RESEARCH Re+search=Repeated search Any conscious and repeated search for certain purpose, can be termed as research. Research is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and or to expand orverify existing knowledge for some specific purposes. To. research is to search again, to take another, more careful look, to find out more Systematic gathering of data and generation of information from the analysis of the data, and development of new theories that challenge our understanding of the social world are central part of a researchPM eessitication of Research Research can be classified by its purpose, its process and its outcomes. | { Osteen Bete ne tic Doran rh} “Qualitative eh TAA Cate OE Te BelayQualitative Market Quantitative Market Research Research umb si Pareparceeny ary sid liaiaa 3 In nal = | ‘ i | ai ! ee eeeApproaches to Research * Deductive- the researcher begins with a theory and generates hypotheses which leads to data gathering, then generalizations, and then to support or refutation of the theory * Inductive- the researcher collects information, creates a generalization, the generalization is then used to create a theory that is then tested through the formation of hypotheses * Theory gives meaning to research---research helps support theory. Steps in the process of Research Identifying the Research Problem Reviewing the Literature Specifying the purpose of research Data Collection Data Analysis and Interpretation Preparation of Report Dissemination of Research Finding.Research Problem To clearly identify the “problem” is the challenging aspect of research Research problems: issues, controversies, or concerns that guide the need for conducting a study A research problem is often accompanied by research question (s), A research question is a statement that identifies the phenomena to be studied. Sources of research problem: everyday life, practical issues, past research & theory Considerations: interests, magnitude, measurement of concepts, level of expertise, relevance, availability of data and ethical issuesReviewing the Literature & Formulation of Research Question * Purpose: provide a context for the research; find research gaps; justify the research; nobility of research; fits to existing body of knowledge; flaws in previous research; understanding the knowledge field and refine/refocus or even change the topic * Steps: Selecting the topic; setting the context; looking at information sources; getting the information; organizing information; positioning the literature review and writing the literature reviewResearch Problem- Concepts- Variables - Hypothesis va , va Theory-the abstract statement like poverty leads to poor health Concepts-building blocks of the theory , such as poverty Indicators-the phenomena which point to the existence of the concepts. For example, poor living condition. Variables-the components of the indicators which can be measured like provisions of sanitary facilities Types of variable: Dependent vs Independent variable. After conducting a literature review, researcher forms a Hypothesis ( eg: study time affects exam grade) stating a potential relationship between two or more variables (study time, exam grade). - The research hyposthesis-H1 and the alternative hypothesis-H2Data Collection Data: values of qualitative & quantitative variables to a set of items Data generation: Primary and Secondary sources Data collection methods: Analysis of documentary sources; Observation; Telephone interview; Interview with a list of questions; Group Discussion; FGD, Individual interview, web based questionnaire, by mail etc. Interview schedule: set of questions asked & filled in by aninterviewer Questionnaire: device for securing answers to questions by using a form which the respondent fills-in- himself/herselfData Analysis Techniques for Analyzing Data Univariate: simply to describe one characteristic (e.g. vote, income) Bivariate: to describe two variables simultaneously (e.g. voting pattern by sex) Multivariate: to examine three or more variables together (e.g. income, gender, education) Descriptive analysis: Tabular, Graphical, Statistical-mean, mode, median, chi-squre, dispersion and correlation| Lec | Semel Data Interpretation * The analyzed data will then be use for interpretation and finding out solutions for the research problem. * The interpreted data will be finally presented in the form of Research Reports. Inclusions of Research Reports Title Page Table of Content Acknowledgment Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methodology Findings Discussions or Conclusion