Journal of the Social Sciences April 2020 Volume 48 Number 2

Journal of the Social Sciences

E-ISSN: 0975-8935 P-ISSN: 0253-1097

Cosmos Impact Factor: 6.120 (2019)
Journal of the Social Sciences
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Journal of the Social Sciences April 2020 Volume 48 Number 2

The farmer capacity improvement model On the implementation of rice field balanced
fertilization in Sindangkasih subdistrict Ciamis

Lukman Effendy1), Dimas Badri2)

1-2)Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnique

Jl. Aria SurialagaCibalagung Bogor

West Java - Indonesia
Abstract

The increased productivity of rice field can be improved through the implementation of balanced fertilization,
however its implementation in the field is still inappropriate, therefore causing the inefficiency. Some causes of this
condition are the insufficient farmer capacities in implementing the balanced fertilization technology. The study
conducted in several Sindangkasih Subdistrict region was aimed to: (1) describe the farmer capacity level on the
rice field balanced fertilization, (2) analyze the factors influencing the farmer capacity, and (3) formulate a strategy
of farmer capacity improvement on the rice field balanced fertilization. The data collection was performed by the
interview using a closed questionaire on 80 farmers based on the Slovin’s formula from the population of 373
people. The data analysis was performed in two ways; descriptive statistics and double linear regression. The results
showed that the farmer capacity on the rice field balanced fertilization included in the medium category, while the
significant influenced factor (p<0.005) was the extension implementation (X3), with the coefficient of 5.260.

Keywords: 1.Farmer capacity, 2.Balanced fertilization, 2.Extension implementation.

Introduction

Rice plant is a strategical commodity for fulfilling the food requirement in Indonesia. The amount of rice
demand rises along with the increased number of inhabitants. According to BPS (2018) data, the rice production
had 2.85 million ton surplus in 2018 against the Indonesian people consumption requirement of 29.57 million
ton with the harvesting area of 10.90 million Ha. However, rice import with the total of 2.2 million ton was also
done on January until November, 2018. The Indonesian people were projected to be 264.16 millions in 2018 and
was increased 1.04% in 2019. Greater production supply is necessary to be done along with the increased total
projection of the people.
One of the efforts that can be done to improve the rice field productivity is the implementation of balanced
fertilization. The rice plant balanced fertilization has long been introduced, but its concept and implementation
in the field has not yet been accurate. The technology innovation on this rice plant fertilization has not been
completely utilized by the farmers. Tjitropranoto (2003) stated that an approach concerning on the self-capacity
of farmers and resources owned by the farmers will guarantee the sustainable of innovation adoption
(agricultural technology) and be able to increase the farmer capacity in performing an agricultural
business.Capacity owned by the farmers in performing the agricultural business should always be improved and
developed to be capable of facing the global competition. The farmer behavior in performing the agricultural
business should be based on the owned capacity. All efforts for the successive agricultural business will not
happen in a sustainable way without starting from the capacity. Based on the explanation above, this article was
aimed to: (1) describe the farmer capacity level on the rice field balanced fertilization, (2) analyze the factors
influencing the farmer capacity on rice field balanced fertilization, and (3) formulate a strategy in implementing
the farmer capacity on rice field balanced fertilization in Sindangkasih Subdistrict.

Framework
An innovation will be sustainably adopted by the farmers whether having a capability, which is the part of
capacity. Based on the previous study report, the capacity development is determined by various factors.
Humaedah, Effendyet al. (2016) explained that the extension worker capacity increased through the information
access source,information, and extension method choice. Suspected variables influencing the farmer capacity in
this study were personal characteristics, supporting factors, and extension implementation as presented on the
following figure:

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Farmer Characteristics (X1)

1 Age
2 Agricultural Business Experience
3 Formal Educations
4 Non-Formal Educations
Farmer Capacity (Y)
5 Land Area
Supporting Factor (X2) 1 Planning capability
1.
6 Cosmopolitanism
1 Farmer Group Supports 2Innovative technique capability
2 Venture Capital Availability 3Evaluating capability
3 Technology Information 4Problem solving capability
4 Innovation
Extension Character
Implementation (X3) 5Change adaptationcapability
1 Extension Material Compatibility 6 Partnership capability
2 Extension Method Accuracy
3 Extension Intensity
Figure 1. Framework
4 Extension Worker Capabilities

Research methods
This study was performed on April until July, 2019 in several villages of Sindangkasih District, Ciamis
Regency. As applied study, the location was determined by the purposive method considered as one of the food
plant center regions, specifically rice field. As a survey study, respondents were the farmers in Sindangkasih,
Sukasenang, and Sukamanah Villages.
The study population was all farmers in the three chosen villages as the group member following the
Integrated Plant Management Field School (SL-PTT) of rice field. Based on the criteria, the total of population
taken were 373 people as presented on the following table:

Table 1.Population distribution based on villages and groups

No Village Farmer Group Total Members
Sri Nunggal Jaya 83
1 Sindangkasih
Motekar 65
Jembar IV 45
2 Sukasenang
Tani Jaya 20
Jaya Mukti I 75
3 Sukamanah
Jaya Mukti II 85
Total 373
Source: Sindangkasih BPP Program in 2018

The number of samples were calculated using the Slovin’s formula, namely:

Note: n = number of samples

N = total population
e = margin of error (10%)

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Based on the formula, the number of samples obtained were 78.86, then rounded to be 80 respondents.
The formula below was used to fulfill the sample portion from the six farmer groups chosen, which obtained the
samples in each group as presented on the following table:

Note: ni =total samples of i

Ni = total population ofi
N =total population
n =total samples

Table 2.Population and Study Samples

No Group Farmer Population Farmer Samples
1 Sri Nunggal Jaya 83 18
2 Motekar 65 14
3 Jembar IV 45 10
4 Tani Jaya 20 4
5 Jaya Mukti I 75 16
6 Jaya Mukti II 85 18
Total 373 80

Respondents were determined randomly (simple random sampling) by not noticing the strait existed in
the population, considered as homogenous (Sugiyono 2013).
Instrumentused to collect the primary data was a closed questionaire. A questionaire was tested based
its validity and reliability; Validity is the questionaire authenticity tested with Product Moment correlation
analysis, while reliability was tested with Alpha Crobanch coefficient. Instrument test was performed on 15
farmers in Tamansari District, Bogor Regency. The validity tes resulted 63 valid statements from 72 statements.
Meanwhile, the unvalid statements were observed back to be fixed. The instrument reliability test resulted an
alpha cronbach value of 0.973, thereby the questionaire created fulfilled the guarantee and stability, therefore
could be used as the data collection equipment.
Data collected were the primary and secondary data. Data collected were tabulated and analyzed in two
ways; Quantified descriptive statistical analysis and inference statistical analysis in the form of double linear
regression with the help of Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) 20 program.
The descriptive analysis was used to describe or figure the farmer capacity on the balanced fertilization,
while the double linear regression was used to determine the factors influencing the farmer capacity level on the
balanced fertilization with the equation model: Y = a + βX1 + βX2 + βX3. These two analysis results were
formulated for finding a model and strategy to improve the farmer capacity.

Result and discussion

Study Location Profile

Sindangkasih Subdistrict has 30.43 km2 area with the average height of 494 m above sea level. The soil
type is dominated by latosols with the pH range of 4.5 until 6.5. the topography level has a slope with the range
of 10 – 45%. The climate is classified as type C (middle wet) based on Schmidt-Ferguson. The extension
institution is called the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP). The total personels of BPP includes 5 extension
workers led by an extension coordinator and 1 plant pest organism control staff (POPT). The farmer institutional
comprises 91 farmer groups and 9 collaborative farmer groups.

Farmer Characteristics
The individual characteristics are distinct characters attached on an individual related to various life and
environment aspects. The individual characteristics observed as presented on the framework contained age,
period of performing agricultural business, formal education, non-formal education, land area, and
cosmopolitanism. The farmer characteristic distribution is presented on Figure 1.

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Umur (55,80)
Lama UT (15,51)
P. Formal (6,31)
P. Non Formal (7,34)
Luas Lahan (0,25)
Kosmopolit (2.59)

0 10 20 30 40 50
Column4 Column3 Column2 Column1

Figure 1. Farmer Characteristics

The age majority of 48 – 64 years old was in the closed unproductive age category, thereby including in
the group that slowly receives and absorbs the learning material. The rice field agricultural business experience
was averagely 15 years. The formal educations of respondents were averagely equal to elementary and middle
school graduates. The non-formal education of respondents for the last two years was at the range of 4 until 10
days. The land area for rice field agricultural business was at the range of 2.6 – 2.8 area. The cosmopolitanism of
rice field farmers were in the sufficiently good category.

Supporting Factors

The farmer supporting factors in utilizing the balanced fertilization can be explained that most farmers
gain supports from the adequate groups, have sufficient venture capital, good attention in the information
source, and use the balanced fertilization based on the innovation character consideration. All supporting factors
were in the low category with the average of 2.44. The farmer distribution based on the supporting factors can
be seen on Figure 2.

Gambar 2. Faktor Pendukung

Sifat Inovasi (2,71)

Iptek (2,42)

Modal Usaha (1.98)

Poktan (2.51)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tinggi Sedang Rendah Sangat Rendah

Figure 2. Supporting Factors

Farmers require additional capitals from outside to run their business. Farmers did not allocate their
capitals specifically for the agricultural business activities. The technology information received were still low,
as lack of activeness and limited information searching. Some farmer groups have sufficient roles in helping
farmers access the production equipments. This was seen from the groups that supplied the subsidized fertilizer.
The innovation character of balanced fertilization is understandable and beneficialfor farmers.

Extension Implementation
The agricultural extension is performed by implementing the material, method, intensity, and capability
compatibility. The latest technology extension is performed along with the agricultural program, namely

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technological guidance to show the real example in the form of plot demonstrationin the agricultural business
location. The implementation of extension for improving the farmer capacity was perceived to be optimal with
overall average score of 2.64 as presented on Figure 3.

Gambar 3. Penyelenggaraan Penyuluhan

Kesesuaian Materi (2.66)

Metoda Penyuluhan (2.59)
Intensitas Penyuluh ((2.58)
Kemampuan Penyuluh ((2.74)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Tinggi Sedang Rendah Sangat Rendah

Figure 3. Extension Implementation

The extension intensity was sufficient, but tended to below. The extension activities are unscheduled and
often performed along with the program. Farmers sometimes do not understand what the extension workers
present as farmers often forget with what they present, after the extension activities have finished regarding to
the farmers age. The extension workers have sufficiently helped the farmers and farmers feel close to the
extension workers.
Farmer Capacity
The farmer capacity contained planning, innovation implementing, evaluating, problem solving,
adaptation, and partnership capability. The farmer capacity observed was in the middle category with the score
of 2.59. The farmer distribution based on the extension implementation can be seen on Figure 4.

Gambar 4. Kapasitas Petani

Merencanakan (2.56)
Menerapkan Inovasi ((2.55)
Mengevaluasi (2.50)
Mengatasi Masalah (2.73)
Adaptasi (2.62)
Bermitra (2.65)

0 50 100
Tinggi Sedang Rendah Sangat Rendah

Figure 4. Farmer Capacity

The lowest indicator was found in the evaluating capability. Farmers know that their rice field condition
are considerably not good on some conditions, however they do not know exactly what they should do to fix
them. Farmers sometimes try to add the fertilization doze, hoping that their plants have higher production.
These problems are often told to other farmers for finding a solution or letting it as long as it is not pest and
disease problem. Most farmers consider that the abnormal growth of their plants are because of less good seeds.
Farmers always plan their activities, but remain unwritten. The adaptation capability was seen from the
farmers readiness in facing the risks by following the rice plant agricultural business insurance (AUTP). Some
farmers have done the partnership to receive capitals and production equipments from the farmer groups or
small buyers. Farmers actively ask to other farmers in solving the problems and perform a collaboration to solve
them.

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The Influence of Farmer Characteristics, Supporting Factors

and Extension Implementation on The Farmer Capacity

The analysis used to determine the farmer characteristics, supporting factors, and extension
implementation influence against the farmer capacity on the rice field balanced fertilization was the double
linear regression analysis. All regression analysis results showed that the independent variables significantly
influenced the dependent variable. This regression analysis result can be seen on the following :

Table 5.The coefficient value of each variable

Independent variable Farmer Capacity (Y) Sig.
(X1) Farmer Characteristics 0.089 .342
(X2) Supporting Factors -0.121 .368
(X3) Extension Implementation 0.526 .000
Constant 1.269 .000
R2 0.376

Factors influencing the rice field farmer capacity structurally on the balanced fertilization can be
determined based on the following equation Y=1,269+0,089 X1 -0,121 X2+0.526 X3. Thereby, four variables
influence was simultaneously balanced on the fertilization technology with 0.376, which means that variables
chosen in the study contribute to 37.6% of farmer capacity, while 62.4% rest can be explained by other unchosen
variables in this study.
Table 5 shows the significant influence (p<0.001) was given from the extension implementation (X3) with
the coefficient of 0.526. Meanwhile, the farmer characteristics (X1)and supporting factors (X2) insignificantly
influenced (p>0.05) the farmer capacity. Based on the following coefficient value, it means that: (1) when the
farmer characteristics (X1), supporting factors (X2), and extension implementation (X3) have zero (0) value, then
the farmer capacity will be 1.269, (2) when the farmer characteristics (X1) and supporting factors (X2) are
constant (zero value), then every one increased unit of extension implementation (X3) will increase the capacity
until 0.526.
Thisresult provesthat the farmer capacity on the balancedfertilization is determined by the extension
implementation which includes the extension material compatibility, methods, intensity, and capability.
Meanwhile, the farmer characteristics (X1)and supporting factors (X2) insignificantly influence the farmer
capacity.

Farmer Capacity Improvement Strategy

Strategy is a formulation of action plans to increase the farmer capacity on the rice field balanced
fertilization.The strategy is prioritized based on the independent variables value that have the strongest
influence on the improved farmer capacity, namely the extension implementation improvement. The strategy
description is more emphasized on the most potential aspects that influence the farner capacity improvement on
the rice field balanced fertilization based onthis study results, which include material compatibility, method,
intensity, and capability in performing the extension activities for farmers.
The sustainable implementation of rice field balanced fertilization technology can be maintained and
increased through the farmer capacity improvement. The farmer capacity improvement is interpreted as a
learning process in the extension aimed to transform the farmer behaviorswith a good capability to perform
their business. The extension model can be seen on Figure 5.

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Supporting Farmer
Factors Characteristics
(X2) (X1)

R20.376
ns
-0.121 ns 0.089
Extension Sustainable and innovation
Implementation Farmer Capacity adoption improvement of rice
(X3) 0.526 (Y) field balanced fertilization

P
Figure 5. Farmer Capacity Improvement Model

Extensionis the process of human resource capacity development. A person withcapacity will have
independence, resistance, smart, honest, creative, productive, emansipative, independent, pro-active, dynamic,
open, and responsible on solvingall problems and answering challenges to achieve a progress.
Extension workers as a companion in the process of farmer capacity improvementshould also be
increased its capacity. The extension workers require higher capacity to identify the main actor needs and search
for information to provide an alternative problem solving for the extension target. These skills will have better
and intensive effect on the extension implementation. The strategic steps that the extension workers should do
are: (1) Improving the agricultural extension competence through formal and non-formal education;(2)
Providing adequate facilities for agricultural extension to follow the science and technological development
through various media; and (3) Increasing the interaction frequency and intensity between farmer and extension
workers.

Conclusion

The results of this study concluded: (1) Most farmers (55.60%) belong to the unproductive age category
(48 – 64 years), have the long experience of running the agricultural business(>15 years), the formal education
level of respondents areelementary (SD) and middle school, have low level of non-formal education (4-10 days),
and have a business land between 2.6 – 2.8 are, (2) The farmer capacity on the rice field balanced fertilization
was in the sufficient category, (3) The extension implementation had a significant influence on the farmer
capacity improvement, (4) A strategy used to increase the farmer capacity on the balanced fertilization is to
improve the extension implementation, including all extension activities in it.

Recommendation

This research recommends: (1) An advanced study is required primarily related to the factors that
negatively contribute to the farmer capacity improvement on the rice fieldbalanced fertilizer in this final
assignment, (2) A further similar study needs to be conducted by selecting the other variables with wider scope.

Acknowledgements

As this study has beencompleted, authors would like to thank especially the lecturer colleague of
sustainableagriculturalextension study program for their encouragement and assistance, thereforethis study can
be completed. Similarly, a gratitude is given toMr. Dimas Badri for his assistance in conducting this study.
Authors would also thank the director of Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnic for the opportunity and
support funding given through the research and community service unit (UPPM).

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