 3 000
49 600
Total liabilities 55 600
Total equity and liabilities 899 580
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W LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.7
R
Profit before tax (calculation 2) 126 200
Income tax expense (10 400 + 37 400) (47 800)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 78 400
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 78 400
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
Owners of the parent (78 400 − 27 780) 50 620
(1)/(b)
Non-controlling interests (20 580 − 3 600 + 10 800) 27 780
78 400
W LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
28 FEBRUARY 20.7
Revalua- Non-
Share Retained Total
tion controlling
capital earnings equity
surplus Total interest
R R R R R R
# (a)
Balance at 1 March 20.6 500 000 30 500* 92 640 623 140 167 040 790 180
Changes in equity for 20.7
Total comprehensive income for
the year
(b)
Profit for the year 50 620 50 620 27 780 78 400
(c)
Dividend declared: ordinary – – (3 000) (3 000)
(d)
Dividend paid: preference – – (21 600) (21 600)
(e)
Balance at 28 February 20.7 500 000 30 500 143 260 673 760 170 220 843 980
(3)
* (20 000 + 10 500 )
(2) (2)
# (93 400 – 1 960 + 1 200 )
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Calculations
1. Analysis of owners' equity of V Ltd
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
(2)
Retained earnings/(loss) (2 800) (1 960) RE (840)
Given (17 800 - 8 600) 9 200
Arrear preference dividends
(12% x 100 000 x 1 year) (12 000)
(3)
Revaluation surplus 15 000 10 500 OCE 4 500
• Current year
(1)
Profit for the year 68 600 48 020 RE 20 580
(1)
Preference dividends (12 000) (8 400)RE (3 600)
(5)
Ordinary dividends (10 000) (7 000)RE (3 000)
30 660RE (4)
271 380 10 500OCE 80 220
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Preference shares W Ltd 10 %* NCI
Total At Since 90 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 100 000 10 000 90 000
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Preference dividends 12 000 1 200(2) 10 800
• Current year
Profit attributable to preference owners 12 000 1 200(5) 10 800(1)
Arrear preference dividends paid (24 000) (2 400) (21 600)
102 500 - 90 000(4)
R
W Ltd 29 600
V Ltd 106 000
Ordinary dividend declared by V Ltd (7 000)
Preference dividend paid by V Ltd [(10 000 x 12%) x 4] (2 400)
Interest received on debentures (400)
Interest paid on debentures 400
126 200
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3. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital – ordinary shares 200 000
Goodwill 3 980
Retained earnings 8 600
Investment in V Ltd 150 000
Non-controlling interests 62 580 62 580
Elimination of owners' equity of V Ltd at acquisition
840 (840)
Non-controlling interests (SFP)
Retained earnings/(loss) 840
Recording of non-controlling interests in
profit/(loss) since acquisition to beginning of
current year
4 500
Revaluation surplus
Non-controlling interests 4 500 4 500
Recording of non-controlling interest in revaluation
surplus for the period ended 29 February 20.6
Share capital – preference shares 100 000
Goodwill 2 500
Investment in V Ltd 12 500
Non-controlling interests 90 000 90 000
Elimination of owners' equity of V Ltd at acquisition
– preference shares
Retained earnings – preference shares 10 800
Non-controlling interests 10 800 10 800
Recording of non-controlling interests in preference
dividends for the period ended
29 February 20.6
167 040(a)
Non-controlling interests (SCI) 16 980
[(68 600 − 12 000) x 30%]
Non-controlling interests (SFP) 16 980 16 980(b)
Recording of non-controlling interests in profit for
the year ended 28 February 20.7
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
*Dividends received – W Ltd 2 400
Non-controlling interests (SFP) 21 600 (21 600)(d)
Preference dividends paid – V Ltd 24 000
Elimination of intragroup dividends and recording
of non-controlling interests in preference dividends
COMMENTS
The only difference between example two and three is that the dividends have been declared
and paid in example three. There is an additional journal (*) to eliminate the intragroup
dividend. Remember that we must subtract the dividend of R2 400 that the parent received
(income) from the profit before tax in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive
income to eliminate it there.
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9.4 EXERCISES
Now that you have studied group statements, you can work through the following three
exercises:
QUESTION 1
The following represent the condensed statement of financial position of K Ltd and its
subsidiary, L Ltd, as at 28 February 20.2:
K Ltd L Ltd
R R
ASSETS
Property, plant and equipment
Land and buildings at cost 80 000 75 000
Investment in L Ltd at fair value 130 000 -
– 32 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R117 000) 117 000 -
– 8 000 8% cumulative preference shares
(cost price: R13 000) 13 000 -
Loan – K Ltd - 20 000
Current assets 45 000 72 000
– Trade and other receivables 30 000 53 000
– Inventories 15 000 19 000
255 000 167 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Share capital 140 000 120 000
– Ordinary shares (50 000/40 000 shares) 100 000 100 000
– 8% cumulative preference shares (40 000/20 000 shares) 40 000 20 000
Retained earnings 45 000 34 000
Loan – L Ltd 16 000 -
Current liabilities – trade and other payables 54 000 13 000
255 000 167 000
Additional information
1. K Ltd acquired its total interest in L Ltd on 1 March 20.1, on which date the retained
earnings of L Ltd was R20 000.
2. On the date of acquisition, it was decided to revalue L Ltd's land and buildings upwards
with an amount of R20 000. Consider the carrying amount of all the other assets and
liabilities of L Ltd to be equal to the fair value thereof.
3. L Ltd's preference dividends are in arrears for the 20.2 financial year.
4. With effect from 1 March 20.1, K Ltd purchased some of its inventories from L Ltd. L Ltd
sold its inventories to K Ltd at cost plus 3313%. On 28 February 20.2, K Ltd had inventories
to the value of R5 000 on hand, which it had purchased from L Ltd.
5. On 2 January 20.2, K Ltd sold a non-depreciable asset with a cost price of R10 000 to L
Ltd at cost plus 25%.
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6. Cash to the value of R4 000 in respect of the last consignment of inventories that K Ltd
purchased from L Ltd was still in transit on 28 February 20.2.
7. Each share carries one vote.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated statement of financial position of the K Ltd Group as at
28 February 20.2 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS). Notes are not required. (Show all your calculations.)
QUESTION 2
The following balances were taken from the records of P Ltd and D Ltd for the year ended
30 June 20.9:
P Ltd D Ltd
R R
Debits
Property at cost 600 000 160 000
Equipment at cost 300 000 180 000
Inventories 100 000 80 000
Investment in D Ltd at fair value
– 30 000 ordinary shares (cost price: R204 000) 204 000 -
Bank – O Bank 1 200 12 000
Trade and other receivables 124 400 406 800
Income tax expense 190 000 170 000
Provisional tax payments 100 000 90 000
Loan to parent (interest-free) - 140 000
Dividends paid – ordinary shares 40 000 30 000
– preference shares 12 000 7 500
1 671 600 1 276 300
Credits
Share capital
– Ordinary shares (100 000/50 000 shares) 240 000 120 000
– 15% cumulative preference shares 80 000 50 000
(80 000/50 000 shares)
Retained earnings at beginning of the year 150 000 118 000
Accumulated depreciation
– equipment 128 000 94 000
Bank overdraft – B Bank 48 000 -
Trade and other payables 175 600 238 300
Taxation payable 190 000 170 000
Loan from subsidiary 120 000 -
Profit before tax 540 000 486 000
1 671 600 1 276 300
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Additional information
1. P Ltd acquired its interest in D Ltd on 1 July 20.5. At that date, D Ltd's retained earnings
amounted to R35 000. P Ltd paid R204 000 of which R75 000 was for goodwill. The
balance was attributable to the revaluation of D Ltd's property. The carrying amount of all
the other assets and liabilities were equal to the fair value thereof. At the date of
acquisition, there was no arrear preference dividend. Each share carries one vote.
2. P Ltd has bought all its inventories from D Ltd since 1 July 20.8. D Ltd made a profit of 25%
on the cost price of inventories sold to P Ltd.
3. D Ltd paid no preference dividends for the period 1 July 20.5 to 30 June 20.7. On
30 June 20.8, D Ltd paid a preference dividend of R22 500.
4. On 29 June 20.9, D Ltd sent goods to the value of R20 000 to P Ltd, which P Ltd only
received on 3 July 20.9.
5. On 2 January 20.8, P Ltd sold a machine to D Ltd at a profit of R40 000. It is group policy to
provide for depreciation at 25% per annum according to the reducing balance method.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the P Ltd Group for the
year ended 30 June 20.9 in accordance with the requirements of
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). No notes are required.
Ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or losses as well as capital gains
tax.
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QUESTION 3
The following balances were extracted from the records of J Ltd and T Ltd at
31 December 20.3:
J Ltd T Ltd
Debits R R
Land and buildings at cost 150 000 180 000
Machinery
- Cost price 128 400 180 000
- Accumulated depreciation (59 600) (95 900)
Patents at carrying amount 7 600 9 500
Investment in T Ltd
- 70 000 ordinary shares at fair value
(cost price: R125 000) 125 000 -
- 40 000 6% cumulative preference shares
at fair value (cost price: R50 000) 50 000 -
- 20 000 debentures at fair value (cost price: R20 000) 20 000 -
Loan account T Ltd 53 400 -
Inventories 62 000 62 000
Provisional tax payments 14 000 17 000
Trade and other receivables 72 000 100 000
Cash in bank 69 000 -
691 800 452 600
J Ltd T Ltd
Credits R R
Ordinary shares (320 000/100 000 shares) 352 000 100 000
6% cumulative preference shares (10 000/80 000 shares) 10 000 80 000
Retained earnings 130 450 80 100
6% Debentures - 50 000
Loan account J Ltd - 50 000
Trade and other payables 174 350 36 500
Bank overdraft - 40 000
Tax payable 25 000 16 000
691 800 452 600
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STATEMENTS OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR
THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.3
J Ltd T Ltd
R R
Gross profit 106 300 97 900
Expenses (36 800) (29 000)
Auditors' remuneration 2 000 1 000
Depreciation 19 800 10 400
Staff costs 15 000 13 000
Interest on debentures - 3 000
Interest on bank overdraft - 1 600
69 500 68 900
Other income 10 600 -
Interest received on debentures 1 200 -
Preference dividends received 2 400 -
Ordinary dividends received 7 000 -
Profit before tax 80 100 68 900
Income tax expense (25 000) (16 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 55 100 52 900
Other comprehensive income for the year - -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 55 100 52 900
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Additional information
1. On 1 January 20.1, J Ltd acquired 70 000 ordinary shares and 40 000 6% cumulative preference shares in T Ltd. All the assets and
liabilities were considered to be reasonably valued, with the exception of the land and buildings, which were valued at R250 000. No
purchases or sales of land and buildings have taken place since then. No adjustment has been made in respect of this yet.
2. At the date of acquisition, the subsidiary had retained earnings of R8 000. No preference dividends were in arrears at acquisition.
3. J Ltd supplied goods to its subsidiary at cost plus 20%. Particulars of goods supplied to T Ltd by J Ltd during the year ended
31 December 20.3 were as follows:
R
Inventories 1 January 20.3 12 000
Purchases during the year 120 000
Inventories at 31 December 20.3 4 800
On 27 December 20.3, J Ltd sent goods to T Ltd which were invoiced at R1 800. However, T Ltd only received these goods on
5 January 20.4, and therefore the goods were not taken into inventories at 31 December 20.3.
4. T Ltd sent R1 600 to J Ltd on 28 December 20.3. J Ltd only received and banked this amount on 4 January 20.4.
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5. J Ltd sold certain machinery to T Ltd at a price of R10 000 above the carrying amount after the date of acquisition of its interest in T Ltd.
T Ltd provides for depreciation on machinery at 20% per annum on cost price, based on the assumption that the machine will still have
five years of service left as from the date of purchase, namely 1 January 20.2.
6. Each ordinary share carries one vote.
7. The retained earnings to the amount of R42 000 as at 1 January 20.3 includes the preference dividends paid for the year-end
31 December 20.2.
REQUIRED
Draft the consolidated annual financial statements of the J Ltd Group for the year ended 31 December 20.3 in compliance
with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Ignore taxation on unrealised profits and/or
losses as well as capital gains tax.
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SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1
K LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 20.2
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [80 000 + 75 000 + 20 000 (revaluation) 172 500
– 2 500(5)]
Goodwill (5 000 + 5 000)(1) 10 000
182 500
Current assets
Trade and other receivables (30 000 + 53 000) 83 000
Inventories (15 000 + 19 000 − 1 250(4)) 32 750
Cash and cash equivalents 4 000
119 750
Total assets 302 250
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables (54 000 + 13 000) 67 000
Total equity and liabilities 302 250
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Calculations
Since acquisition
• To end of current year
Retained earnings 11 150 8 920 2 230
Given 34 000
At acquisition (20 000)
Arrear preference dividends 20.2 (1 600)
Unrealised profit in closing (1 250)(4)
inventories (3313 /13331 x 5 000)
156 150 8 920(2) 30 230(3)
32,000
* 40,000 x 100% = 80%
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Preference shares K Ltd 40 %* NCI
Total At Since 60 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Preference share capital 20 000 8 000 12 000
Equity represented by goodwill -
.parent 5 000 5 000(1) -
Consideration and NCI 25 000 13 000 12 000
Since acquisition
• To end of current year
Arrear preference dividend 20.2 1 600 640 960
26 600 640(2) 12 960(3)
8,000
* 20,000 x 100% = 40%
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Land and buildings 20 000
Revaluation surplus 20 000
Recording of the revaluation of land and buildings in L Ltd
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4. Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital – ordinary shares 100 000
Revaluation surplus 20 000
Retained earnings 20 000
Goodwill 5 000
Investment in L Ltd 117 000
Non-controlling interests 28 000 28 000
Elimination of owners' equity of L Ltd at acquisition
COMMENTS
On consolidation, we add the parent's retained earnings (100%) to the subsidiary's retained
earnings, but limited to the parent's share in the subsidiary's equity. We will disclose the non-
controlling interests' portion separately under non-controlling interests in the statement of
changes in equity. We will include only the "since acquisition date" portion of the subsidiary's
retained earnings which we obtained from the analysis. We eliminated the "at acquisition
date" portion against the investment in the subsidiary. We have already taken the unrealised
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profits the subsidiary made into account in the analysis. However, we must account for the
unrealised profit of R2 500 that the parent made on the sale of the property additionally in
retained earnings.
QUESTION 2
P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 30 JUNE 20.9
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [(600 000 + 160 000 + 60 000) + 1 051 750
(300 000 + 180 000 − 40 000) − (128 000 + 94 000 − 5 000(4) − 8 750(5))]
(6)
Goodwill 75 000
1 126 750
Current assets
Inventories (100 000 + 80 000 + 20 000 − 24 000) 176 000
Trade and other receivables (124 400 + 406 800) 531 200
Cash and cash equivalents (1 200 + 12 000) 13 200
720 400
Total assets 1 847 150
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P LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.9
R
Profit before tax (calculation 2) 992 750
Income tax expense (190 000 + 170 000) (360 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 632 750
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 632 750
15% cum.
Non-
Ordinary prefe-
Retained control- Total
share rence Total
earnings ling equity
capital share
interests
capital
R R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 July 20.8 240 000 80 000 164 800* 484 800 169 200 654 000
Changes in equity for 20.9
Total comprehensive income for the
year
(b)
Profit for the year 511 450 511 450 121 300 632 750
(c)
Dividend paid: ordinary (40 000) (40 000) (12 000) (52 000)
(d)
Dividend paid: preference (12 000) (12 000) (7 500) (19 500)
(8) (e)
Balance at 30 June 2 .9 240 000 80 000 624 250 944 250 271 000 1 215 250
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Calculations
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings (118 000 - 35 000) 83 000 49 800(1) 33 200
• Current year
Profit for the year 284 500 170 700 113 800(2)
R
# P Ltd paid 204 000
Goodwill (75 000)
60% investment 129 000
129 000 − (72 000 + 21 000) = 36 000 (60%)
36 000
60 x 100 = 60 000
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Preference shares P Ltd 0 % NCI
Total At Since 10%
R R R R
At acquisition
Preference share capital 50 000 - - 50 000
Since acquisition
• Current year
Profit attributable to preference owners 7 500 7 500(2)
Preference dividend paid (7 500) (7 500)
50 000 - - 50 000(7)
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6 Pro-forma consolidated journal entries
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Share capital – ordinary shares 120 000
Revaluation surplus 60 000
Retained earnings 35 000
Goodwill 75 000
Investment in D Ltd 204 000
Non-controlling interests 86 000 86 000
Elimination of owners' equity of D Ltd at acquisition
COMMENTS
It is still advisable to do the analysis of preference owners, even though the parent does not
hold any preference shares of the subsidiary because of the following:
- We should still allocate the preference share capital of R50 000 to non-controlling
interests.
- We should still allocate the non-controlling owners' share of profit of R7 500 to them in
the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
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QUESTION 3
J LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 20.3
R
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment [(150 000 + 250 000) + 564 000
298 400 (calculation 4) − 151 500 (calculation 4) + (7 600 + 9 500)]
Goodwill (400(2) + 10 000(2)) 10 400
574 400
Current assets
Inventories [62 000 + 62 000 + 1 800 (in transit) − 1 100 (unrealised profit)] 124 700
Trade and other receivables (72 000 + 100 000) 172 000
Cash and cash equivalents [69 000 + 1 600 (in transit)] 70 600
367 300
Total assets 941 700
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J LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.3
Note R
Gross profit (calculation 2) 205 100
Administrative expenses [2 000 + 1 000 + 19 800 + 10 400 − (59 200)
(10 000 x 20%) + 15 000 + 13 000]
Finance costs [3 000 + 1 600 − (3 000 x 40%)] (3 400)
Profit before tax 1 142 500
Income tax expense (25 000 + 16 000) (41 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 101 500
Other comprehensive income for the year -
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 101 500
J LTD GROUP
NOTES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 20.3
Expenses
Auditors' remuneration (2 000 + 1 000) 3 000
Depreciation 28 200
[19 800 + 10 400 − (10 000 x 20%)]
Staff costs (15 000 + 13 000) 28 000
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J LTD GROUP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY FOR THE YEAR ENDED
31 DECEMBER 20.3
15% cum
preference Non-
Share share Retained controlling Total
capital capital earnings Total interests equity
R R R R R R
(a)
Balance at 1 January 20.3 352 000 10 000 109 750* 471 750 103 600 575 350
Changes in equity for 20.3
Total comprehensive income for
the year
(b)
Profit for the year 84 670 84 670 16 830 101 500
(c)
Dividends paid: ordinary (20 000) (20 000) (3 000) (23 000)
(d)
Dividend paid: preference (600) (600) (2 400) (3 000)
(e)
Balance at 31 December 20.3 352 000 10 000 173 820 535 820 115 030 650 850
* calculation 3
Calculations
Since acquisition
• To beginning of current year
Retained earnings 34 000 23 800(3) 10 200
Given (42 000 – 8 000)
• Current year
Profit after tax and preference 48 100 33 670 14 430(1)
dividend (52 900 - 4 800)
Ordinary dividend paid (10 000) (7 000) (3 000)
250 500 50 470 75 030(4)
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Cumulative preference shares J Ltd 50 %* NCI
Total
At Since 50 %
R R R R
At acquisition
Share capital 80 000 40 000 40 000
Equity attributable to goodwill -
parent 10 000 10 000(2) -
Consideration and NCI 90 000 50 000 40 000
Since acquisition
• Current year
Profit attributable to preference 4 800 2 400(1)
2 400
owners
Preference dividend paid (4 800) (2 400)
(2 400)
90 000 - 40 000(4)
2. Gross profit
R
Profit – J Ltd 106 300
– T Ltd 97 900
20
Unrealised profit in opening inventories (12 000 x120 ) 2 000
20
Unrealised profit in closing inventories [(4 800 + 1 800) x120 ] (1 100)
205 100
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4. Machinery
R
Cost price – J Ltd 128 400
– T Ltd 180 000
– profit on sale (10 000)
298 400
Accumulated depreciation – J Ltd 59 600
– T Ltd 95 900
– depreciation on machinery sold
– 20.2 (2 000)
– 20.3 (2 000)
151 500
Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Land and buildings 70 000
Revaluation surplus 70 000
Recording of the revaluation of land and buildings in D Ltd
Inventories 1 800
Loan account J Ltd 1 800
Recording of inventories sent to P Ltd
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
Retained earnings 10 200
Non-controlling interests 10 200 10 200
Recording of non-controlling interests in retained
earnings for the period ended 31 December 20.2
103 600(a)
Income – sales – J Ltd 120 000
Cost of sales – T Ltd 120 000
Elimination of intragroup sales
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Dr Cr NCI
R R R
6% Debentures – T Ltd 20 000
6% Debentures – J Ltd 20 000
Elimination of intragroup debentures
SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this learning unit, are you able to
calculate the parent's percentage interest in the preference share capital
of the subsidiary?
record any preference dividends a subsidiary paid or declared in the
consolidated annual financial statements in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)?
record arrear cumulative preference dividends payable/paid by a
subsidiary in the consolidated annual financial statements in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)?
do the pro-forma consolidation journal entries?
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students should be able to draft the statement of cash flows for a company in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPTS
Cash
Cash flow equivalents
Cash flow
Operating activities
Investing activities
Financing activities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
After studying this learning unit, you should be able to:
draft a statement of cash flows, with accompanying notes, for a company by
means of the direct method in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS)
draft a statement of cash flows, with accompanying notes, for a company using
the indirect method in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS).
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
In Accounting I, we introduced you to company annual financial statements. You studied
aspects such as the statement of financial position and the statement of profit or loss and
other comprehensive income. In Accounting II, you will be studying the above aspects in
greater detail and will acquire knowledge of International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS).
Although the sections of the Companies Act and the IFRS statements are very important for
your studies, we do not expect you to read them all. However, in order to equip you thoroughly,
we will refer to them in the learning unit from time to time.
Cash flow information involves the meaningful presentation of the cash that the entity
generated and applied. We present this information to the readers of financial statements in
the form of a statement of cash flows.
Users of financial statements are interested in the information on cash flow, which can be
derived from the statement of cash flows. As the name indicates, this statement has to do with
the cash flows in an enterprise, which implies that we omit all the items in the annual
financial statements that have nothing to do with the cash flow when we compile the
statement of cash flows.
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Operating activities are the principal income-producing activities of the enterprise as well as
other activities which are not investing or financing activities.
Investing activities include the acquisition and sale of non-current assets and other
investments not included in cash flow equivalents.
Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the
equity capital and borrowings to the enterprise.
operating activities
investing activities
financing activities
Operating activities
The amount of cash arising from operating activities is a key indicator of the extent to which the
operations of the entity have generated sufficient cash to repay loans, maintain the operating
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capability of the entity, pay dividends and make new investments without recourse to external
financing.
Cash flows from operating activities are derived primarily from the principal revenue-producing
activities of the entity. Therefore, they generally result from the transactions and other events
that determine profit or loss. The following are examples of cash flows from operating
activities:
cash receipts from the sale of goods and the rendering of services
cash payments to suppliers for goods and services
cash payments to and on behalf of employees
cash payments and refunds in respect of income taxes
Investing activities
It is important to disclose cash flows from investing activities because they represent the
extent to which payments have been made for resources intended to generate future receipts
and cash flows.
The following are examples of cash flows arising from investing activities:
cash payments to acquire property, plant and equipment and other non-current assets
cash receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment and other non-current assets
Financing activities
It is important to disclose cash flows arising from financing activities because they are useful in
predicting claims from providers of capital to the entity on future cash flows.
The following are examples of cash flows arising from financing activities:
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minus
plus/minus
We do not compile the statement of cash flows from separate transactions. To draft a
statement of cash flows for the year ended 31 December 20.8, we use the following:
statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended
31 December 20.8
statements of financial position as at 31 December 20.7 and 31 December 20.8
additional information
Remember: amounts that are not in brackets represent the inflow of cash, and
amounts in brackets represent the outflow of cash.
An enterprise should report cash flow from operating activities by means of either the direct or
the indirect method.
If it uses the direct method, it will disclose the principal categories of gross cash proceeds
and gross cash payments. On the other hand, if it uses the indirect method, profit or loss is
adjusted for the effect of non-cash transactions as well as any deferrals or accruals of
previous or future operating cash receipts or payments and income or expenditure items
which are related to investment or financing cash flow.
The only difference between the direct and indirect method lies in the presentation of the section
dealing with cash flow from operating activities. The sections dealing with investing and
financing activities remain in the same format irrespective of the method used.
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R R
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from customers xxx
Cash paid to suppliers and employees (xxx)
Cash generated from operations xxx
Interest received xxx
Interest paid (xxx)
Dividends received xxx
Dividends paid (xxx)
Tax paid (xxx)
Proceeds from the sale of financial assets at fair value through profit or xxx
loss: held for trading (such as listed shares)
Net cash from/(used in) operating activities xxx
Cash flows from investing activities
Investment to maintain production capacity (xxx)
Replacement of non-current assets xxx
Investment to expand production capacity (xxx)
Additions to non-current assets xxx
Proceeds from the sale of property,plant and equipment xxx
Proceeds from the sale of investments (such as in equity shares or loans) xxx
Net cash from/(used in) investing activities (xxx)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from the issue of shares xxx
Proceeds from long-term borrowings/debentures xxx
Repayment of loans (xxx)
Redemption of redeemable preference shares (xxx)
Net cash from/(used in) financing activities xxx
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents xxx
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year xxx
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year xxx
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We will use the following example throughout the learning unit to illustrate certain aspects of
cash flow information:
The following balances appear in the books of Ross Ltd for the financial year ended 30 June:
20.6 20.5
R R
Land and buildings 350 000 340 000
Plant and machinery 105 000 124 000
Motor vehicles 108 900 67 300
Financial assets at amortised cost - 25 200
Inventory 67 000 50 000
Trade and other receivables 37 400 50 000
Prepaid expenses 500 2 600
Bank 2 000 -
670 800 659 100
Share capital (280 000/250 000 shares) 292 000 258 200
Long-term borrowings - 80 000
Revaluation surplus – land and buildings 15 000 -
Retained earnings 188 700 220 000
10% R200 Debentures 40 000 -
Tax payable 23 300 46 600
Ordinary dividends payable 16 800 -
Accumulated depreciation
- Plant and machinery 27 000 18 000
- Motor vehicles 27 200 10 000
Trade and other payables 38 800 26 000
Accrued interest 2 000 -
Bank overdraft - 300
670 800 659 100
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ROSS LTD
STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE
YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.6
Additional information
1. The long-term borrowing bears interest at 12% per annum, payable in arrears, and was
repaid on 31 December 20.5. Interest did not qualify for capitalisation.
2. In December 20.5, a piece of land that cost R15 000 was sold for its carrying amount and
replaced with another piece of land. On 30 June 20.6, the remaining land was revalued.
These were the only transactions in respect of land and buildings for the current financial
year.
3. During the current financial year, a machine with a carrying amount of R51 000 was sold at
a loss of R8 000 and replaced with a new machine which cost R62 000. The total
depreciation on plant and machinery for the current financial year amounted to R39 000.
4. A motor vehicle with a cost price of R14 400 on which depreciation of R7 400 had
already been written off was traded in for R9 000 on a new vehicle that cost R35 000.
5. No other machines or motor vehicles were sold during the year, but one additional motor
vehicle was purchased.
6. The provision for tax for the current financial year was R15 000. This includes an
underprovision of R5 100 for the 20.5 tax year.
7. New shares were issued on 30 April 20.6.
8. On 31 December 20.5, an interim ordinary dividend of 4c per share was declared and paid.
9. Ordinary dividends of 6c per share were declared on 30 June 20.6.
10. The financial assets were sold at amortised cost on 1 July 20.5. These shares were
purchased without the intention of short-term profit taking as part of the business model.
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11. During the year, dividends to the value of R3 000 were received.
Please note: This amount is determined by reconstructing the trade and other receivables
account.
We calculate this amount by comparing the figures for inventory and trade and other payables
as given in the two statements of financial position. If inventory increased from one year to the
next, the effect on cash flow would be negative, as it implies more cash flowed out to
purchase inventory. If the figure of trade and other payables increased from one year to the
next, this means that less cash flowed out to pay creditors and the figure would then be positive
in respect of cash flow. All purchases of inventory and expenses which were paid for in cash
are also included in the calculation.
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Depreciation to the value of R63 600 does not give rise to a cash flow.
We obtain this amount by subtracting the cash paid to suppliers and employees from cash
receipts from customers.
Interest paid, dividends received and paid and normal tax paid
The company normally make all payments to the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and
to suppliers of funds from cash generated by operating activities. We should therefore disclose
interest paid as well as tax and dividends paid during a year separately from cash generated
by operating activities.
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Dividends paid R
Unpaid amount at beginning of period (statement of financial position 20.5)
Amount debited against income* (total dividends declared for 20.6) 26 800
Unpaid amount at end of period (statement of financial position 20.6) (16 800)
10 000
*Ordinary dividends
- Interim (250 000 x 4c) 10 000
- Final (280 000 x 6c) 16 800
26 800
Tax paid
Unpaid amount at beginning of period (statement of financial position 20.5) 46 600
Amount debited against income (additional information 6) 15 000
Unpaid amount at end of period (statement of financial position 20.6) (23 300)
38 300
We can now complete the section described as cash flows from operating activities using the
direct method:
ROSS LTD
R R
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from customers 512 600
Cash paid to suppliers and employees (417 700)
Cash generated from operations 94 900
Interest paid (7 300 − 2 000) (5 300)
Dividends received 3 000
Dividends paid (10 000)
Tax paid (38 300)
Net cash from operating activities 44 300
When we prepare the statement of cash flows using the indirect method, we must ignore the
calculations for cash received from customers and cash payments to suppliers and
employees. We now calculate cash generated by operations by adjusting profit or loss for the
effect of non-cash transactions, any deferrals or accruals of previous or future operating cash
receipts or payments and income or expenditure items related to investment or financing cash
flow. The calculations for interest, dividends and tax remain unaltered, irrespective of the
method used.
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ROSS LTD
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 20.6
R R
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit before tax 10 500
Adjustments for:
Depreciation 63 600
Profit on sale of non-current asset (2 000)
Loss on sale of non-current asset 8 000
Interest expense 7 300
Investment income (3 000)
84 400
Changes in working capital 10 500
Increase in inventory (50 000 − 67 000) (17 000)
Decrease in trade and other receivables (50 000 − 37 400) 12 600
Decrease in prepaid expenses (2 600 − 500) 2 100
Increase in trade and other payables (38 800 − 26 000) 12 800
Cash generated from operations 94 900
Interest paid (7 300 − 2 000) (5 300)
Dividends received 3 000
Dividends paid (10 000)
Tax paid (38 300)
Net cash from operating activities 44 300
Cash flows related to investing activities may include both the inflow and the outflow of cash.
The outflow of cash includes the purchase of assets and investments, while the inflow of cash
includes items such as proceeds from the sale of non-current assets.
Regarding the amount of assets purchased, we distinguish between the amount for
replacement and that for addition to assets. Replacement refers to the maintenance of
operations, while additions refers to the expansion of operations.
Assets purchased
When the increase in the balance of the accumulated depreciation accounts in the two
statements of financial position is equal to the depreciation in the statement of profit or loss
and other comprehensive income, the company did not sell or write off any assets during
the year. We can then account for any increase in the asset account (at cost price) directly as
purchases of assets.
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Revaluation of property
Companies often revalue property, and when this happens during a particular financial year,
we treat it as follows: the value of the property increased because of the revaluation and
because there was in fact no flow of cash, we can ignore it when drafting the statement of
cash flows. The increase in the revaluation surplus represents the increase in the value of the
property.
If an enterprise has purchased or sold assets during the year, it is desirable to reconstruct the
ledger accounts concerned.
* Balancing figure
* Balancing figure
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Financial assets
When trading in shares is part of the business model of the company and there is an intention
of short-term profit taking, typically listed shares held for trading, the increase or decrease in
cash would be part of operating activities. In this example however, the shares were
purchased without the intention of short-term profit taking as part of the business model.
These shares not held for trading, will be disclosed in the cash flows from investing activities
section.
We are now able to complete the section described as cash flows from investing activities.
R R
Investment to maintain production capacity (107 000)
Replacement of land 10 000
Replacement of motor vehicle 35 000
Replacement of machine 62 000
Investment to expand production capacity (21 000)
Addition to motor vehicles 21 000
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An enterprise must report on the main classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash
payments that resulted from financing activities separately.
We usually derive the effecting of new borrowings, the redemption of existing borrowings and
the issue of shares from the given statements of financial position.
2 .6 2 .5 Change
R R R
10% R200 Debentures 40 000 - 40 000
Long-term borrowings - 80 000 80 000
Share capital (280 000/250 000 shares) 292 000 258 200 33 800
The share capital increased by R33 800. Therefore, the total amount received upon issue of
the shares was R33 800.
We can now complete the section that deals with cash flows from financing activities.
R R
Proceeds from debentures issued 40 000
Payment on redemption of long-term borrowings (80 000)
Proceeds on issue of shares 33 800
Net cash used in financing activities (6 200)
The net effect of the first three sections of the statement of cash flows produced the net
change.
R
Net cash from operating activities 44 300
Net cash used in investing activities (35 800)
Net cash used in financing activities (6 200)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 2 300
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year (300)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year 2 000
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1.4 EXERCISES
QUESTION 1
20 .3 20.2
R R
Debits
Property 1 750 000 1 400 000
Motor vehicles 436 000 410 000
Machinery 385 000 370 000
Inventory 178 000 154 000
Trade and other receivables 214 000 220 000
Cash in bank 2 000 76 000
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - 40 000
2 965 000 2 670 000
Credits
Share capital (400 000/300 000 shares) 440 000 330 000
Revaluation surplus 220 000 10 000
Retained earnings 981 000 870 000
Long-term borrowings: interest free 900 000 1 100 000
Accumulated depreciation – Motor vehicles 76 000 54 000
– Machinery 141 000 120 000
Trade and other payables 139 000 142 000
Tax payable 44 000 28 000
Dividends payables (ordinary) 24 000 16 000
2 965 000 2 670 000
Additional information
1. The following information was obtained from the statement of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income of A Ltd for the year ended 31 October 20.3:
R
Revenue 750 000
Cost of sales (300 000)
Gross profit 450 000
Other income 4 000
Administrative and selling expenses (88 000 + 48 000 + 72 000) (208 000)
Other expenses (26 000)
Profit before tax 220 000
Income tax expense (85 000)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 135 000
Other comprehensive income for the year
- Revaluation surplus 210 000
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 345 000
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2. Extract from the statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 October 20.3
3. On 31 October 20.3, A Ltd purchased a new motor car for R54 000 and sold an old
vehicle at its carrying amount.
4. A Ltd traded in a machine with a carrying amount of R60 000 on which R51 000 had
already been written off in depreciation for R54 000 and replaced it with a new machine.
Vehicles 48 000
Machinery 72 000
6. A Ltd sold the investment for R24 000 on 28 February 20.3, at a profit of R4 000. There
was also a fair value adjustment during the current year. Trading in shares is part of the
business model of A Ltd.
REQUIRED
Draft the statement of cash flows of A Ltd for the year ended 31 October 20.3 in
accordance with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards
(IFRS) using the direct method. Ignore comparative figures, but show the following
calculations:
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QUESTION 2
20.5 20.4
R R
Additional information
1. The following information was derived from the statement of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income of B Ltd for the year ended 28 February 20.5:
R
Revenue 179 500
Cost of sales (76 200)
Gross profit 103 300
Other income (1 000 + 200) 1 200
Administrative and selling expenses (48 000 + 42 600) (90 600)
Other expenses (400)
Profit before tax 13 500
Income tax expense (5 500)
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 8 000
Other comprehensive income for the year
- Revaluation surplus 44 500
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 52 500
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2. Extract from the statement of changes in equity for the year ended 28 February 20.5
Retai-
Revalua-
ned
tion Total
earnings
surplus
R
R R R
Balance at 1 March 20.4 15 000 107 000 122 000
Changes in equity for 20.5
Total comprehensive income for the year
Profit for the year 8 000 8 000
Other comprehensive income for the year 44 500 44 500
Dividend paid: ordinary (50 000) (50 000)
Balance at 28 February 20.5 59 500 65 000 124 500
3. B Ltd grew rapidly during the year, and unless otherwise indicated, they purchased all
assets for the purposes of expanding the enterprise. The following transactions occurred
during the year ended 28 February 20.5:
3.1 B Ltd purchased new machinery to the value of R8 000 during the year to replace
the obsolete machinery. The cost price of the old machinery was R45 500, and
B Ltd resold it for R2 500. The accumulated depreciation on the machinery that was
sold was R44 000.
3.2 The company sold its financial assets at 1 March 20.4 for R2 000. These assets
were not held with the intention of short-term profit taking as part of the business
model.
REQUIRED
Draft the statement of cash flows for B Ltd for the financial year ended
28 February 20.5 in compliance with the requirements of International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS) using the indirect method. Ignore comparative figures,
but show the following calculations:
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SOLUTION
QUESTION 1
A LTD
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 OCTOBER 20.3
R
R R
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash receipts from customers (C1) 756 000
Cash paid to suppliers and employees (C2) (415 000)
Cash generated from operations 341 000
Dividends paid (C3) (16 000)
Tax paid (C4) (69 000)
Proceeds from the sale of financial assets at fair value through 24 000
profit or loss: held for trading
Net cash from operating activities 280 000
Cash flows from investing activities
Investment to maintain production capacity (180 000)
Replacement of machinery (C5) (126 000)
Replacement of motor vehicle (C5) (54 000)
Investment to expand production capacity (140 000)
Additions to property (C5) (140 000)
Proceeds from sale of motor vehicles (28 000 – 26 000) 2 000
Proceeds from sale of machinery (60 000 – 6 000) 54 000
Net cash used in investing activities (264 000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issue of shares (440 000 – 330 000) 110 000
Repayment of long-term borrowings (1 100 000 – 900 000) (200 000)
Net cash used in financing activities (90 000)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (74 000)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 76 000
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 2 000
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Calculations
C1. Cash receipts from customers
Trade and other receivables
R R
Balance b/d 220 000 Bank* 756 000
Sales 750 000 Balance c/d 214 000
970 000 970 000
* Balancing figure
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* Balancing figure
Machinery at cost
R R
Balance b/d 370 000 Sales (60 000 + 51 000) 111 000
New purchases* 126 000 Balance c/d 385 000
496 000 496 000
* Balancing figure
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QUESTION 2
B LTD
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 20.5
R R
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit before tax 13 500
Adjustments for:
Depreciation (C4) 42 600
Decrease in allowance for credit losses (200)
Profit on sale of non-current assets (1 000)
Loss on sale of financial assets at amortised cost 400
55 300
Changes in working capital (2 500)
Decrease in inventory (15 000 − 19 000) 4 000
Increase in trade and other receivables (18 000 – 15 400) (2 600)
Decrease in trade and other payables (7 400 – 11 300) (3 900)
Cash generated from operations 52 800
Dividends paid (C1) (40 000)
Tax paid (C2) (5 300)
Net cash from operating activities 7 500
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Calculations
C1. Dividends paid
Unpaid amounts at the beginning of the year 10 000
Amount debited to income 50 000
Unpaid amounts at the end of the year (20 000)
40 000
C3.
Machinery
R R
Balance b/d 52 300 Sales 45 500
New purchases* 8 000 Balance c/d 14 800
60 300 60 300
* Balancing figure
C4.
Accumulated depreciation – machinery
R R
Sales 44 000 Balance b/d 4 800
Balance c/d 3 400 Depreciation current year* 42 600
47 400 47 400
* Balancing figure
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SELF-ASSESSMENT
After studying this study unit, are you able to:
draft a statement of cash flows with accompanying notes for a company using
the direct method in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS)?
draft a statement of cash flows with accompanying notes for a company using
the indirect method in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS)?
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