PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT OF LEAKAGE LEAKAGE FACTOR

The property of soil that permit the passage of water under a gradient of force.

BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

TRANSMISSIVITY (TRANSMISSIBILITY)
The ability of an aquifer to transmit water through its entire thickness.
RETARDATION COEFFCICIENT

ABSOULUTE PERMEABILITY

FORMULAS TRANSMISSIVITY OF SOIL STRATUM

HYDRAULIC GRADIENT DISCHARGE
VELOCITY
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (Coefficient of Permeability of Saturated Soils)

FLOW RATE SEEPAGE VELOCITY (Interstitial Velocity)

 METHODS OF DETERMINING COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY TEST BY PUMPING WELLS
PERMEABILITY
* CONSTANT HEAD TEST Temperature Correction

* FALLING HEAD TEST

EQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS Problem 2:
Problem 1: In a constant head permeability test in the laboratory, the following are given:
For a constant laboratory permeability test on a fine sand, the following are given: Length of soil specimen = 25 cm
  Cross-sectional area of soil specimen = 105 sq.cm
Length of specimen = 16 cm
Diameter of specimen = 9.6 cm If the value of the hydraulic conductivity is 0.014 cm/sec and a flow rate of 120 cu.cm/min
Constant head difference = 50 cm must be maintained through the soil, determine the following:
  1. Head difference across the specimen.
Volume of water collected in 4 min = 420 cc. 2. Discharge velocity under the test condition.
Void ratio of the specimen = 0.55 3. Seepage velocity if the porosity of soil sample is 0.20.
  SOLUTION:
1. Determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil in cm/s.
2. Determine the discharge velocity in cm/s.
3. Determine the seepage velocity in cm/s.

SOLUTION:
Problem 3:
The data from a falling head test as shown in the figure:
Diameter of stand pipe = 6 mm
Initial head = 92 cm
Final head = 85 cm
Duration of test = 12 min
Length of soil sample = 30 cm
Diameter of permeameter = 40 cm

1. Determine the coefficient of permeability in cm/min at 20 °C.

2. Determine the hydraulic gradient.
3. Determine the rate of flow of water in the soil.
4. Compute the seepage velocity if the porosity of the soil is 0.25.
5. Determine the coefficient of permeability if the temperature during measurement
was 22°C.

SOLUTION: Problem 4:
A layered soil is shown with the corresponding values of K 1 , K 2∧K 3 .
1. Compute the equivalent horizontal coefficient of permeability.
2. Compute the equivalent vertical coefficient of permeability.
3. Compute the ratio of the equivalent coefficient of permeability to the equivalent
vertical coefficient of permeability.
SOLUTION:
Problem 5:
The figure shows the layers of soil in a tube that is 100 mm x 100 mm in cross-section.
Water is supplied to maintain a constant head difference of 450 mm across the sample. The
hydraulic conductivity of soils in the direction of flow through them are tabulated as shown.
1. Compute the equivalent hydraulic conductivity in m/hr.
2. Compute the height h A at the piezometer attached between A and B.
3. Compute the h B at the piezometer attached between B and C.
SOLUTION:
Problem 6:
A 300 mm diameter test well penetrates 27 m below the static water table. After 24 hours of
pumping at 69 liters/sec. The water level in an observation well at a distance of 95 m from
the test well is lowered 0.5 m and the other observation well at a distance of 35 m from the
test well, the drawdown is 1.1 m.
1. What is the rate of flow in cu.m. per day.
2. Compute the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer in m/day.
3. Compute the transmissibility of the aquifer in sq.m. per day.
SOLUTION:
 GEOMETRIC DESIGN | HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
RADIUS OF CURVE
Desirably, the minimum length of
horizontal curve on main highways
should be about 3x the design speed.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.
A simple curve has a central angle of 36° and a degree of curve of 6°
Terminologies in Simple Curve
• PC = Point of curvature. It is the beginning of curve.
• PT = Point of tangency. It is the end of curve.
• PI = Point of intersection of the tangents. Also called vertex
• T = Length of tangent from PC to PI and from PI to PT. It is known as sub-tangent.
• R = Radius of simple curve, or simply radius.
• C = Length of chord from PC to PT. Point Q as shown below is the midpoint of L.
• Lc = Length of curve from PC to PT. Point M in the figure is the midpoint of Lc.
• E = External distance, the nearest distance from PI to the curve.
• M= Middle ordinate, the distance from midpoint of curve to midpoint of chord.
• I = Deflection angle (also called angle of intersection and central angle). It is the
angle of intersection of the tangents. The angle subtended by PC and PT at O is also
equal to I, where O is the center of the circular curve from the above figure.
• x = offset distance from tangent to the curve. Note: x is perpendicular to T.
• θ = offset angle subtended at PC between PI and any point in the curve
• D = Degree of curve. It is the central angle subtended by a length of curve equal to
one station. In English system, one station is equal to 100 ft and in SI, one station is
equal to 20 m.
1. Find the nearest distance from the midpoint of the curve to the point of intersection
of the tangents.
2. Compute the distance from the mid-point of the curve to the mid-point of the long
chord joining the point of curvature and point of tangency.
SOLUTION:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.
The tangent distance of 3֯ simple curve is only ½ of its radius.
1. Compute the angle of intersection of the curve.
2. Compute the length of curve.

SOLUTION:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3.
A simple curve has a radius of 286.48m. Its distance from P.C and P.T along the curve is
equal to 240m
1. Compute the central angle of the curve.
2. Compute the distance from the mid-point of the long chord to the mid-point of the
curve.
SOLUTION:
 EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN SOIL EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT A: Situation 3

CONCEPT
EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT A: Situation 1

EFFECTIVE STRESS IN THE ZONE CAPILLARY RISE

EFFECTIVE STRESS AT POINT A: Situation 2

EFFECTIVE STRESS OF SATURATED SOIL EFFECTIVE STRESS OF SATURATED SOIL
UPWARD SEEPAGE NO SEEPAGE

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS PROBLEM 3
PROBLEM 1

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION:
PROBLEM 4:

SOLUTION: