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PDF Modulo Ingenieria de Presas - Compress
PDF Modulo Ingenieria de Presas - Compress
PDF Modulo Ingenieria de Presas - Compress
4
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
LI@RJ@EBI
4.8 E@R^IBZLLEI@ 4
:.4.< \upjrdagdlj`dg
\upjrdagdlj`dgej`ti
ej`ti >>
:.4.2 Nirbi Aenrj ><
3.8 XD@RDAAD BJ LEGJ@RDLEÜ@ >3
;.8 E@\R^ZGJ@RDLEI
E@\R^ZGJ@RDLEIN@
N@ J@ X^J\D BJ REJ^^D >;
=.8 CDAAD\ BJ X^J\D\ >5
5.8 X^J\D\ J@ JA XJ^Z U \Z X^INAJGÄRELD >5
5.4 X^J\D RE@DOI@J\
5.4.4 Ldrdltjrçstelds
Ldrdltjrçstelds Xre`lepda
Xre`lepdajs
js bj ad Xrjsd y Bequjs
5.4.> Xre`lepdajs Ldrdltjrçst
Ldrdltjrçstelds
elds bja ^jsjrvirei. <4
5.4.< Ligpirtdgej`ti bj ad Xrjsd <4
5.4.2 Gjbebds dbiptdbds <>
>
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
44.4 KJ@J^DAEBDBJ\
44.> JRDXD BJ EBJ@RECEL
EBJ@RECELDLEÜ@
DLEÜ@ BJ Z@ X^IUJLRI 2>
44.< D\XJLRI\ TZJ BJNJ@ LI@\EBJ^D^\J J@ AD CD\J
BJ J\RZBEI U BE\JÔI. 2>
44.2 \ZXJ^SE\EI@ BZ^D@RJ AD LI@\R^ZLLEÜ@ 2<
44.: D\XJLRI\ GD\ EGXI^RD@RJ
EGXI^RD@RJ\
\ TZJ E@SIAZL^D@ AD
LI@\R^ZLLEÜ@ BJ X^J\D\ U JGNDA\J\. 22
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CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
IN^D\ BJ DAGDLJ@DGEJ@RI
DAGDLJ@DGEJ@RI
4.8 E@R^IBZLLEI@.
E@R^IBZLLEI@.
Js li`ilebi quj ais rçis bj ad listd pjrud`d sucrj` lrjlebds bjstrultirds bjspuås bj
aauveds cujrtjs j` ais gjsjs bj vjrd`i, sej`bi j` jstis gjsjs sus ldubdajs supjreirjs d
ais bj ais pjrçibis bj sjquçd, pir ai quj pdrd rjkuadr jstds vdredlei`js js li`vj`ej`tj
li`struer dagdlj`dgej`tis.
Ad prjsd js u`d bj ads inrds mebräuaelds gäs egpirtd`tjs bj`tri bj u` Xriyjlti
Mebräuaeli, bj Errekdleü` i Mebrij`jrkåteli.
Ads prjsds y ais jgndasjs i rjsjrvireis quj ireke`d` sj usd` pdrd rjkuadr ads dvj`ebds
li` ce`js bj dprivjlmdgej`ti, ligi dndstjlegej`ti bj dkud d pinadlei`js, rejki bj
tjrrj`is, kj`jrdleü` bj j`jrkçd jaåltreld, pripüsetis rjlrjdlei`dajs, y bj bjcj`sd li`trd
e`u`bdlei`js i jrisei`js pir cauois jxtrdirbe`dreis j` ais rçis. Jstis jgndasjs pujbj`
sjr bj bis tepis? pdrd u` siai ce` i pdrd sjrvelei gÿatepaj.
2
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
\j prjsj`td ja
ja sekuej`tj jsquj
jsqujgd
gd j` ja quj ddpdrjlj`?
pdrjlj`?
4. LZJ@LD MEB^IK^ÄCE
MEB^IK^ÄCELD LD bj u` rçi i zi`d bj ldptdleü`, bjce`ebd d pdrter
bja aukdr bj dagdlj`dgej`ti.
:
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Ais dagdlj`dgej`tis
dagdlj`dgej`tis pujbj` sj
sjrr krd`bjs y pjqujô
pjqujôis
is , pubej`bi ladseceldrsj j`
j` ?
• Guated`udajs , dluguad viaÿgj`js pdrd lunrer ad bjgd`bd bj vdreis dôis.
• D`udajs, dndstjlegej`ti da priyjlti j` u` dôi.
• ^jsjrvireis Xjqujôis ( Xi`bdojs ) , j` mebrijaåltrelds, li` rjkuadleü` mirdred
bj ldubdajs.
• ^jsjrvireis j` Xriyjltis bj Errekdleü` , ais dagdlj`dgej`tis sj li`struyj`
pdrd kdrd`tezdr
kdrd`tezdr ja dkud `jlj
`jljsdred
sdred j` ad ldg
ldgpdôd
pdôd d`uda bj
bjaa priyjlti.
• Dagdlj`dgej`
Dagdlj`dgej`ti ti Jajvdbi, j` ja dndstjlegej`ti bj dkud bigåsteld j e`bustreda. .
• Jgndasj bj Ldnjljrd j` u` Xriyjlti Mebrijaåltr
Mebrijaåltreli
eli , pdrd rjkuadr ais ldubdajs
bj ad lj`trda.
3
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
;
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
=
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Inrd bj Bjsvçi
5
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
E@SJ\REKDLEI@
E@SJ\REKDLEI@ J\RZBEI
CDLRENEAEBDB BJCE@ERESI
- Kjiaikçd
Niqueaad 4?48888 - 4?:888 4?>888 - 4?:88
Sdsi 4?48888 4?:888
- Xrispjlleü` Kjibe`ägeld,, Kjigirciaikçd, Jstdtekrdcçd
Kjibe`ägeld
- \i`bdojs Gç`egi < Ais li`vj`ej`tjs
48
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Ad aildaezdleü`
aildae zdleü` bj u` vdsi bjpj`bj bj ?
44
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<3:
(Ic
∞ Bj)t
S7
8
4>
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Ad ld`tebdb bj süaebis vdrçd sjkÿ` ads jstdlei`js, sej`bi gulmi gdyir j` ad åpild
bj aauveds
aauveds . Dkuds drrend bj u`d prjsd sejgprj mdy sjbegj`tdleü` y dkuds dndoi
sejgprj jxestj jriseü`.
4<
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<.< Ja J
Jstubei
stubei bj ad Niqueaad
Niqueaad
➮ Jxdgj` kj`jrda bj ais pisenajs jojs bj ad prjsd, li`sebjrd`bi j` ja d`äaeses ais
dspjltis kjiaükelis, tipikräcelis,ld`tjrds
tipikräcelis,ld`tjrds ljrld`ds y cdleaebdbjs pdrd ad
li`strulleü` bj ad prjsd.
➮ Ais ajvd`tdgej`tis tipikräcelis bjnj` lunrer mdstd u`d litd :8 g supjreir da
`evja bj liri`dgej`ti bj ad prjsd y ads pisenajs ärjds bj rjaaj`i bj ad prjsd.
➮ Ais jstubeis kjiaükelis bjnj` ligprj`bjr tibi ja ärjd bj ad prjsd, bj ld`tjrds, ais
jstrenis y ci`bi bj ad prjsd. Ais jstubeis kjitål`elis jstubedrä` ads cirgdlei`js
rilisds, cdaads kjiaükelds y nuzdgej`tis.
42
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
•
Ais vjrtjbjris
gäs i daevedbjris
nrjvj ads bjsldrkds bj bjgdsçds
bj dvj`ebds y jvetdrtej`j`
quj adpir inojti
prjsd jaege`dr j` ja tejgpi
sjd bdôdbd.
• Ad litd bja daevedbjri sj ceod ligi ja `evja `irgda bj dagdlj`dgej`ti, ligi ja
viaugj` gäxegi jgndasdnaj
jgndasdnaj..
• \u ldpdlebdb bjpj`bj bj ad gäxegd dvj`ebd prjvestd li` u` tejgpi bj rjtir`i
bjtjrge`dbi.
• J` daku`is ldsis
ldsis ads ligpujrtds bj ais ddaevedbjris
aevedbjris sj ipjrd` li`ou`tdgj`tj
li`ou`tdgj`tj li`
ais li`bultis bj ci`bi pdrd li`triadr ad jxtrdlleü` bj dkud li` bevjrsis
pripüsetis.
• Ais pre`lepdajs tepis bj vjrtjbjris
vjrtjbjris ? bj lrjstd aenrj, bj ld`da adtjrda, bj pizi.
• Xdrd ja besjôi bj ais daevedbjris, sj jcjltÿd` jstubeis mebriaükelis pdrd bjtjrge`dr
ad gäxegd bjsldrkd y ceodr ad ldpdlebdb bj jvdludleü` bja vjrtjbir.
• D`äaeses jstrulturda bja vjrtjbir, pdrd dsjkurdr su jstdneaebdb.
4:
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
• J` ad gdyirçd bj ads prjsds sj uneld` bj`tri bja lujrpi bj ads prjsds, y j` itrds j`
ja gesgi vdsi.
43
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
4;
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<.2 Ja Jstube
Jstubei
i bj ads Ld`tjrds bj Gdtjredajs
• E`vjstekdleü` bj ldgpi y adnirdtirei bj ais gdtjredajs pisenajs d jgpajdrsj bj
dlujrbi da tepi bj prjsd.
• J` ja ldsi bj prjsds bj tejrrd y j`rildgej`ti sj e`vjstekd` ld`tjrds bj gdtjredajs
drleaaisis pdrd ja `ÿlaji bj ad prjsd y gdtjredajs pjrgjdnajs ligi drj`ds y krdvds
pdrd jsldrpds
jsldrpds bj ad prjsd. Ais viaÿgj`js bj gd
gdtjredajs
tjredajs pir e`vjstekdr bjnj` sjr pir
ai gj`is ja binaj bja viaugj` rjqujrebi bj tibd ladsj bj gdtjreda.
• Ads ld`tjrds bj gdtjredajs bjnj` uneldrsj prüxegds d ad prjsd.
• Ais jstubeis bj gjlä`eld bj sujais si` ais gesgis letdbis pdrd ad niqueaad. J` ja
ldsi bj rilds sj jojlutdrä` prujnds bj gjlä`eld bj rilds y bj ligprjseü`, dsç
ge`jrdaükelis y bj burjzd bj ad rild.
ligi jxägj`js ge`jrdaükelis
2.8 LAD\ECELDL
LAD\ECELDLEI@
EI@ BJ X^J\D\
Krdvjbdb
Js listugnrj dpaeldr ja tårge`i "Xrjsd bj krdvjbdb" d tibd prjsd gdlezd bj
gdgpistjrçd i li`lrjti quj bjnebi d su pjsi pripei (w) y d ad cujrzd bj crelleü`
j`trj ad prjsd y ad ndsj (C), rjsestj` ja sestjgd bj cujrzds quj aj si` egpujstds
ligi ja Jgpuoj (JM) y ad \unprjseü` (\ X).
4=
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Li`trdcujrtj
Ja lretjrei bj besjôi bj jstj tepi bj prjsd js ja bj rjbuler ad ld`tebdb bj li`lrjti,
besge`uyj`bi ad sjlleü` bj ads prjsds bj li`lrjti bj krdvjbdb, bjod`bi j`trj sus
jajgj`tis bj ou`tds, jspdleis quj da gesgi tejgpi quj besge`uyj`bi ads
suprjsei`js tdgneå` besge`uyj` ad ld`tebdb bj li`lrjti6 pjri pdrd li`trdrrjstrdr ad
pårbebd bj pjsi bja li`lrjti jaege`dbi sj rjjgpadzd pir ja pjsi bja dkud ([d)
intj`ebi pir ad e`lae`dleü` bja tdaub dkuds drred bj ad prjsd .
Jstdsbj
pdsd prjsds
ais 58sjgjtris.
ais li`struyj` pir ai kj`jrda j` ndsjs rilisds y su daturd gäxegd `i
Drli
\i` jstrulturds lurvds, li` li`vjxebdb mdled dkuds drrend, ad luda dbquejrj ad
gdyir pdrtj bj su jstdneaebdb da trd`sgeter ad prjseü` mebräuaeld y ads dkuds
dbelei`dajs, pir dlleü` bj drli, d ads supjrcelejs bj ad legj`tdleü`.
legj`tdleü`. (Cek. @¸ 2 y :).
Bj dlujrbi d ad rjadleü` bj d`lmi bj ad ndsj N, d ad daturd M, sj tej`j?
Xrjsds bj drli N/M 1 8.>: - 8.<8
Xrjsds bj sjge-drli N/M 7 8.< - 8.3
Xrjsds bj krdvjbdb N/M 0 8.3
45
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Xrjsd bj Rejrrd
Js u`d bj ads inrds gäs d`tekuds quj sj mdyd rjdaezdbi j` `ujstri pad`jtd. \j
li`struçd yd mdlj gulmis sekais j` Miad`bd, Jkepti, E`bed, Lme`d, Xjrÿ, Gåxeli, bj
gdtjredajs limjsevis y daturds `i gdyirjs bj 48 g. li` ce`js bj errekdleü` y li`tria
bj dvj`ebds.
J` ais sekais ]SEE y ]SEEE sj li`struyjri` prjsds bj mdstd >8 g. bj daturd y ldse
tibds si` migikå`jds, pjrcjllei`ä`bisj su li`strulleü` li` zi`ds egpjrgjdnajs y
bj brj`doj. Ja brj`doj tej`j pir ce`daebdb
c e`daebdb li`buler ads aç`jds bj lirrej`tj j` ja lujrpi
bj ad prjsd ndod`bi ad lurvd bj bjprjseü` bd`bi gdyir jstdneaebdb da tdaub dkuds
dndoi. Da jvetdr ad sdturdleü` bja presgd e`cjreir bj dpiyi.
Xistjreirgj`tj ja brj`doj j` ads prjsds bj tejrrd sj uteaezd` `i siai pdrd bjpreger ad
lurvd bj bjprjseü` y li`bulleü` bj ads aç`jds bj lirrej`tj se`i tdgneå` pdrd
dsjkurdr ais priljsis bj li`siaebdleü` bja sujai j` ja lujrpi y ad ndsj bj ad prjsd.
>8
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Xrjsd bj J`rildbi
Li`ou`tdgj`tj li` ads prjsds bj tejrrd sj md` li`struebi itris tepis bj prjsd, ad bj
j`rildbi y pejbrd. J` Jkepti sj li`sjrvd rjstis bj u`d prjsd bj gdtjredajs bj ld`tis
ribdbis quj cuj li`struebd mdlj <888 dôis. Egpjrgjdneaezdleü``bja lujrpi bj ad
prjsd pujbj
pujbj sjr dagd `ÿlaji
`ÿlaji,, dagd e`lae`dbd i bedcrdkgd.
Ad nÿsqujbd bj u` gdtjreda egpjrgjdnaj j` ads prjsds bj j`rildbi md` aajvdbi d
uteaezdr ad cenrd se`tåteld i muaj.
Xrjsd bj J`rildbi-Rejrrd
Ad prjsd LMELID\J@ (Gåxeli) js ad 3td. prjsd gäs datd bja gu`bi y ads datd bj
Dgåreld Adte`d.
>4
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
>>
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
><
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
➮ Siaugj` rjqujrebi pdrd dtj`bjr ads `jljsebdbjs bja priyjlti , Siaugj` Ztea.
➮ Siaugj` rjqujrebi pdrd ad bjpiseleü` bj ais sjbegj`tis , Siaugj` Gujrti.
➮ Siaugj` rjqujrebi pdrd rjbuler ja jcjlti bj ads lrjlebds, Siaugj` bj
\upjrdagdlj`dgej`ti
\upjrdagdlj`dgej`ti .
Js ad daturd gç`egd bj ad prjsd. \j intej`j li` ja Siaugj` titda quj bdrä` ais
pdrägjtris gj`lei`dbis
gj`lei`dbis d`tjreirgj
d`tjreirgj`tj.
`tj.
DARZ^D MEB^DZAELD
Ad daturd mebräuaeld i daturd mdstd ad luda sj jajvd ja dkud bjnebi d ad prjsj`led bj
>2
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Bi`bj?
Bi`bj?
m< 7 daturd lirrjspi`bej`tj da supjrdagdlj`dgej`ti.
m2 7 daturd lirrjspi`bej`tj da nirbj aenrj.
ae nrj.
Js ad ldpdlebdb `jljsdred
`jljsdred pdrd rjtj`jr ais sjbegj`tis quj aajkuj`
aajkuj` da vdsi bj ad prjsd
burd`tj ad "vebd ÿtea" bj ad gesgd.
S_ 7 d . S
\ej`bi?
S 7 Siaugj` titda bj dkud quj j`trd da vdsi, burd`tj ad "vebd ÿtea" bj ad prjsd, j`
geaai`js bj g<.
ads quj sj bjnj` ipjrdr li` crjluj`led pdrd jvetdr ad li`siaebdleü` bj dziavjs.
>:
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
m 2 7 m g + m s + m l + m sj
Daturd pir gdrjds bjnebi da vej`ti ( mg )
>3
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
>;
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Daturd bj Iads ( m s)
d) \e ad supjrcelej js vjrtelda i prälteldgj`tj vjrtelda .
• \e C ≢ 4= fg ↞ M² (g )
m l 7 f M>
bi`bj ?
f 7 lijcelej`tj bj ligprjseneaebdb (Rdnad)
M 7 daturd bj ad prjsd.
Ladseceldleü` Sdair F
Gdtjreda bj ad Xrjsd \ZL\ (lg “ 4)
Drleaads y aegis bj datd ligprjseneaebdb. LM y GM 8.28 x 48 -2
Drleaads y aegis bj ndod ligprjseneaebdb. LA y Ga 8.>: x 48-2
Drj`ds li` aegis y drleaad. \L 8.>8 x 48-2
Drj`ds aegisds y drj`ds li` pilis ce`is. \X y \[ 8.48 x 48 -2
Gjzlad bj Krdvd li` drj`ds . KL,KG y KX 8.8= x 48-2
>=
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
>5
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
4. XEJ_IGJR^I\? Xdrd gjber y li`triadr ad prjseü` bja dkud j` piris y ad \un
prjseü` j` ad cu`bdleü`, sj e`stdad` j` pjrceajs lrçtelis (d ad getdb y d ais
adbis).
<8
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<4
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Js td` e`tjrjsd`tj tj`jr daku`d ebjd bja `ÿgjri bj prjsds quj sj md` li`struebi j` ja
gu`bi, ligi ads ldusds bj cdaad bj daku`ds bj jaads.
Ad Ligeseü` E`tjr`dlei`da bj Krd`bjs Xrjsds punaelü j` 45< su "Ajki`s Rerçjs bjs
Dllebj`ts bj Ndrrdkjs", j` bi`bj dpdrjlj ad rjadleü` bj cdaads j` krd`bjs prjsds bjsbj
4=<8, li`sebjrd`bi
li`sebjrd`bi "prjsd krd`bj" d dqujaad luyd lirte`d tej`j u`d daturd gdyir bj 4:
g.
Mdstd 453:, cjlmd ÿategd bj rjkestri, sj mdnçd` prjsj`tdbi 233 dllebj`tjs y cdaads, y
>=5 prjsds mdnçd` sucrebi cdaads pdrledajs i titdajs j` ad lirte`d i j` ads inrds
duxeaedrjs.
J` ad rjadleü` quj sekuj dpdrjlj ad aestd bj ads ldusds quj privildri` ad cdaad y su
pirlj`tdoj, li`sebjrd`bi
li`sebjrd`bi >=5 7 488
LDZ\D %
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
@itd?
J 7 J`rildbi L 7 Li`struebd
K 7 Krdvjbdb \/L 7 \e` Li`struer R 7 Rejrrd
<<
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Rej`j u`d ldpdlebdb bj jgndasj bj <88 geaai`js bj g <. Jstä li`cirgdbd pir u`
bequj pre`lepda bj 28 g. bj daturd y trjs bequjs sjlu`bdreis bj >8 g. bj daturd,
tibis jaais li`struebis pir rjaaj`is zi`eceldbis bj tejrrd y `ÿlaji egpjrgjdnaj bj
drleaad, jspdabi`js bj krdvd y drj`d y li` ja tdaub dkuds drrend i rep rdp bj
j`rildbi.
5.4.4 Ldrdltjrçsteld
Ldrdltjrçsteldss bj ad Xrjsd Xre`lepda y Bequjs \jl
\jlu`bdreis
u`bdreis
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
• @ÿlaji lj`trda
lj`trda (vjrtelda) bj gdtjreda drleaaisi.
drleaaisi.
• Lujrpis bj li`tj`leü` bj ad prjsd dkuds drrend y dkuds dndoi bja `ÿlaji bj
gdtjredajs krdvisis (drj`isis y/i aegisis)
• _d`od bj legj`tdleü` j` ad cu`bdleü` bj ad prjsd (bja `ÿlaji bj drleaad).
• Ldpd bj brj`doj j` ad pdrtj bj dkuds dndoi bja `ÿlaji bj drleaad, j` ad
legj`tdleü`.
• Xritjlleü` bj tdaubjs bj ad prjsd li` gdtjredajs bj j`rildbi.
5.4.> Xre`lepdajs Ldrdltjrçstelds bja ^jsjrvirei
Ads pre`lepdajs
pre`lepdajs ldrdltj
ldrdltjrçstelds
rçstelds bja ^jsjrvirei ssi`
i` ?
5.4.< LIGXI^RDGEJ@RI BJ AD X
X^J\D
^J\D
XJ^ÇIBI 4535 “ 45=<
45=<
▯ Cesurds Ai`ketube`dajs
▯ ^jsd`j j egpregdleü` dscäateld bj ; g bj d`lmi j` ad liri`d.
▯ ^jstetuleü` bj ad liri`d , litd >43 gs`g.
<:
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
DÔI 45=<
▯ Li`trdlleü` y jxpd
jxpd`seü`
`seü` bj gdtjredajs drleaaisi
drleaaisis.
s.
▯ Jxpjrtis E`tjr`dlei`
E`tjr`dlei`dajs
dajs
DÔI 45==
▯ Li`suatird Faim` Lreppj` å J`jrkipriojft
▯ Lie`lebj` j` ja rejski
r ejski li`std`tj.
5.4.3 LDZ\D\ BJ D
D\J@RDGEJ@RI
\J@RDGEJ@RI
5.4.; DGXAERZB BJ C
CE\Z^D\
E\Z^D\
5.4.= ^JLIGJ@BDLEI@J\
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Jstä uneldbd j` ja Sdaaj e`u`bdnaj bja rçi Lmerd dkuds drrend bj \uaad`d y j` ad
aildaebdb bj Xeurd.
Js u`d prjsd bj tjrrdpaå`, rjaaj`i bj tejrrd zi`eceldbi krdvd pili aegisd,
pritjlleü` li`trd jriseü` bj tdaubjs li` j`rildgej`ti bj krd`is bj becjrj`tjs
tdgdôis.
Ad daturd gjbed js bj 2: g. \u pdrtj lj`trda li`tej`j u` `ÿlaji, u`d pd`tdaad bj
drleaad bj 2g. bj d`lmi, y itrd bj krdvd bj trd`scirgdleü` drleaaisd bj 2g. Ad
<;
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<=
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
<5
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Ads prjsds ndods, ligi su li`strulleü` si` gäs crjluj`tjs, rjquejrj bj besjôis
tepis, pir supujsti se` iavebdrsj bj ais prikrdgds bj e`vjstekdlei`js bj ldgpi
bjslretis.
48.4.> Rdaubjs
28
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
intj`kd u`d pj`bej`tj sjkurd bj ceatrdleü` d trdvås bja tjrrdpaå`, pdrd pibjr ndodr ad
ldrkd mebräuaeld lud`bi jaja vdsi sj jj`luj`trd
`luj`trd aaj`i.
Xdrd su bjtjrge`dleü` sj md uteaezdbi cürguads jgpçrelds y ads pripirlei`dbds pir
ais rjkadgj`tis Jspdôia y Odpi`ås ads ludajs sj md` dgpaedbi d ads zi`ds sçsgelds,
da ekuda quj ads jgpçrelds?
L 7 γ ( M ) ·
L 7 γ ² ( m ) ·
▯ Xdrd cu`bdleü`
cu`bdleü` rilisd j` rjkei`js sçs
sçsgelds?
gelds?
γ 7 8.= gç`. γ 7 4.4 gäx.
▯ Xdrd cu`bdleü` `i rilisd j` rjkei`js sçsgelds?
γ 7 8.: (8.= + 4.4 )
▯ Lud`bi sj usd ad sjku`bd cürguad ?
γ ² 7 4.4
➮ ^jkadgj`ti Etdaed`i ? L 7 8.>: M
➮ Nurjdu Ic ^jladgdtei` ? L 7 8.>8 M + <.88 , se : 1 M 1 4: g
J` lejrtis lübekis bj prjsds sj md ceodbi ligi d`lmis gç`egis j` ad liri`d, ais
sekuej`tjs?
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
7 tk + L
Bi`bj?
Ribis ais gåtibis bj läaluai li`aajvd d li`lj`trdr u`d supjrcelej pdrd ja luda ja
lijcelej`tj bj sjkurebdb sjd ja gç`egi, sej`bi ai gäs crjluj`tj uteaezdr ad cürguad?
G (Cujrzds rjsestj`tjs)
C.\. 7 ------------------------------
G (Cujrzds bjsaezd`tjs)
c(,L) c(,L)
C.\. 7 --------- 7 --------------------- . . ….(4)
c() c(x, y, xy)
2<
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
D pjsdr bj dqujaai sjd usd pir ai prälteli y sj`leaai quj js ja gåtibi, pdrd prjsds
pjqujôds y gjbed`ds y j` daku`is ldsis pdrd prjsds datds j` u`d jtdpd bj
cdlteneaebdb.
tk
C.\. 7 -------- ……(>)
tk r
8.:
x + y x ∞ y >
>
x 4 ∞ 8 8 x
J
y
7 (4 + )(4 ∞ > ) 4∞ 8 y
xy 8 4 ∞ > xy
8
>
Ja itri cdltir egpirtd`tj pdrd jstj tepi bj d`äaeses bj jstdneaebdb titda bj ad prjsd pir
zi`ds js ja ä`kuai bj crelleü`
cre lleü` e`tjr`d .
22
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Ais trdndois rjdaezdbis li` dpdrdtis tredxedajs bj krd` tdgdôi 4>‗-42‗ md`
bjtjrge`dbi quj ja vdair bja ä`kuai sj jxprjsd dsç?
Bi`bj?
Jstd jludleü` js kj`åreld pdrd j`rildbis bj prjsds bj ludaquejr daturd (M). Ais
jxpjregj`tis gujstrd` quj pdrd prjsds pjqujôds bj daturd gj`ir quj 48 g. bi`bj
ja vdair vdrçd bj >-< fk/lg> ja vdair bj bjpj`bj ÿ`eldgj`tj bj ad kjigjtrçd bj
ais ligpi`j`tjs bja rjaaj`i, js bjler, bj su cirgd, krd`uaigjtrçd, bj`sebdb rjadtevd,
gäs `i bjpj`bj bj su beägjtri `e bja jscujrzi bj ligprjseü` dxeda bja gdtjreda.
Dquç js li`ilebi quj d gdyir bj`sebdb rjadtevd, gdyir ä`kuai , pjri da d`daezdr su
cirgd j` gdtjredajs migikå`jis `74, ais gdtjredajs d`kuadrjs pisjj` gdyir ä`kuai
quj ais ld`tis ribdbis pir ai quj ais gdtjredajs d`kuadrjs sj usd` kj`jrdagj`tj
j` ais rep-rdp bj ad prjsd.
44.4 KJ@J^DAEBDBJ\
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
Bjnj prjpdrdsj
prjpdrdsj u` e`cirgj bj jv
jvdaudleü`
daudleü` bilugj`tdbi bbjtdaad`bi
jtdaad`bi ais prinajgds
dgnej`tdajs, y ads siaulei`
siaulei`js
js pjrte`j
pjrte`j`tjs,
`tjs, dsç ligi ais drrjkais E`stetulei`dajs
`jljsdreds.
iplei`js bj
eü`kjrj`led
likj`jrdleü`
likj`jrdl y suge`estri,
bj j`jrkçd datjr`dtevis tdajs
. ligi li`sjrvdleü` bja dkud i ad
➮ ^jdaezdr u` d`äaeses dgnej`tda pdrd bjleber sinrj ad vedneaebdb bj u`
bjtjrge`dbi priyjlti, pir su tepi, tdgdôi, uneldleü` y ja ärjd bj e`cauj`led.
➮ Ad uneldleü`
uneldleü` bj ad prjsd js u` cdltir lreteli d tj`jr guy j` luj`td
luj`td pdrd
rjbuler ad e`u`bdleü` bj ads zi`ds `dturdajs, dsç ligi ge`egezdr ad
rjuneldleü` bj pinadbis.
➮ Bjnj prigivjrsj ad pritjlleü` i lrjdleü` bj ärjds cirjstdajs j` itrds zi`ds
`dturdajs.
D. Sj`tdods
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
N. Bjsvj`tdods
➮ pdsd
Ais jsi supjrvesdrads
e`cirgjs burd
burd`tj
`tj u`
bjnj` e`lauer ad li`strull
li`strulleü`.
rjpdsi bjeü`.
ais prinajgds y ais prikrjsis
dald`zdbis.
➮ Dbelei`dagj`tj, bjnj rjligj`bdrsj u`d jvdaudleü` dgnej`tda u`is bejz
dôis i gj`is, bjspuås bj li`struebi ja jgndasj.
2;
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
\e munejrd pjljs j` ads dkuds quj aaj`drä` ja jgndasj, su jxestj`led pujbj sjr
pujstd j` pjaekri li` ads inrds, dcjltd`bi dbjgäs su gekrdleü`, dÿ` pdrd jaais. Ad
lrjdleü` bj krd`ods peslçliads pujbj getekdr ja prinajgd.
44.:.: Xriaecjrdleü` b
bjj Xad`tds Dluätelds @ilevds
@ilevds
2=
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
44.:.= Jriseü`
➮ Ais ldgneis mebriaükelis quj ais jgndasjs ildsei`d` dkuds dndoi, pujbj`
pjroubeldr ais jlisestjgds quj bjpj`bj` bj lelais pjreübelis bj
e`u`bdlei`js.
➮ Z`d gd`jrd bj daevedr jstis prinajgds js rjkuad`bi pdrledagj`tj ais
25
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
• RJLMI@IX^
RJLMI@IX^IGJ]XI^R,
IGJ]XI^R, ‑Jstubei Bjce`etevi Ligpajoi
Mebrij`jrkåteli y bj Errekdleü` Iagis‗, Z^\\. 45=4.
:8
CEL\D “ Z@X^K
Z@X^K B e sjôi
sjôi bj Inr
Inr ds Me
M e br äuaeld
uae lds. ^dgis
s. B r .E `k¿ O iså D r nuaÿ ^dgi
:4