#VowIAS_V_pre-teSt-10

1. Tenth Schedule Major types of Mahseer

Golden Mahseer Found in Himalayan streams and rivers.
 Disqualification of MPs & MLAs on ground of defection. Its IUCN status is 'Endangered'.
 Question of disqualification is decided by Chairman in case Blue Fin / Deccan Mahseer Found in rivers of Deccan Plateau &
of RS & Speaker in case of LS (and not by president). South India
o Decision of presiding officer is final & can not be questioned Red Finned Mahseer Found in rivers of central India.
in any court. But, in Kihoto Holohan case (1993), SC allowed Chocolate Mahseer Found in North Eastern region
- judicial review on grounds of mala fides. Orange-Finned/Humpback Found in Cauvery & its tributaries.
 By-election is held to fill a vacant electorate seat eg, if a Mahseer IUCN -'Critically endangered'
member of Parliament becomes disqualified, resigns or dies. 7. Removal of VP
o Member disqualified will be eligible to contest by-elections.
 Art. 67 - VP can be removed from office before completion of
2. Articles 358 & 359 his term.
 Art.358 suspends Art. 19 completely, Art. 359 does not o Formal impeachment is not required.
empower President for suspension of Art. 20 & 21. o Can be removed by resolution of RS passed by a majority
 Art. 358 extends to entire country & Art. 359 may extend to of all then members of RS & agreed to by LS. RS need
entire country or part of it. effective majority & in LS by simple majority. But, at least 14
 Art. 358 suspends FRs U/A 19 in case of emergency. days advance notice has to been given.
o But Art. 359 does not automatically suspend any FR. It only No ground has been mentioned for removal in constitution.
o
empowers president to suspend enforcement of specified FRs. 8. COMs
3. Notified Area Committee 
Art. 74 - CoM to aid & advise president.
 Constituted for fast-developing town or town that doesn‘t have 
PM is appointed by President, while other Min. are appointed
by President on advice of PM. President can appoint only those
all conditions necessary for a municipality but considered imp.
persons as Min. who are recommended by PM .
by govt. It is notified by govt. gazette - So only mentioned part
of municipality act in notification applies to notified area. 
Usually, MP either LS/ RS, are appointed as Min. person who
 A nominated body - all members are appointed by govt. is not member of either house can also be appointed as a
 Chairperson is also appointed by govt. along with members. minister. But, within 6 months, he must become member
(either by election or nomination) of either House;
4. Project-75(I) otherwise, he ceases to be a minister.
 Aims at indigenous construction of 6 modern conventional  Member of 1 house of Parliament has right to speak & to take
submarines with contemporary equipment, weapons, part in proceedings of other House also, but he can vote only in
sensors including Fuel-Cell based AIP (Air Independent house of which he is a member.
Propulsion Plant).  Salaries & allowances of min. are determined by Parliament
 AIP tech. allows conventional diesel-electric submarines to o 2nd Schedule Provisions relating to emoluments, allowances,
remain underwater for longer. China, Germany, Sweden, privileges & so on of:
France, Spain & Russia have included it.  President of India ; Governors of States
5. PM of India  Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LS ; Chairman & Deputy
Chairman of RS
 Enjoys following powers as head of CoM:  Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LA in states
o Recomm.persons to be appointed as Minister by president.  Chairman & Deputy Chairman of LC in states
o Allocates & reshuffles various portfolios.  Judges of SC ; Judges of High Courts ; CAG
o Ask Min. to resign or advise President to dismiss him in  There is no mention of CoM in Second Schedule.
case of diff” of opinion.
o Presides over meeting of CoM. 9. Pyrostria Laljii- genus of coffee family
o Guides, directs, controls, & coordinates activities of all Min. .  Discovered in A&N Islands - 1st record of genus Pyrostria in
o can bring collapse of COMs by resigning from office. India. Trees belonging to species that are usually found in
o principal channel of comm. b/w President & CoM Madagascar.
o Advises president w.r.t. appointment of imp. officials like  Tree is distinguished by a long stem with whitish coating on
AGI, CAG, chairman, members of UPSC etc. trunk & oblong-obovate leaves with a cuneate base & was 1st
o Advises president on summoning, proroguing of reported from Wandoor forest in South Andaman.
Parliament.  Other places where trees could be located are: Jarawa reserve
o Can recommend dissolution of LS to President at any time. forest, Chidia tapu forest.
o He announces govt. policies on floor of House.  Critically endangered as per IUCN status.
6. Blue-Finned Mahseer 10. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
 IUCN- ‘least concern‘ status. Act, 1996
o Mahseer (Tiger Fis)Imp. indicator of freshwater ecosystems.  Art. 243M, while exempting 5th Schedule areas from Part IX,
o Out of 47 subspecies of Mahseer, 15 are found in India & rest provides that by law, parliament may extend its provisions to
in other range countries in South Asia Sch. Areas & no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment
o Mahseer prefers clean, fast flowing & well oxygenated to constitution of India. On recomm of Bhuria Committee -
waters for breeding & migration. omnivorous. PESA 1996, to extend Part IX with certain modifications &

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exceptions to Schedule V areas. applicable to a Money Bill.
 At present Schedule V areas are in- AP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,  Acc. to Provisional Collection of Taxes Act of 1931, Finance
HP, Jharkhand, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, & Bill must be enacted (i.e., passed by Parliament & assented to
Telangana. by president) within 75 days. Finance Act legalises income
 Nodal ministry-Panchayati Raj Ministry. side of budget & completes process of enactment of budget.
 Objectives of PESA Act are as follows: 13. PM Office
o To extend provisions of part IX of constitution relating to
 Non-constitutional, non-statutory body, provides secretarial
panchayats to scheduled areas with certain modifications.
o To provide self-rule for bulk of tribal population. assistance to PM. It was given status of a dept. under GoI
Allocation of Business Rules, 1961 & it is headed by Principal
o To have village governance with participatory democracy & to
make GS a nucleus of all activities. Secretary to PM .

o To safeguard, preserve traditions/customs of tribal Various funds that are managed by PMO are
communities. o PM National Relief Fund- established in 1948 - to assist
o To empower panchayats at appropriate levels with specific displaced persons from Pakistan. utilized primarily to render
powers conducive to tribal requirements. immediate relief to families of those killed in natural
o To prevent panchayats at higher level from assuming powers calamities like floods, cyclones & earthquakes, victims of
& authority of Panchayats at lower level of GS. major accidents & riots etc.
o National Defence Fund- set up for welfare of Armed Forces
11. Double membership of Parliament (including Para Military Forces) & their dependents. entirely
 A person cannot be a member of both houses of Parliament at dependent on voluntary contributions. Adm. by an Executive
same time. RPA (1951) provides for following: Committee, with PM as Chairperson, & Defence, Finance &
o If a person is elected to both Houses of Parliament, she must Home Min. as Members.
intimate within 10 days in which House she desires to serve. o PM CARES Fund: set by with primary objective of dealing
In default of such intimation, her seat in RS becomes vacant. with any kind of emergency or distress situation, like posed by
o If a sitting member of one House is elected to other House, COVID-19, & to provide relief to affected- public charitable
his/her seat in first House becomes vacant. trust. PM is ex-officio Chairman & Defence Min., MoHA &
o If a person is elected to 2 seats in a House, she should exercise Finance Min., GoI are ex-official Trustees of Fund.
her option for one; otherwise, both seats become vacant.  National Investment Fund( 2005) - proceeds from
o If a person is elected to both Parliament & state legislature, her disinvestment of CPSEs to be channelized. It is managed by
seat in Parliament becomes vacant if she does not resign her dept. of Investment & Public Asset Mng. 75% of annual
seat in state legislature within 14 days. income of NIF was to be used for financing selected social
12. Stages in Enactment of budget sector schemes & remaining 25% was to be used to meet capital
investment requirements of profitable & revivable PSUs.
 Budget goes through following 6 stages in Parliament:  National Disaster Response Fund, constituted under Disaster
o Presentation of budget-General discussion-Scrutiny by Mng. Act, 2005 for meeting expenses for emergency response,
departmental committees-Voting on demands for grants- relief & rehabilitation due to any threatening disaster situation
Passing of appropriation bill-Passing of finance bill. or disaster. It is managed by GoI & comes under MoHA.
 Presentation of Budget: Budget is presented to LS by finance
min. - Since 2017, presentation of budget has been advanced to 14. Powers of Parliament
1st of Feb.  If any individual violates/disregards any of privileges, powers
 can also be presented in 2 or more parts. Further there shall be & immunities of House or members or committees, he may be
no discussion of budget on day on which it is presented to punished for breach of privilege‖/ contempt of House.
house.  House can determine what constitutes breach of privilege &
 General Discussion: begins a few days after its presentation. It contempt.
takes place in both Houses of Parliament & lasts usually for 3-4  Parliament can impeach President for violation of Constitution.
days. It can recommend removal of judges of SC & HCs, CEC, CAG.
 Scrutiny by dept. Committees: After general discussion -  In I.R. Coelho vs TN case-Laws in the 9th sch can attract JR if
Houses are adjourned for about 3-4 weeks. During this gap affects basic structure of constitution.
period, 24 dept. standing committees of Parliament examine & 15. Quorum
discuss in detail demands for grants of concerned Min. &
prepare reports & are submitted to both Houses of Parliament  Quorum -Min. number of members required to be present at a
for consideration. sitting of House /Committee for valid
 Voting on Demands for Grants: In light of reports of dept. transaction of its business.
standing committees, LS takes up voting of demands for grants.  Art. 100 (3) mentioned that at least 10% of total number of
Demands are presented ministry wise. They become grant after members of House must be present to constitute quorum for
it has been duly voted. meeting of either House.
 Passing of Appropriation Bill: Constitution states that no  Parliament can change quorum by amending it by simple
money shall be withdrawn from CFI except under appropriation majority. It is outside purview of Art. 368.
made by law‘.  In LS 55 members & in RS 25 members should be present
 Finance Bill is introduced to give effect to financial proposals including Presiding officer.
of GOI for following yr. It is subjected to all conditions 16. National Investigation Agency (NIA)
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 Came into existence with NIA act, 2008 after deadly 26/11 treatment method for patients having breathing problems during
terror attack. HQ - New Delhi & branches -Hyderabad, sleep called sleep apnea.
Guwahati, Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur &  It can deliver high flow oxygen (20–60 LPM).has inbuilt
Jammu. viral filter.
 Acc. to NIA (Amd.) Act, 2019 officers of NIA will have power 21. Kandla SEZ
to investigate scheduled offences committed outside India
provided case has been registered for offences as contained in  Awarded IGBC Platinum Rating for its Green master
schedule to NIA 2008 & subject to international & domestic planning, policy initiatives & implementation of green
laws of other countries. infras. & thus became 1st Green SEZ in India.
 NIA can investigate offences related to various laws such as  Indian Green Building Council(IGBC) is part of CII. CII is
IPC, UAPA, Atomic Energy Act, 1962, CrPC etc. non-govt. trade association & advocacy group based in New
Delhi.
 State govt. may request GoI to hand over investigation of a case
to NIA.  IGBC's vision is to enable sustainable built envt. for all &
facilitate India to be one of global leaders in sustainable built
17. State Legislative Councils envt. by 2025.
 Parliament can abolish or create, if concerned state passes a  Council is committee-based, member-driven & consensus-
resolution. U/A 169, Parliament may create or abolish Council in focused. All stakeholders of construction industry comprising
a state if LA of that state passes a resolution to that effect by a of architects, developers, product manufacturers, corporate,
special majority. govt., academia & nodal agencies participate in council
 Resolution for creation of LC must be passed by special activities through local chapters.
majority.  IGBC along with Min. of Commerce & Industry has
18. Rules committee prepared Green SEZ guidelines.
 World Green Building Council is a non-profit org. & global
Considers matters of procedure & conduct of business in House
network of national Green Building Councils.
& recommends necessary additions/amend. to rules of House. o 3 membership levels for Green Building Councils in World
 LS committee - 15 members including speaker as ex-officio Green Building Council
chairman. In RS- 16 members including Chairman as its ex-  Established- fully developed & operational org. that is
officio chairman. running impactful green building programmes.
 General Purpose Committee considers & advises on general  Emerging- org. open to membership & has a strong
matters that are not covered by any other committee. Speaker foundation, such as an elected board & staff to manage
{in LS) & Chairman / VP{In RS}act as its chairman. day-to-day operations. Expected to progress to established
 Business Advisory Committee regulate programme & time status within 24 months.
table of concerned house.  Prospective- an org. at early stages of development It is
 Committee on govt. Assurances examines assurances, expected to progress to Emerging status within 24 months.
promises & undertakings given by min. on floor. LS committee  IGBC is an established member of World Green Building
on assurances has 15 members & RS committee on assurances Council.
has 10 members.
22. Dehing Patkai/ Jeypore Rainforest
19. Impeachment of President
 Assam govt. has notified Dehing Patkai as 7th NP of state.
 Art. 61-Presidents impeachment for violation of constitution.  Under Wildlife Protection Act 1972, both State (sec. 35) &
Constitution does not define -term violation of Constitution. Central (sec. 38) govt. can declare an area as National Park.
 Impeachment charges can be initiated by either house. charges  It forms “last remaining stretches” of Assam Valley tropical
should be signed by 1/4th of members of House (that framed wet evergreen forests.
charges), & a 14 days‘ notice should be given to President. o Referred as ‘Amazon of East'
 2/3rd majority required. o It comprises of Jeypore, Upper Dehing & Dirok.
 President has right to appear, to be represented in such an o Dehing is name of river that flows through this forest &
investigation. Patkai is hill at foot of which sanctuary lies.
 If other House also sustains charges & passes impeachment o Fauna- Tiger, Chinese pangolin, Slow loris,
resolution by a majority of 2/3rd of total membership, then Clouded leopard etc.
President Stands removed from his office from date on which o Has highest concentration of endangered White Winged Wood
resolution is so passed. Duck.
 It’s a quasi-judicial procedure in Parliament o State govt. has also notified Raimona Reserve Forest (422-
o nominated members can participate in impeachment sq. km) as 6th NP in western Assam‟s Kokrajhar district.
o Elected members of LAs of states & Delhi & Puducherry do o Other NPs of state- Kaziranga, Manas, Nameri, Orang &
not participate in impeachment. DibruSaikhowa. Kaziranga & Manas are UNESCO sites.
20. Jivan Vayu o Assam now has 3rd most NPs after MP (12) & A&N (9).
 Developed by IIT, Ropar. this is Nation's 1st such device 23. Election of Governor
that functions even w/o electricity & is adapted to both  Neither elected directly by people nor indirectly elected by a
kinds of oxygen generation units like O2 cylinders & oxygen specially constituted electoral college.
pipelines in hospitals. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure-  Acc to Art. 153 - Governor for each State. 7th CAA, 1956

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facilitated appointment of same person as governor for 2 or o Safeguards for FRs in case of National Emergency
more states. 28. Inter-State-Council
 Art. 156: governor holds office for a term of 5 yrs. from date
on which he enters his office (subject to pleasure of President).  Sarkaria Commission(1988) recomm. establishing permanent
Inter-State Council with mandate in accordance with Art. 263.
 Constitution lays down 2 qualifications for his appointment:
o He should be a citizen of India.  present composition of Council is as follows:
o He should have completed age of 35 yrs. o PM Chairman
o CMs of all States Members /UTs having LA
 Min. age to be chosen as member of state legislature is 25 yrs.
o Administrators of UTs not having a LA & Governors of States
24. President of India under President‘s Rule (Governor‘s Rule in case of J&K)
 Qualification for election as President should be: o Members: 6 Min. of Cabinet rank in Union Council of Min.
o He should be a citizen of India. ;Should have completed 35 to be nominated by PM Members
yrs. of age. o 4 Min. of Cabinet rank as Permanent invitees Members
o Qualified for election as member of LS.  President can establish such a council if at any time it appears
o Should not hold any office of profit. to him that public interest would be served by its establishment.
 Sitting President/VP, Governor of any state, & Min. of Union or  Council is a recommendatory body.
any state is not deemed to hold any office of profit & hence  Council may meet at least thrice in a year. Its meetings are
qualified as a presidential candidate. held in camera & all questions are decided by consensus.
 President‘s election is held in accordance with system of  There is also standing Committee- for continuous consultation
proportional representation by means of single transferable & processing of matters for consideration of Council.
vote & voting is by secret ballot.  It is assisted by Inter-State Council Secretariat-headed by a
 Oath of office to President is admin. by CJI & in his absence, secretary to GoI.
senior most judge of SC is available. 29. Types of Cut Motion
 President can hold office beyond his term of five yrs. until his
successor assumes charge. He is also eligible for re-election to  Policy cut motion: Disapproval of policy underlying demand.
that office. It states that amount of demand be reduced to Re.1/-. If passed
it amounts to censure of govt.
25. World Giving Index by Charities Aid  Economy cut motion: Amount be reduced by specified
Foundation amount.
 India ranked 14th. India has consistently improved ranking.  Token cut motion: Raises specific grievance- amount of
 In 2021, Indonesia has topped index, followed by Kenya & demand be reduced by Rs.100/
Nigeria. 30. Central Council of Min.
26. Chief Secretary of State  Constitution does not indicate any classification/ categories of
 Post of CS is senior most position in civil services of states & Min. into Cabinet Min. , Min. of State, Deputy Min. , etc.
UTs of India.  Art. 75 clearly states that total number of Min. , including
 He is chosen by CM & this executive action is taken in name PM , in Council of Min. shall not exceed 15% of total strength
of Governor. of Lok Sabha- added by 91st CAA, 2003.
 Act as chief advisor to CM in all matters of cabinet.  GoI (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 are made by
 no fixed tenure. President under Art. 77 for allocation of business of GoI.
27. Part XVIII of constitution - Art. 352-360 o Min./dept. are created by President on advice of PM.
o business of govt. are transacted in Min./Dept., Secretariats &
 Dealing with Emergency. offices (referred to as dept.) as per distribution of subjects
 Shah commission condemned emergency of 1975. specified in se Rules. Each of Ministries is assigned to a min.
 Under Art. 352, President can declare national emergency by President on advice of PM.
when India’s security is threatened by war, external  Council of Min. consists of 3 categories of Min. , namely,
aggression, armed rebellion. cabinet min., min. of state, & deputy min. diff” b/w them lies
 When national emergency is declared on ground of war or in their respective ranks, emoluments, & political importance.
external aggression‘, it is known as ‘External Emergency’. all these min. stands PM- supreme governing authority of
when it is declared on ground of ‘armed rebellion' it is ‘Internal country.
Emergency’ o Cabinet min. head imp. ministries.
 Following changes were made in Part XVIII(44th AA): o Min. of state can either be given independent charge of
o Word Armed Rebellion in place of Internal Disturbance min./dept. or can be attached to cabinet Min.
o Written recommendation from cabinet for Nat. Emergency o Next in rank are deputy min. They are not given independent
o Judicial Review of Emergency charge -They are attached to cabinet min./min. of state assist
o 1 month for Parliamentary approval for National Emergency them in their admin, political, & parliamentary duties. They
o Periodical Approval for Nat. Emergency by both houses. If are not members of cabinet & do not attend cabinet meetings.
approved by both Houses of Parliament, emergency continues 31. DAVINCI+ & VERITAS
for 6 months, & can be extended to an indefinite period with
approval of parliament for every 6 months.  NASA missions to planet Venus.
o LS can revoke National Emergency  Both missions are part of space agency's Discovery Program.

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 DAVINCI+: it will try to understand Venus‘ composition to process for obtaining GI tag for Gaurjit, Banarsi Langrha,
see how planet formed & evolved. Chausa & Rataul mango varieties.
 VERITAS- Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, 35. Panchayats
Topography, & Spectroscopy‘& will map planet‘s surface to
 73rd CAA, 1992 provides for 5-yr term of office to panchayat
determine its geologic history & understand reasons why it
at every level(can be dissolved before completion of its term).
developed so diff” from Earth.
 Art. 243E provides for duration of Panchayats.
32. Veto Power Of President  Fresh elections to constitute a panchayat shall be completed
 classified into 4 types: before expiry of its duration of 5 yrs or in case of dissolution
o Absolute veto, withholding of assent to bill passed by expiry of a period of six months from date of its dissolution.
legislature.  After premature dissolution of panchayat, reconstituted
o Qualified veto, can be overridden by legislature with higher panchayat does not enjoy 5 yrs. It shall continue only for
majority. remainder period.
o Suspensive veto, overridden by legislature with an ordinary  It is not necessary to hold elections where remaining period is
majority. less than 6 months.
o Pocket veto, taking no action on bill passed by legislature. 36. Cabinet Ministers & MoS
 President of India is vested with 3 absolute veto, suspensive
veto, & pocket veto. No qualified veto with Indian President.  Art. 74 provides for COMs with PM at head to aid & advise
 A bill passed by Parliament can become an act only if it President in exercise of his functions.
receives assent of President. When such a bill is presented to  PM is appointed by President. President can appoint only those
President for his assent, he has three alternatives (U/A 111): persons as ministers who are recommended by PM .
o He may give his assent to bill, or  Oath- oaths of office & secrecy by President.
o He may withhold his assent to bill, or o In his oath of office, Min. swears:
o He may return bill (if it is not a Money Bill) for  to bear true faith & allegiance to Constitution of India,
reconsideration of Parliament. But, if bill is passed again by  to uphold sovereignty & integrity of India
parliament with or w/o amd. & again presented to President,  to faithfully & conscientiously discharge duties of office
President must give his assent to bill.  to do right to all manner of people in accordance with
o President exercises Suspensive Veto when he returns bill for Constitution & law, w/o fear or favour, affection or ill will.
reconsideration of Parliament. But, if bill is passed again by o Art. 75 COM. is collectively responsible to LS-all Min.
Parliament with or w/o amendments & presented to President, have joint responsibility to LS for all their acts of omission
it is obligatory for President to give his assent to bill. & commission. When LS passes no-confidence motion
 President does not possess this veto in case of money against council of Min. , all Min. have to resign including
bills. President can either give his assent to a money bill or those min. from RS. Principle of collective responsibility
withhold his assent to a money bill but cannot return it for also means that Cabinet decisions bind all cabinet Min.
reconsideration of Parliament. (and other Min. ) even if they differed in cabinet meeting.
o President has no veto power w.r.t. Constitutional amend. Bill.  Individual responsibility & removal
24th CAA of 1971 made it obligatory for President to give his o Art. 75- Minister holds office during pleasure of president.
assent to such bill But, President removes min. only on advice of PM.
33. Parliament proceedings in India 37. OPEC+
 Parliament meeting of a day consists of 2 sittings- morning o OPEC- permanent, inter govt. org, created at Baghdad
sitting from 11 am to 1 pm & post-lunch sitting from 2 pm to 6 Conference on sept. 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
pm.. Saudi Arabia, & Venezuela. Presently it has 13 members:
 Adjournment: Termination of sitting of House for a specified Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq,
time, which may be hours, days or weeks. Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
 Adjournment sine die-Termination of a sitting of House w/o  It Coordinate & unify petroleum policies among Members, in
any definite date. Power of adjournment as well as adjournment order to secure fair & stable prices for petroleum producers.
sine die lies with presiding officer of House.  OPEC+ : 24 oil-producing nations, made up of 14 members of
 Prorogation- termination of session by an order made by OPEC, & 10 other non-OPEC members.
President under Constitution. presiding officer (Speaker or 38. Panchayati Raj Institutions
Chairman) declares House adjourned sine die, when business of  Art. 40- State shall take steps to organize village Panchayat.
a session is completed. Within next few days, President issues a 73rd CAA, 1992 - adds Part IX in constitution, relating to
notification for prorogation of session. But, President can also Panchayats (Art. 243- 243 O).
prorogue House while in session.
 As per Art. 243D, state shall provide for offices of
34. Geographical Indication Tag chairperson in a panchayat at a village or any other level
 GI tagged varieties of Mango: Khirsapati, Lakshmanbhog shall be reserved for members of SC & ST community.
from WB, & Zardalu from Bihar, Suvarnarekha, &  Art. 243D(1) provides for reservation of seats for SCs & STs at
Banganapalli mango varieties of Andhra Pradesh, Malihabadi all 3 levels in proportion to total population in panchayat area.
Dashehari of UP & Alphonso Mango of Maharastra, etc.  Further Art. 243D(2) states that not less than one-third of total
 Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture has initiated number of seats reserved under clause (1) shall be reserved for
women belonging to STs or SCs, as case may be.
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 Art. 243D(3) provides that not less than 1/3rd (including  Final judgements & orders of civil courts in any part of India
number of seats reserved for women belonging to SCs & are capable of execution anywhere within India. Rule applies
STs) of total number of seats to be filled by direct election in only to civil judgements & not to criminal judgements.
every Panchayat shall be reserved for women & such seats may  Art. 261 do not require HC to enforce penal laws of another
be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a state.
Panchayat. 44. Legislative Relations b/w Centre & States
39. Pardoning power of President
 Art. 245 to 255 in Part XI deal with legislative relations b/w
 Art. 72 empowers President to grant pardons to persons who Centre & states.
have been tried & convicted of any offense in all cases where :  Parliament alone can make ‘extra-territorial legislation’
o Punishment or sentence is for an offence against a Union Law; =applicable to Indian citizens & their property in any part of
o Punishment or sentence is by a court-martial (military court); world.
o Sentence is a sentence of death.  Power to make laws w.r.t. residuary subjects is vested in
 It is executive power. But, President here does not sit as a Parliament.
court of appeal. 45. Bills in Lok Sabha
 Power to grant remission of sentences is absolute & unfettered.
 Acc to SC:  When LS is dissolved, all business including bills, motions,
o Petitioner for mercy has no right to an oral hearing by resolutions, notices, petitions & so on pending before it or its
President. committees lapse. But some pending bills & all pending
o President can examine evidence afresh & take a view diff” assurances that are to be examined by Committee on govt.
from view taken by court. Assurances do not lapse on dissolution of LS.
o Power is to be exercised by President on advice of union  position w.r.t. lapsing of bills is as follows:
cabinet. o bill pending in LS lapses (whether originating in LS/ coming
o President can afford relief not only from a sentence that he from RS.
regards as unduly harsh but also from an evident mistake. o A bill passed by LS but pending in RS lapses.
o Exercise of power by President is not subject to judicial review Bill not passed by 2 Houses due to disagreement & if President
o
except where presidential decision is arbitrary, irrational, mala has notified a joint sitting before dissolution of LS, does not
fide, or discriminatory. lapse.
o A bill pending in RS but not passed by LS does not lapse.
40. Composition of RS
o bill passed by both houses but pending pres. assent does not
 Under Art. 80, Council of States (RS) is composed of not more lapse.
than 250 members, of whom 12 are nominated by President. o bill passed by both Houses but returned by President for
This right of nomination has been bestowed upon President acc. reconsideration of Houses does not lapse.
to 4th Schedule (Art. 4(1) & 80(2)). 46. National Green Tribunal
o 12 members to RS are appointed from special fields of
knowledge or practical experience in -art, literature, science, &  Madras HC - observed that all 5 zonal Benches of NGT are
social service equally powerful & their orders are applicable across India.

 To provide eminent persons a place in RS w/o going through NGT was setup on Oct 18, 2010, under NGT Act 2010.
electoral politics.  Its a specialized forum for effective & speedy disposal of cases
pertaining to envt. protection, conservation of forests, for
41. World Economic Outlook -IMF
seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property
 IMF has slashed India’s growth forecast for 2021-22 due to violation of envt. laws or conditions specified while
sharply - to 9.5% from 12.5%. granting permissions.
 Usually published twice a year..  North Bench of NGT - in New Delhi, with regional benches in
 Global Financial Stability Report & Fiscal Monitor are o Pune (Western Zone Bench) ;Bhopal (Central Zone Bench)
other reports released by IMF. o Chennai (Southern Bench) ;Kolkata (Eastern Bench).
42. Composition of State Assembly  Chairperson is a retired SC Judge. Other Judicial members are
retired Judges of HCs. Each bench of NGT will comprise at
 LA consists of representatives directly elected by people on least one Judicial Member & one Expert Member. Expert
basis of universal adult franchise. Its maximum strength is fixed members should have a professional qualification & min. 15 yrs
at 500 & min. strength at 60. But, in case of Arunachal
of experience in envt./forest conservation & related subjects.
Pradesh, Sikkim & Goa, min. no. is fixed at 30 & in case of
 NGT has power to hear all civil cases relating:
Mizoram, & Nagaland it is 40 & 46 respectively.
o Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
 Governor can nominate 1 member from Anglo-Indian comm.
o Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
 Constitution provided for reservation of seats for SCs & STs in o Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
assembly of each state on basis of population( not for women). o Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
43. Full Faith & Credit o Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 Art. 261 contains- Full Faith & Credit‖ clause: o Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
 Full faith & credit is to be given throughout territory of India to o Biological Diversity Act, 2002
public acts, records & judicial proceedings of Centre & every  It is guided by principles of natural justice. It is also not
state. bound by rules of evidence as enshrined in Indian Evidence

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 #VowIAS_V_pre-teSt-10
Act, 1872. evidence or to produce documents in courts of law, relating to
47. Urban Local Self Govt. proceedings of House w/o permission of House. They are also
exempted from jury services in a case pending in a court when
 Diff” types of ULBs are - Municipal corporations, Parliament is in session.
Municipalities, Notified Area Committee, Town Area
Committee, Cantonment Board, etc. 51. Parliamentary privileges
 Municipal Corporations for big cities having large populations  Necessary to secure independence & effectiveness of their
such as Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore etc. Council is actions. w/o these privileges, houses can neither maintain their
deliberative & legislative wing of corporation that is headed authority, dignity & honour nor can protect their members from
by Mayor & assisted by Deputy Mayor. any obstruction in discharge of their responsibilities.
 Executive powers lie with chief executive authority -who is  Constitution has extended the parliamentary privileges to those
generally member of IAS. Mayor is a formal head - in persons who are entitled to speak & take part in proceedings of
majority of states he is elected for one yr. renewable term but a House of Parliament/any of its committees. Ex- attorney
his office is not fixed & it depends upon will of state govt. general of India & Union Min. (even he is not MP at that
 Though majority of states in India follow Commissionerate particular period of time)
system, states such as Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, UP,  Parliamentary privileges do not extend to president.
Uttarakhand, MP, Odisha Mayors are directly elected by 52. Urban Local Bodies
people.
 5 sources of income generation of urban local bodies:
48. Green Sohra Afforestation Campaign - o Tax revenue, Non-tax revenue, Grants, Devolution, Loans
Meghalaya  ULBs receive various grants by central/state govt.
 Union Home minister launched it  Devolution of funds consists of transfer of funds from state
 Sohra/Cherrapunji is high-altitude town in Meghalaya. used to govt. to ULBs on recomm. of State Finance Commission.
be wettest place in India.  Municipalities raise loans from state govt. & financial
 Sohra sits on a plateau in southern part of Khasi Hills, facing institutions to meet their capital expenditure-but they required
plains of Bangladesh. prior approval of state govt ( not Governor) .
 Living root bridges in villages near Sohra like Umshiang root 53. Financial Assistance to States
bridge, Mawsaw root bridge can be observed.
 Art. 275 empowers Parliament to make grants to states which
49. Local Authority are in need of financial assistance, not to every state. It consists
 Lord Rippon- 'Father of Local Governance'. of specific as well as general grants.
th th 
 74 & 74 CAA, 1992 gave practical shape to idea by These sums are charged on CFI every yr.
establishing a 3-tier structure by creating Panchayats &  Statutory grants under Art. 275 –provided on the recomm. of
Municipalities at local level. Finance Commission.
 In UoI & Ors vs R. C. Jain & Ors 1981, SC cited some  Art. 282 empowers both Centre & states to make any grants for
distinctive attributes & characteristics of a local authority: any public purpose, even if it is not within their respective
o It must have separate legal existence as a corporate body. legislative competence. These are discretionary grants. They are
o it must not be mere govt. agency but a legally independent not based on recommendations of CAG
entity 54. 73rd CAA, 1992
o it must function in a defined area & must ordinarily be elected
wholly or partly, directly or indirectly by inhabitants of area  In Part IX under Art. 243 M provided that nothing in this Part
o it must enjoy certain degree of autonomy. shall apply to Sch. Areas & tribal areas, referred to in clause (2)
o Statute must entrust authority with such govt. functions & of Art. 244. It includes:-
duties as are usually entrusted to a municipal body for o States of Nagaland, Meghalaya, & Mizoram
providing such amenities, as health & education services, etc o Certain other areas including Hill Areas in Manipur for which
to inhabitants District Councils exist under any law for time being in force.
o It must have power to raise funds - by levying taxes, rates, District of Darjeeling in State of West Bengal for which
o
charges, fees, etc. Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
 Parliament may, by law, extend provisions of this Part to
50. Individual parliamentary privileges Scheduled Areas & tribal areas -Parliament has enacted PESA
 Constitution of India specifies some of privileges: Act.
o MPs cannot be arrested during session(40 days before  Such provisions extended by parliament or law made shall be
beginning & 40 days after) & end of a session. Available only not deemed to be an amend. under Art. 368.
in civil cases & not in criminal cases/preventive detention 55. Vice-President
cases.
o No member is liable to any proceedings in any court for  Before entering his office, VP has to make & subscribe to an
anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or its oath or affirmation. In his oath, Vice-President swears:
committees. o to bear true faith & allegiance to Constitution of India; &
o Immunity to a person from proceedings in any court in respect o To faithfully discharge duties of his office.
of publication by or under authority of either House of any o Oath of office to Vice-President is adm. by President or some
report, paper, votes or proceedings. person appointed on that behalf by him.
o Members or officers of House cannot be compelled to give o Indian President takes an oath to preserve, protect &
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defend Constitution of India.  President has right to address both Houses assembled together,
 VP holds office for 5 yrs from date on which he enters his at 1st session after each general election to House of People & at
office.Can resign from his office at any time by addressing commencement of 1st session of each yr..
resignation letter to President.  He summons & prorogues both Houses, dissolves LS, addresses
Vacancy in VP‘s office can occur in any of following ways: both Houses, issue ordinances when they are not in session etc.
o On expiry of his tenure of 5 yrs. ;By his resignation; On his 60. Sarkaria Commission(1983) on C-S relations
removal;By his death
o when he becomes disqualified to hold office or when his  It did not favour structural changes & regarded existing
election is declared void. constitutional arrangements & principles relating to institutions
o When vacancy is going to be caused by expiration of term of basically sound.
sitting vice-president, an election to fill vacancy must be held  Important recommendations were:
before expiration of term. o Inter- govt. Council should be set up under Art. 263.
o If office falls vacant by resignation, removal, death or o Art. 356 (President‘s Rule) should be used very sparingly.
otherwise, then election to fill vacancy should be held as soon o All-India Services should be strengthened & some more such
as possible after occurrence of vacancy. services should be created.
o Newly-elected vice-president remains in office for a full term Residuary powers of taxation should remain with Parliament.
o
of 5 yrs. from date he assumes charge of his office. But, he o Zonal councils should be constituted afresh & reactivated to
can hold office beyond his term of 5 yrs until his successor promote spirit of federalism.
assumes charge. o Centre should consult states before making law on subject of
Concurrent List.
56. 74 Constitutional Amendment Act
th
 Shah Commission (1977) to inquire into all excesses
 Gave Constitutional status to Municipalities. committed during Indian Emergency. Liberhan Commission
 Every District Planning Committee shall, in preparing draft (1992) to investigate destruction of disputed structure Babri
development plan, have regard to:- Masjid. Punchhi Commission (2007) as a Commission on
o Matters of common interest b/w Panchayats & Municipalities Centre-State relations.
including sharing of water & other physical & natural 61. Supplementary Grant
resources
o Extent & type of available resources, financial or otherwise.  Supplementary Grant: granted when amount authorized by
o Consult such institutions & org as Governor may, specify. Parliament through appropriation act for a particular service for
o Chairperson of every DPC shall forward development plan, as current financial yr. is found to be insufficient for that yr.
recommended by such Committee, to govt. of State.  Additional Grant: for additional expenditure upon some new
57. Borrowing Powers Of Center & States service not contemplated in budget for that yr.
 Token Grant: granted when funds to meet proposed
 Art. 292 deals with borrowing by GoI expenditure on a new service can be made available by
 Union shall have unlimited power of borrowing: reappropriation. demand for grant of a token sum of Rs 1 is
o It Can borrow either within India or outside upon submitted to vote of LS & if assented, funds are made available.
security/guarantees of CFI Reappropriation involves transfer of funds from one head to
o Can do so within limits set by Parliament . another. It does not involve any additional expenditure.
 Art. 293 deals with borrowing by states:State govt. can  Excess Grant: granted when money spent on any service
borrow within India (not abroad) upon security/guarantees of during a financial yr exceeds the amount granted for that in
Consolidated Fund of State- within limits fixed by State budget of that year.
legislature.  Vote of Credit: granted for meeting unexpected demand upon
o GoI can make loans to any state or give guarantees in respect resources of India.
of loans raised by any state, but not if previous outstanding
62. Indrajaal
dues are pending.
58. London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)  Hyderabad-based tech R&D firm Grene Robotics has designed
& developed India's 1st indigenous drone defence dome-
 RBI issued an advisory to banks & financial institutions for Indrajaal.
transition from LIBOR Dec 2021 to any widely accepted  It can autonomously protect area of 1000-2000 sq km against
alternative reference rate like AONIA (Australian Interbank aerial threats by assessing & acting on aerial threats such as
Overnight Cash Rate) to SARON (Swiss Average Rate UAVs, loitering munitions, & Low- Radar Cross Section
Overnight). targets.
 LIBOR will be phased out by June 30, 2023. It’s a benchmark  Low Radar cross-section- includes ammunitions, rockets as
interest rate at which major global banks lend to one well as drones fired from enemy territory to target other side.
another in international interbank market for short-term
loans. 63. Powers & Duties of Speaker
59. Parliament of India o Maintains order & decorum in house. He Is final interpreter of
provisions of
 Consists of 3 parts- President, Council of States, & House of Constitution of India, Rules of Procedure & Conduct of
People. Business of LS, & Parliamentary precedents, within House.
 President is its integral part- bill passed by both Houses cannot o Adjourns House or suspends meeting in absence of a quorum.
become law w/o assent of President. o Presides over joint sitting of 2 houses..
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o Can allow secret sitting of House at request of Leader of 69. President of India
House.
 Art. 74 clearly states that re shall be a council of Min. with
o Acts as ex-officio chairman of Indian Parliamentary Group.
PM at head to aid & advise President - President has to act in
o Appoints chairman of all parliamentary committees of LS &
accordance with advice of council of Min. .
supervises their functioning. Is chairman of Business Advisory
Committee, Rules Committee & General Purpose Committee.  Executive & legislative powers & functions of President are:
o All executive actions of govt. of India are formally taken in
64. Proceedings of House his name.
 In addition to MPs, every min. & attorney general have right o He can make rules specifying manner in which orders & other
to speak & take part in proceedings of either house, any instruments made & executed in his name shall be
joint sitting of both, any committee of Parliament of which authenticated.
he is a member, w/o being entitled to vote. o He can make rules for more convenient transactions of
 2 reasons underlying this constitutional provision: business of Union govt.
o Min. can participate in proceedings of House, of which he is o He can seek any information relating to administration of
not a member. But min. belonging to LS cannot vote in RS & affairs of Union, & proposals for legislation from PM .
vice versa. o He can require PM to submit, for consideration of council of
o Minister, not a member of either House, can participate in Min. , any matter on which a decision has been taken by a
proceedings of both Houses. A person can remain a min. for 6 Min. but, which has not been considered by council.
months, w/o being a member of either House of Parliament. o He directly administers UTs through administrators appointed
by him.
65. Jiyo Parsi Scheme(2013)
o He can declare any area as a scheduled area & has powers
 Central Sector Scheme -under Min. of Minority Affairs. w.r.t. administration of scheduled areas & tribal areas.
 will be implemented by Parzor Foundation with help of president can increase or decrease its area or alter its
Bombay Parsi Panchayat . boundaries.
 Target groups: scheme is meant for only Parsi community.. 70. Vice-President of India
o Parsi married couples of childbearing ages who seek
assistance.  Elected not directly by people but by method of indirect
o Adults/young men/women/adolescent boys/girls for detection election. He is elected by members of an electoral college.
of diseases resulting with consent of parents/legal guardians. o It consists of both elected & nominated members of
 Objectives: Parliament (in case of President, only elected members).
o To stop declining trend of Parsi population by adopting o It does not include members of state legislative assemblies
scientific protocol & structured interventions.  Election is held in accordance with system of proportional
Total Fertility Rate of Parsi community has reached below 1, representation by means of single transferable vote & voting is
which means that on an average, a Parsi woman in her total by secret ballot.
child bearing age has less than 1 child (0.8).  If election of a person as VP is declared void by Supreme
o 31% of Parsis are over age of 60 yrs, more than 30% remain Court, acts done by him before date of such declaration of SC
unmarried are not invalidated (i.e., They continue to remain in force).
 Funds would be transferred into bank of Parzor Foundation.  Election of a person as VP cannot be challenged on ground that
electoral college was incomplete
66. Special Purpose Agencies- For Governance of
ULBs 71. Organizational setup of GoI
 They are statutory bodies created by act of state  Dept. has been defined in General Financial Rules as follows:
legislature/dept. o Department
 Function-based agency. Work as autonomous bodies & are not  Responsible for formulation of policies of govt. w.r.t.
subordinate agencies of local municipal bodies. business allocated to it & also for execution & review of
those policies.
67. Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)  Headed by secretary to GoI who acts as adm. head of dept.
 1st set up in 1948 in Dept of Scn. Research, Min. of S&T. In & principal adviser of min. on all matters of policy & adm.
1958, was established in dept. of Atomic Energy by govt. within dept.
resolution through Presidential Order. o Wing
 Secretary to GoI in DAE is ex-officio Chairman of  Dept is divided into wings
Commission. other members of commission are appointed on  Special Secretary/Additional Secretary/Joint Secretary is
recommendation of Chairman & after approval by PM . generally incharge of each wing.
68. Digital Media Content Regulatory Council o Division
 A wing normally comprises a number of divisions
 Created by Indian Broadcasting & Digital Foundation as an  Each division functions under charge of an officer of level of
industry-led Self-Regulatory Body for OTT platforms- Director/Joint Director Deputy Secretary.
formed under IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media  may have several branches each under charge of an Under
Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. Secretary or equivalent officer.
 Vikramjit Sen will be its Chairman, along with 6 other o Section
eminent industry members for newly formed Digital Media  lowest org unit in a department
Content Regulatory Council  It normally consists of assistants & clerks supervised by a
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Section Officer. Initial handling of cases (including noting & Parliament are not in session or when either of 2 Houses is
drafting) is generally done by, assistants & clerks who are not in session.
also known as dealing hands. o This power is not a parallel power of legislation.
o While above represents commonly adopted pattern of o He can make an ordinance only when he is satisfied that
organization of a dept., there are certain variations, most circumstances exist that render it necessary for him to take
notable among them being desk officer system. immediate action.
 In this, work of a Dept. at lowest level is org. into distinct  In Cooper's case(1970), SC held that President‘s satisfaction
functional desks each manned by two desk functionaries of can be questioned in a court on ground of malafide.
appropriate ranks e.g. Under Secretary or Sec Officer.  Can be issued on subjects on which parliament can make laws.
 Each desk functionary handles cases himself & is provided  Ordinances cannot abridge or take away any of FRs.
adequate stenographic & clerical assistance.  Every ordinance issued by President during recess of parliament
72. CORPAT must be laid before both Houses of Parliament when it
 Indian Navy & Royal Thai Navy conducted 31 edition of reassembles.
st

India-Thailand Coordinated Patrol in Andaman Sea. o Rules of LS require that whenever bill seeking to replace an
ordinance is introduced in House, statement explaining
 bi-annual exercise, carried since 2005.
circumstances that had necessitated immediate legislation by
73. Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha ordinance should also be placed before House.
 Leader of House has been defined in Rules of Procedure of LS  Constitution doesn’t mentions on re-promulgation of
& RS. Constitution has no mention of such provision. ordinances.
 PM is Leader of LS except under certain circumstances like o In DC Wadhwa case (1987) SC ruled that successive
when PM is a member of RS etc. repromulgation of ordinances with same text w/o attempt to
 Office of leader of opposition is not mentioned in get bills passed by assembly would amount to a violation of
constitution but is mentioned in Parliamentary Statue. It got constitution & ordinance so repromulgated is liable to be
statutory recognition in 1977 through Salary & Allowances of struck down.
Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. In 1969, They 77. Lok Adalats
were recognized for first time.
 In every State, SLSA, & in every HC, High Court Legal
74. Speaker of State Assembly Services Committee has been constituted. District Legal
 Art. 178 - office of Speaker & Deputy Speaker of State Leg Services Authorities, Taluk Legal Services Committees have
Assly been constituted in Districts & most of Taluks to give effect to
 Speaker is elected by assembly from amongst its members & policies & directions of NALSA & to provide free legal
remains in office during life of assembly. services to people & conduct Lok Adalats in State.

 Art. 179 - vacation & resignation of, & removal from, offices At Lok Adalats, cases (or disputes) which are pending in a court
of Speaker & Deputy Speaker. S or which are at pre-litigation stage (not yet brought before a
 peaker vacates his office earlier if: court) are compromised or settled in an amicable manner.
o He ceases to be member of assembly  following main functions are performed:
o He resigns by writing to deputy speaker.  To provide free, competent legal services to eligible persons.
o Removed by resolution passed by majority of members of  To organize Lok Adalats for amicable settlement of disputes
assembly.  To organize legal awareness camps in rural areas.
 He is final interpreter of provisions of Additional Information:
o Constitution of India, rules of procedure & conduct of business  National Legal Services Authority
of assembly, & legislative precedents, within assembly. o Art. 39A provides for free legal aid to poor & weaker sections
75. Rock phosphates of society & ensures justice for all. Art. 14 & 22(1) make it
obligatory for State to ensure equality before law & a legal
 India has decided to explore indigenous deposits of Phosphatic system that promotes justice on basis of equal opportunity to
rock- to gain ‘Aatma Nirbharta’ in all fertilizers. all.NALSA has been constituted under LSA Act, 1987 to
 Rock phosphates are Sedimentary phosphatic deposits monitor & evaluate implementation of legal aid programmes
comprising fine-grained mixture of - hydroxylapatite, & to lay down policies & principles for making legal services
carbonate apatite, fluorapatite & their solid solutions. available under Act.
 About 80% of phosphate production in world is derived from  free legal services include:
phosphate rocks o Payment of court fee, process fees, & all other charges
- usually calcium phosphate of sufficient purity. payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings.
 Its productionin India is only from 2 states- Rajasthan & MP. o Providing service of lawyers in legal proceedings.
India is 90% dependent on imports. o Obtaining & supply of certified copies of orders & other
76. Power of Ordinances documents in legal proceedings.
o Preparation of appeal, paper book including printing &
 Art. 123 power of ordinance to president during recess of translation of documents in legal proceedings.
Parliament. They are temporary laws.
 persons eligible for getting free legal services to include:
 This power is vested to deal with unforeseen or urgent matters. o Women & children ;Members of SC/ST ;Industrial workmen ;
But, exercises of this power is subject to 4 limitations: Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake,
o He can promulgate an ordinance only when both Houses of
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industrial disaster ;Disabled persons ;Persons in custody ; 82. Governor
Persons whose annual income does not exceed ₹1 lakh (in SC
 Art. 153 deals with Governor for each state. As per Art. 155 &
Legal Services Committee limit Rs.1,25,000/-);Victims of
Art. 156, a Governor is an appointee of President.
trafficking in human beings or begar
 holds office for 5 yrs. this term is subject to pleasure of
78. National Emergency (NE) President. He can resign any time by via a resignation letter to
 U/Art. 352 - President can declare National Emergency when President.
security of India or any part of it is threatened by war or  Governor has no security of tenure & no fixed term of office.
external aggression or armed rebellion. may be removed by President at any time.
 During NE, Parliament becomes empowered to make laws on  Constitution does not lay down any grounds upon which a
any subject mentioned in state list. Though state govt. are not governor may be removed by President.
suspended they're brought under complete control of  President may transfer him from one state to another. Governor
centre. whose term has expired may be reappointed in same state or
 life of Lok sabha may be extended beyond its normal term by any other state.
law of parliament (for any length of time) for 1 yr. at a time.  He can hold office beyond his term of 5 yrs. until his successor
However, after 6 months of emergency ceased to exist this assumes charge.
extension cannot be continued.  There is no provision for impeaching Governor by State
 During this, President can modify constitutional distribution of Legislature.
revenue b/w centre & state. Such modifications continue till 83. Speaker of Lok Sabha
end of financial yr. in which National Emergency ceased to
exist.  Elected by LS from amongst its members (after its first sitting).
 Whenever office falls vacant, LS elects another member to fill
79. Duration of Lok Sabha
vacancy. Date of election of Speaker is fixed by President.
 While Art. 83 deals with duration of Houses, Art. 85 deals with  Remains in office during life of LS. But he has to vacate earlier
sessions of Parliament, prorogation & dissolution. in any of following three cases:
 LS is not a continuing chamber. Its normal term is 5 yrs. from o if he ceases to be a member of Lok Sabha;
date of its first meeting after general elections. President is o If he resigns by writing to Deputy Speaker; &
authorised to dissolve LS at any time even before o if he is removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all n
completion of 5 yrs. & for this recomm. of RS is not members of Lok Sabha. Such a resolution can be moved only
required. after giving 14 days‘ advance notice.
80. Union List in 7 Schedule
th  When a resolution for removal of Speaker is under
consideration of House, she cannot preside at sitting of House,
 As per Art. 246 (1), Parliament has exclusive power to make
though she may be present. can speak & take part in
laws w.r.t. any of matters enumerated in List I in 7th Schedule.
proceedings of House & vote in 1st instance, though not in
o List I- Union List: includes 100 subjects like defence,
event of equality of votes.
banking, foreign affairs, currency & coinage, atomic energy,
insurance & so on. 84. GM Rubber
 Acc. to Art. 246 (3), Legislature of any State has exclusive  World’s first GM rubber: Rubber Board research farm on
power to make laws for such State or any part w.r.t. any of outskirts of Guwahati now sports world’s 1st GM rubber plant
matters enumerated in List II in Seventh Schedule tailored for climatic conditions in Northeast.
o List II- State List: includes 61 subjects like public order, o Has additional copies of gene MnSOD-manganese-containing
agri., prisons, local govt. public health & sanitation & so on. superoxide dismutase, inserted in plant, expected to tide over
 Acc. to Art. 246 (2), Parliament, &, subject to clause (1), severe cold conditions during winter. MnSOD gene has ability
Legislature of any State also, has power to make laws w.r.t. any to protect plants from adverse effects of environ. stresses such
of matters enumerated in List III in 7th Schedule as cold & drought. MnSOD gene used in GM rubber was
o List III - concurrent List: It includes 52 subjects like taken from rubber plant itself.
education, electricity, labour welfare, drugs & so on. o Was developed at Kerala-based Rubber Research Institute of
o 42nd CAA of 1976 transferred 5 subjects to Concurrent List India.
from State List i.e. education, forests, weights & measures, o Natural rubber is native of warm humid Amazon forests &
protection of wild animals & birds, & admin. of justice; is not naturally suited for colder conditions in Northeast
constitution & organisation of all courts except SC & HCs. 85. President’s Rule
81. Council of Minister  Art. 356 empower President to issue a proclamation, when
o Refer Q36 govt. of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with
 Art. 75 also contain principle of individual responsibility. Min. provisions of Constitution- President’s Rule‟.
hold office during pleasure of president.  It must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 2
 In Britain, every order of King for any public act is months from date of its issue.
countersigned by minister. If order is in violation of any law,  If approved by both Houses, it continues for 6 months.
min. would be held responsible & liable in court.  It can be extended for a max period of 3 yrs. with approval of
o In India, there is no provision for system of legal Parliament, every 6 months.
responsibility of minister. It is not required that an order of  President rule has no effect on FRs of citizens.
President for a public act should be countersigned by a Min.  President cannot assume to himself powers vested in concerned
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 #VowIAS_V_pre-teSt-10
state HC or suspend provisions of constitution relating to it.  Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia & UAE
86. Art. 365 of Indian Constitution o East African Littorals:
 France (Reunion), Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique,
 Centre is empowered to give directions to States in execution South Africa, & Tanzania.
of: o South East Asian & Australian Littorals:
o Construction & maintenance of means of communication of  Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore,
national or military importance by state. Thailand & Timor-Leste.
o Measures to be taken for protection of railways within State.
o Providing adequate facilities for instruction in mother-tongue 91. Comptroller & Auditor General
at primary stage of education to children of linguistic minority  Art. 148 provides for office of CAG- head of Indian Audit &
groups in State. Accounts dept. It is one of bulwarks of Indian democracy in
o Drawing up & execution of schemes essential for welfare of field of financial admin. He audits accounts of central & state
Scheduled Tribes in State. govt. & related transactions related to funds, deposits, advances,
 Coercive sanction behind Central directions is Art. 365. etc.
87. Unstarred Questions  Its mandate for audit of Local Bodies flows basically from
CAG‘s DPC Act 1971.
 1st hour of every parliamentary sitting is allotted for Question  Most states are under provisions of Sec 20 (1) of DPC Act
Hour - members can ask 3 types of questions Starred questions, which states that CAG may be requested by President or
Unstarred questions, Short notice question. Governor of State or Adm. of a UT having LA, to undertake
 Unstarred Question- to this, written answer is desired by audit of accounts of body or authority on such T&Cs may be
member & no supplementary question can be asked. agreed upon b/w him & concerned govt.
 are part of question hour 1st hour is usually slotted for this.
92. RS
88. Tenth Schedule
 Continuing chamber, 1st constituted in 1952, i.e. it is permanent
 Refer Q-1. body, not subject to dissolution. 1/3rd of its members are retired
89. lndia’s first Cryptogamic garden every 2nd yr. & their seats are filled by fresh elections &
rd
 They are one of oldest groups of plant species, existing since presidential nominations at beginning of every 3 yr.
Jurassic era. Are non-seed-bearing plants include algae,  Retiring members are eligible for re-election multiple times.
bryophytes, lichens, ferns, & fungi.  Constitution has not fixed term of office of RS & left it to
 India’s 1 cryptogamic garden was inaugurated in Parliament. Acc, Parliament in RPA 1951 provided that term of
st

Dehradun district at Deoban. office of a RS member shall be 6 yrs.

 cryptogamic orgs play a vital role in ecosystem. Algae, one of 93. Motions in Parliament
most primitive orgs, are excellent at cleaning envt. Similarly,  No discussion on a matter of general public importance can take
mosses prevent soil erosion by binding soil. place except on a motion made with consent of presiding
 Importance of cryptogams officer.
o Used for creation of medicines, scents, & natural colours.  Privilege Motion: concerned with breach of parliamentary
o Algae are healthy sources of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, & privileges by minister. moved by member when he feels that
vitamins min. has committed a breach of privilege of House or one or
o used as food ingredient in several countries like China, Japan, more of its members by withholding facts of a case or by giving
Norway, Scotland, etc. Further, it can also be used as a liquid wrong or distorted facts. Its purpose is to censure a min. who
fertilizer which helps in repairing nitrogen levels in soil. has committed breach of privilege.
o Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) too, like algae clean  Censure Motion- can be moved against an individual/ group of
environment. This cryptogamic species monitors air pollution, min. or entire council of Min. It should state reason for its
prevents soil erosion, & helps in soil formation. adoption in LS. It is moved for censuring council of Min. for
o Ferns, a unique group of plants, are grown as ornamental specific policies & actions. If it is passed in LS, council of
plants. They are indicators of moisture regime of area. Min. need not resign from office.
o Lichens: source of drugs, medicines, perfumery, foodstuff,  No-confidence Motion: can be moved only against entire
dyes, bio-monitoring etc. Eg, lichens have been used as council of Min. & need not state reason for its adoption. If it is
coloring agents in leather industry, in cosmetic industry for passed in LS, council of Min. must resign from office.
making items like perfumes, incessant, etc.
94. Money Bill
90. Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
 Cannot be introduced in Leg.Coucil. Can be introduced in Leg
 Latest edition was hosted by French Navy at La Réunion. assly only & on recommendation of governor. It Can be
 It’s a voluntary initiative - among navies of littoral states of introduced only by Minister.
IOR. o When money bill is reserved for consideration of President. He
 Inaugural Seminar was held by Indian Navy in 2008. may give or withhold his assent but cannot return bill for
 There are in total 24 members in IONS. reconsideration.
o South Asian Littorals:
95. Duration of Lok Sabha
 Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan, Seychelles, SL &
UK (British Indian Ocean Territory)  Normal term of LS is 5 yrs., but, President is authorized to
o West Asian Littorals: dissolve LS before completion of 5 yrs. on advice of PM &

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 #VowIAS_V_pre-teSt-10
this cannot be questioned in a court of law. It can also be within which, he should become member of either house
dissolved if President feels that no viable govt. can be formed otherwise, he ceases to be PM .
after resignation or fall of a regime. 100. Budget Presentation in Parliament
 Duration of LS can be extended during period of national
emergency by a law of parliament for yr. at a time.  Since 2017, presentation of budget has been advanced to 1st
Feb. General discussion -takes place in both Houses & lasts for
96. PM of India 3-4 days. After which, Houses are adjourned for about 3-4
 Term of PM is not fixed & he holds office during pleasure of weeks. During this period, 24 dept. standing committees of
president. When he enjoys majority support in LS, he cannot be Parliament examine & discuss in detail demands for grants of
dismissed by President. concerned Min. & prepare reports on m.
 Resignation or death of an incumbent PM automatically  Voting on Demand for grants:
dissolves council of Min., generates a vacuum. Resignation or o It is 4th stage of budget in Parliament:
death of any other minister, merely creates a vacancy which o In light of reports of dept. standing committees, LS takes this
PM may/ may not like to fill. up.
 Salary & allowances of PM are determined by Parliament o Presented ministry-wise. Demand becomes grant after it is
from time to time. He gets salary & allowances that are duly voted.
payable to a MP. Additionally, he gets sumptuary allowance, o Voting of demands for grants is exclusive privilege of LS, ie,
free accommodation, a traveling allowance, medical facilities, RS has no power of voting demands.
etc. In 2001, Parliament raised his sumptuary allowance from o Voting is confined to votable part of budget- expenditure
1,500 to 3,000 per month. charged on CFI is not submitted to vote
o Charged expenditure includes emoluments of President & o Each demand is voted separately by LS.
salaries & allowances of Chairman & Deputy Chairman of RS o In total, 26 days are allotted for voting of demands. On last
& Speaker & Deputy Speaker of LS, SC Judges, CAG of day, Speaker puts all remaining demands to vote &
India, & certain other items specified under Art. 112(3). disposes them whether they’ve been discussed or not-
97. Bill in state legislature known as ‘guillotine’
 Token Cut Motion: Q29
 Constitution does not provide mechanism of joint sitting of 2 o does not have much utility in practice. only moved &
Houses of state legislature . discussed in House but not passed as govt. enjoys majority
 If bill after reconsideration is passed by LA 2nd time & support. Their passage by LS amounts to expressions of
transmitted to LC & it rejects bill again or proposes amd. not want of parliamentary confidence in govt. & may lead to
accepted to LA, or does not pass bill within 1 month, then bill is its resignation.
deemed to have been passed by both Houses in form in which it  Passing of Appropriation Bill:
was passed by LA for 2nd time. o 5th stage of budget in Parliament.
 When bill, which has originated in LC & sent to LA, is rejected  Constitution states that ‘no money shall be withdrawn
by latter, bill ends & becomes dead. from CFI except under appropriation made by law‟.
98. Center State Relations during national o It becomes Appropriation Act after it is assented to by
Emergency President. It authorises (or legalises) payments from CFI. govt.
cannot withdraw money from CFI till enactment of
 During national emergency-Parliament becomes empowered to
appropriation bill. This usually goes on till end of April. But
make laws on subject mentioned in State List. Although
govt. needs money to carry on its normal activities after 31
legislative power of state legislature is not suspended, it
March. To overcome this, Constitution has authorised LS to
becomes subject to overriding power of Parliament.
make any grant in advance in respect to estimated expenditure
 While proclamation of national emergency is in operation, for a part of financial yr, pending completion of voting of
President can issue ordinances on state subjects, if Parliament demands for grants & enactment of appropriation bill- known
is not in session. as ‘vote on account’. It is passed (or granted) after general
99. Appointment of PM discussion on budget is over. It is generally granted for 2
th
 Constitution does not contain any procedure for selection months for an amount equivalent to 1/6 of total estimation.
appointment of PM .
 Art. 75 says that PM shall be appointed by president.
o President usually appoints leader of largest party or coalition
in LS as PM & asks him to seek a vote of confidence in
House within a month.
 When PM in office dies suddenly & there is no obvious
successor, then President use his descretion
 In 1980, Delhi HC held that Constitution does not require
that a person must prove his majority in LS before he is
appointed as PM. President may 1st appoint him PM & ask
him to prove his majority in LS within a reasonable period.
 In 1997, SC held that a person who is not a member of either
House of Parliament can be appointed as PM for 6 months,

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