Unit 2: Power Suppuies eee — Power is the backbone £ any electronie syste and the power supply is what feeds the system. This chapter gis an inbeduchon to the flower Gupp Civcuits that we come across in cur laty life > Any electronic deurce congrsts of & power Supply unit cohich provicles the required “cimount of AC oF DC Power Supply to various sections Of that electronic device. Need for Power Supplies There ave many small seckons present in the Electronic devices” Buech as computer, television, CRO ete. but all f those seckons doesn't need 230v AC Supply cohich ube get from mains — Gnstecd one or more Sections may need o42V De @hile Bome others ma meed O Sov bc > Sn order 40 provicle “the enquired de voltages, the ney 230v_AC ly has to be Conwrted into pure oc fe the usage = The f Power Supply units serve the game purpose Parts of a Power Supply > The block clagram of a d-¢ power Supply is shown in $g- below: > S$ consists f step-down transformer, se ctifier, weservoty and ve Hage regulator as shown. 24Smo. Smocthed High raed a Mapes cee Be" Reqd A vig ac v J v J v7 Rectifrer| 4 Resevvo Voting [tray Req o Block diagram La Dc power Suppl cranstomer Rechfied Ej Lteved i hg oa SR cupat g Block clragram of a dC powey Supply showing Prinuiple Components , —> From the above block ditgrams, we can observe that transfinmer i& present atthe inital Stage > A transformer has c pyimeny coil te whith input ic ge and a Secondang coil se which the output i's Collected > Tn our power Supply Cireuits , we use the Step-down francbmen Lop Oppropriate tums ratio), as we need 40 lowey the AC power to DC >The output of thts step-down transformey will be less In power and this will be gun cs-the Input. to the next Becton, cellecl Rechfier 22Mol — Whenever there arises the need +0 conurt an_Ac to DC power, a wechfier civeuit comes forthe vesctee: > A simple Pas function dicde acts as a rectifier: The forwarcl biasme cand veverse biasmg conclitins Of the clicde makes -the rectification. >The ac output from the transformer secondary is then cectified sng gili¢on rectifier cliodes to Procluce an cinsmoothed output (pulsatng de)as Shown above in fig >The pulsedierde output comma from rechfier element Consists Of unwanted ac ©) nents >This ac component has to be completely removed in order to get pure _de- output > So, the op of rectifier (pulsering de) is then fed as ‘input fo meact sechon te, Reservoir /Smoothmg filter, cohich remeves the QC component present in The rectified output and allows the de Component to reach the load >The ment and the Cast_Stage in power Supply System is the Rege actos Part > As we aebserve that the op of Reserucir, (smocthong fitter is not pure dew ih order to gob punect form of de op, ox need te poss the pulsatnd’ de ofp from filter RE into the voltage regulator Stage. > A yoltaye regulater is Such a deuice that maintains constant “outpitt voltage, instead of cry ond of fluctuations in the Input voltage beng applied 23Met. Sumenerny he high voltage ac is fed to Gkpdewn trarsfermer, which intutin gives low Voltage ac- Z >The low voltage ac Cofp frum bensfermey) 1s fed as input to ment Stage ie: Rectifier crrceart This will ve the pulscrhng de cuctput: which consists. both ‘ac_and de Components - > then the ojp of rectifier ts fad as input 4 newt Stage hey Reservoir /smoothng filter Ceapacitor) .- >The Capaciter helps fo smooth Out the voltage Pulses Procuced by the cechifien- +t Coften based on Zener —> Foally a stabiligmg chreei dliocle) ides a. Bases output voltage. Rectifiers = Reclificedion ts the process of convrimg ac supply into pure de Suppl Te. perform this, we need a rectifier circuit > A diocle is used as reckifyng clement to construct the rectifier_civeuit > Gepending onthe ofp and ne diodes usage, the rectifier cinuits are Classifrd inte theo main pes > Haig wae Re > Half wave rechfier cht recifies nyo haf cyl Of the input Supply eohereas Full wave rectifier cht rectifieS both the half Cycles Of input suppl and Full eoave Rectifier 24Half hlave Rectifier (HWIR) >The mame half- eave rechfier itself States that the rectification’ is dene onl eset ie positive OB neq octive sr Of the input supply cycle Set a i Seas fee Derg te bl ee primary cit ms = Nae Secendany coi bavas TNE nocmese Ze, meteor — Ar altematnes tnpuk votlage ts applied via a transfowmer be ta Binge diode connecked tn Series with o load resister RL > During the positive hal, le Of the input, diocle becomes forward biased and on effectiely behave tke ao closed Sith. > Current sarts flowng inthe dtredton shown cibove ‘Cfror Cathode +0 ama) Uber cliode is finverd biased, the volta across this Ve and the output voHage is ae eSTaT Vr — Ideal condition. <— Practical Condition (st) Aime et Secondary =Met > During negative half cycle of input, cliocle becomes S negative _ reverse phased causing e dhe to act like an open Switch 2 show chove 7 No current flow in reverse biased diode amdition. > No=ov letdeat Condition Vo. Tad < Prackeal Condition: where Tr= gmall weverse coment duety mtreri ge comes. f ? & RL =v high resictance > From the lip ¥ op waveforms , we obsone that diode Di conducts Con) for ~~ Positive half cyele of ip and doesn't Conducts Cofe) for every negative half eycle of Inpeks the cutpit will be pulsating which is taken Geross the load resistor CRL)- . Fat ewe Rectifier (FUR) > Unfortunately, the half wave mectifier crreuit is relatively inefficient as concuchen takes Place ~ on altefhate “half cycles > A better recifier Ovrongement exould make use of bots positie and megative half cycles: > The full-wave rechfier Circuits offer a considerabie improvement. over -thery half-ecave wrectffer Counterparts. There ove two basic firms F FAR ey OEE Cty Centre Tapped) Biphase Rectifier wi Bridge Reck fren© Contre Tapped | Bi-phase Rechfor ™ Duying —vé hal cle. = Paving ve ef eye 5 i | Tnpuk — oukpute voovefors >The civeuit 5 essentially conbnedton of two half wouNe civeuits > Fe cibove figs shows a Simple bi -phace|Contre tppect anctifier > Mains volt (24qov) Is appived to the primory of vch has bo identical secondary step-down transformer whi wwinclinys, each providing equal amount of vollape- = During positive half oy cycle ff input voltage, point ‘A’ will be poorivd with respect areas B ie -> Similarly point 'B' will be positive with respect ty — MO point 'c? > Gn this condlttron , drode. Dy Conducts (ON) eahile Do_will mot_condluct CoFe). > Dy ts -frward biased and load current (1) flows from the top_of the tra er_gecondlons through D1, cUnnugh Re from top to bottom, ard back tothe fansfermer Centre tap as shown in fig above. > Unthis, the current 1s due to diode ‘Da’, > Girwng ive haf cyele of the input ‘Vellage, point 0 wilt be Positive with respect to point A’ > So thts Cmdriton, diode Da elit beceme fimeard biased cincl conclucts CON) ewhile diode Dy will become reverse biased and mot _conclucts CofE). prased > Ie flows fiom the bottom terminal of the transformer sermaaniy: Honus Do, trou Re fem top to bettom, and back“ +o the tvansfermey centre bap. as shown in fig: > Inthis, the current 1s due fe diode! Do’ 7 From 4his we can observe that , Positive halt cycles A oor postive Ralf acyeeal uct gets rectified by Di and every mneqtve half egeles of put gees rectified by Da > The e6uit is thet current is routed! Heeugh the load in the Game Clirecron Cop te bettom) for Goth _haif cycles operation, thus we get Successive positive half Cgoles in the output as séen above > The load current foyp waveform is the gum of individual diode cements fievsing in comresponclng half cycles ao5 The cenbe-tagred transformer used in Bi-phase civcuit, ts usually more Compler ,excpensive and requires more Space thal additional drocles oe So, a bridge rectifier 16 the clyauit most frequently used Thre avoids the neecl to have boo seperate secondary windings n> The bridge vectifier Crveutt is essertrally & FOR frit, using 4diodes, forming the arms of an electrical bridge >To one _cliagonal ofthe bridge, the ac voltage is aj lied , age f= appli throw F adlafet sccondodh al The reckified! ct vetage ts Laken fror the other dliagonal of the bridge as Shown above &>The 4 diedes connected eoith therr Anowhead Symcls “Mt alll pointing toward the positive output terminal the citait. + # >The fullecove bridge rectf ent iS 1 he ge rectifier cavongement 15 a5 shown > Mains voltage is applied tothe prima a step-down beansformes reo Ot > The Secmdeny utnemg provides ms voltage as before > Boing posiine half cycle of pst voltage, pomt A coil! bil positive with respect * pome ‘et > Tn thie Condition, diodes 04 ond Da_comducts ond clioces Ds and Dy vot Conducts: > The load current Ch) flows fro positive input termincal(A) Urrough Ds to Re, and then through Ru and D2, back 40 Regative input_terminal(s) One DP ROR =) current flow > Note that,the direction of the load current through Re is from top 40 bottom: > aaa dhis time, positive termmal of inp ts applied + cathocle of P4 and negate terminal of input ts applied -to Anode of Da “Hence Py and Ds are reverse biased + a ea 7 Tn this, the cusrent > Bag negative half cycle of inpud. votige, point!" will be positive with respect t point_A’ > fo this condition, cliodes D3 and Dy Conducts (on) ‘and aliodes Da and D2 doesn't conducts (OFF). D1_and D2 Coesnt conan ic due-to diodes Dg ancl D2Met > The lead current Cr.) flows from positie Input termmal (B) ‘through Da to RL, and then through Re Grd Dy back 10 megatve input terminal (a) "~~ 03 RO =) Cement flow» A > Note that, the direction of the load current through Re ts agate fron top to batten. > During this time, Positive termmal of input ts applred to catidde of Do and negate termina! of input is applied to ancole of Da. Hence Da and D3 are severse biased: > Sn this, the curment ts due to cliodes Ds and Dy. > fis seen Pat luring bot elf cycles Of the inpuct the eutput_temmmal polar is always positive at the op of RL and megatv® at the bottom: > Both positiveand negative half-cycles Othe input ave passed to the output > The repatie half’ qycles ove inverted, sothect the output Fe a coninucus Sones of positive half ee of Sinusoidal voltages Capacitas Fitter Crreuit Th. power Supply block dragram clearly explams that a ears Pd ceded ofter the well er chreuit Gilt now we have. seen Bree different types OF oediffer ciranits- > The outputs of cl these aectifier circuits contams Some vipple(ac component): >This az component has to be completely removed order to get pure de output a> 80, we neecl a chreit that Bmoothens the sectifred oukput into a pure de signal > A filter ciraiit is one ewhich removes the ae Component present in the rectified cxetput and allows the dle Component to reach the. load >The following frure shows the finchonality ofa filter circuit ow ie “Ww r\ Filter [eh ; > Circuit fe} . Rackifed oF An ideal filter o/e Gi pilter crvcuit és constructed etsing too main Componente, induckerand capacitor > An Tnducter allows’ de and blocks ac Gln Capaciter allows ac and blocks de > Wle use capaciter filter because of it small Size ¢ fess power Consumption > Bs he charadorstes of cxpacitor St # allows ae Sat blocks de , 60 we have fo connect 7% alwoags in cuts, parallel with gesistive load, RL rm cectifien Half Wave Rectifier ewith Gapacitor Filter ° i Nin 7 T i = le. CTE ROVE paper’ er vl Lope | A. Ve=Ne lek with jo) ry cohen é| 1 é 30> The above fie’ shows a HOR circuit with a sin capacitor filter Co) and a load resister (RL) and che Input, output coaveforms > Bermg pesitre half cycle of input Signal (vin), the diede We becnes fonccrel bined anal tarts cnduchng - — Spthis condition, the Capacitor ts charged alinost to the mncotimum peak value of input “oltage Vm - Ves Vm < Ideal condition Ve = Vin-Ve < Practical Condition- where Ve is the drop Ff diode 0 Gouitt in potentsal) e the : ch ; 7 Once the Capacitor gets Dargis airy hold the value for longer time as its clischarging time ts greater wrt charging HME by tnocasng QE ‘me enstont- > Wben the instantaneous [eve of input vottage Cot rode anede) falls belo Vi, the diode becomes reverse— biased “because the capacitor voHage Ve (at diode cathode) semains close to \m: —> With the diode reverse ~brased , there ts No Capacitor ¢ to clischa chargmg cament, and Capacitor be tir te load wesistor(Rs). Bo Ve. fussing? ys @S Shon: in above WA! eee > The diode remams evorse -biased (as Ve decreases) ee fag fae te the Wegative half cycle , and the first part next posititd half cycle agar enti the instantaneous level of Vio, becomes gente than Ve once mow -mae Me beenees qeater-thon Ye ere Gee dliade gou info. fravard biased! cand alerts Teonduchng. capaci get hax back to Vm in ae tn the citer + ear Vm —o of ‘deal conden and Um-VE) fn Cose of pratt T conclition « > This. procest Gonttnuous how long Vin is present - ~The argng_ and Teclorg and dscharging of the Capacitor Cause the W if Itage , Shall jngrease and Secrease. nthe cape which i= also he circatt: output VOR G arallel connecton 28 shown in abore Arograms Pp Fa toe Recir city Capaitor Giter” obke half wae rectifors, EwWRis requires filter Circuit im ardor to convert the op eoareform rte Aivect © volta Eres we > The fouure shows Fur fier crreuit witha reservoir ieee Capacitor \ Neste Losiertny 7 This operates exactly as expleuned fer the half. coave reckon creuit a “wih ofp inforkant exceptronsThe only diffrence isthe, in HuoR only one half cycle (either He or —Ve) Of the input AC current coill Charge the capacitor But in full weve. rectifior, both positive_and negate hal? cycles of the tof Top AC mena oe > Diasng. positive half cycle of meat Cin, the drocle Da becomes forvard ard cea and Dr D2_ becomes weerse biased > Sn tis comdttion, Dysarts Conductsres and capacitor Gets _chenged swith mamimum peak. value of Vin #-25\n and holdsthe _chaged walue for longer time asit > When the Instantaneous acts ‘input ‘vol (at diode Di anode) falls below Os becomes severse biased because the erica woltage Ve Cal diode Dy Cattede) remains Close to Yin. > ht thie conditon, bot diodes Di and De will be % qeurrse_biased-and capacitey begins te Arscha thro load reststo¥ (RY). So Ve falls slowly as shown above > Gs half. cycle of mput voltage Cm), the clic role Ba becomes or biased, and Bs becomes meverse biased: brased- > Sp this Condition, Da Starts Condacing and capacitor again gets charged with marimar value of Vn. and holds i:cl — When the instantaneous lee of ane; i inj eoltage (ect altode Da anode) falls below Vm Da becomes reverse biased , because the aaa Govoes Capacitor Ve. Ve (at diode Dz cedhode) vemams Close to mantimum Vm he this Condition , aga bot Ps and 0;tutll be in ins 0 discharge reverse biased: and Capacitor Louk through lo load Tesistor (Ru) as Shown above Slory Note: Cpaciter charges oxhen any one diedle becomes and gar! Conductor == Frrward_biast. only cohen both drades Capaciter_oltscharges, only becomes reverse Biased dnd Stops conductng. tdge Rectifier volth Capacitos Fitter Bri wl B.< ee ee Vtg Mio ‘ Pty ae 4 = The aboe figure shows the brid ne roith & capacitor filter > Trpat_and oubpet voaveforms axe Same as FIR with‘ filter cycle of inp voltage \iny diodes Dy cd Baring posttne hal and Dz becomes tar biased ane! staves Conducting wshere as clredes D3 and Dy becomes reverse biased ancl doesn't conducts> So wis condition, Capaciter gets _chargeel {0 the raniman MCL ‘value of input voHage, Vin. — When the instantaneous Level of positive tmput votage Cat dliocles Dy and Or anode) falls below Vm, Dy and Da becomes reverse biased. > Ht this Conditions, alt the olicdes O1,P2,D3 and Dp will be in reverse biased and capacitor begins to discharge tts value Ve trough R G 7 a negative hal} ile of input voHage( vin) , the cliodes Da and! Dy becomes forward biased and Dy and Do aoe braseck. — 10tth this, Capaciter again peak value of input woHtage, Vm: = When the instantaneous Level of ne Cat dliccles Ds and Dg anode) Dy becomes reverse biasecl char to the ronimum ive input volta alls below Vm, Dascodt —> Gn this Condiiton, ayam all diodes will be in reverse biasecl and helps oacita to dlischarge its walue Ve Through Re: coma ener Giode MoLinge fequlators ee “Ganrent V2 = Zener Breakdown y 1 ‘4 * wi trodes Tomer imam Zener camer Wanimune Zener carmen Va = yevere bias v ee Tvs reverse coment Tenax] ———] “Vr chnactostns WG = frvvrrd les vig Jf = foswerd current ocle builtin vtg. 37Mee > The zener diode, ts used! In ike "reverse bias" oy reverse breakdown mode ise, diode's anode connects to negative Guppl = From the Vl chawactertstics eave above , we can Bee that the zener citode has a region in its reverse bias characteristics of almost a Gnstant: negative Volta ex ferdicss of the value OF the current flow thro gh the diode => Ghis vol remains almost constant even with large changes in Current providing the zener dicdes current wemains between the breakdown current Temi and its Teme Carent voting) 7s Obitiy of the Zenen clade ‘& onbro!_itseyp can be used 40 gaat effect to requlate or stabilise avelage source agamst Supply Soa aia —> The voltage cross the diode in breakdown regiem is almost int tums aut to be an imBortant_ Characteristic Of zener diede as it can be usecl the are epee applicedrons >The funchon of 2 voltage regulator is to provide a constcint output WoHlage tea {oad connected in paral ‘with dlicde in spite of the wipples inthe Supply voltoge or variations fn the load cerment 3sRegulated RL output Vo=V2 Zener Diode Voltage Regulater >The ciruit f Zener oegaleter is as ghuwn above: —> St ammsists of an unrequlatect input voltage vin) Connected to carrent limiting cesistor (Rs) , 0 Zener diode CDs) in parallel with load _nesistor (RL). —> $n order t work as a volta julater, the following conditions must be Satisfied 1) Zener clicde must be reverse biased. 2) Input voltage (Vind must be breakdowo voltage (V2) BDrAhe load cument (1) Should be Less-than Tecman). 7 water than zener > Since RL onel Dgleener diode) are i> parallel oHage acwes Qi = VoHage across Di ey [Vo eVz > Fro above equation we find that Vo remains constant exen if Vin happens to change due to the Pluchatins in andegulated vollge: ze> From above fgure it canbe seen that Is-T2+Te * [Ze= Ts-TU Regulotio with varying Vin Line Regutetson) > fy this Condition, load parameters cre made Constant mony line Pavameters are varied — with this Te_and RL will be made constant - | Tg = Iz + Teenstant| > When Vie inoreases, Is also increases. This will effect Tae and I_ ie es Ti_ts made constant, the overall effect will on Iz. herefore Tz_inoveases. > Ele long os the current Hhrvoug® zener cliode is between Tamm and Temen, the voltage acres it is constant. Bo Tz can inorease only upko Temert. vs oil be Controlled Cetseent: limiting aeSistor Re > Bimilarly , when Vin cleeweases , Is also decseasey. —> with this Ze also decreases vith Ty constant > Te can clecwease only tll Temn. — Hence Vol is made constant ,Liesignmg Curent Limiting Resistor (Rs) ne > Since the cerwent through zener diode varies with change Tm Input voltage to have proper Curent troup, . >This has to be taken between two extreme cases “thus, [Remin £Rs £ Remax > lalhen a locid CRL) ts connected ,the zeney current (Tz) will fall as cument ts diverted into-the load resistance. > Te_should not fall below minienam carment recting: of zener dice (Lemin) — Similarly, Iz_will_ rise incase of Increase inthe rp nage tr). Te should mot etceec| Temane Current cresting of zener dlrode > Sn order to clo 86, the resistor Rs ghould be selected proper >the vesisters Re and RL forms the potential divides metwork in the aboe wtqulater circuit > The. ratio of Rs “to Re ts Hus important > At the point at which the crreutt fat begins voy to regulate V2 = Vie Re FRE “thus the maximum valueof Rs can be calculated as asMee Ri+Rs = Vin Re Vz “Roa VinRL _ Q, — =Rivi re eae > The power lissipated In the zener diode, will be ae — Hence the minimum value of Re can be caleuted as Renin = Nin-V2 _ Min-V2 _(Vin-Ve) xve Te ei aaa 2 a Remin = NinVe Vz rohere Poman rsthe Raman — |mase- rated power ‘tssipated fir diede Numerical: 4) A Sv zener cliode has a mortimum atecl Power dissipation & SoomW. If ‘the cliode is to be used in a simple ter circuit to Supply a regulated. SV aving a resistance of 400-- Determine bo a load a guitable ‘value of Series vesister for opercten In Congunchoo sith a Supply. F WV: Sold: Given: Pemen= Soom, V2=SV, R= 400-4, \lin= ave man = Vin 4) = 400x/9 _ Gar Ot (UD geccad a) agemc Va-V2 _ (axs)-5? _ Pema Soon” 0S Hence a suitable value of Rs would be [550%] Coveraged value), 2) Ifa W zener diode ts to be used In a simple shunt regulator circuit to supply a load havmg a nomial aesistance f 300-2,determwne the mentimam value oF Senter resistor fer operedson in Conpunchvo with a Bupply of isv sol?: Given, V2=4V, RL= 300-2, Vin=45V Remon = RUC -1) e Ss 300( -t) Reman = 200 2 Output Resistance and Voltage Regulation. Due eae The output resistance of a power Supply ts clefined as change in output Voltage clivitled by the Corresponds Ree sees Rout = change % op Change top Curvent 43> Te voltage regulation Of & power supply te given by the relation ship: Regulation = Change in opp voltage toot é Change in fp voltage Numeriaal- Y The followng data was obtained dering o. test carried out o% Ade power supply + YD Load test Output voltage (mo load) =12V Output voltage (2A load cwment) = 11.5V. ) Requledren test Output vol Cmeins input, 220v) =12¥ Output vol Cameatns input, 200V) = 14-9V. GBetermine @) the equivalent oudput resistance of Power Supply and cb) the megulation oP the power Supply SolD: Rout = AM 19-445 aiimoaome ge & Regulater = oe oe AVin — jo-200 "20%" = [ose 44Voltage Giluttipliers +The voltage maltipli¢r Is an electronic eiruut that delivers the output voltage whose amplitude ts “two, Hives ov move Hine! .greciter than the amplitude % the input voltage > St converts the (ao Ac voltage into high De voltage — & rs madeup of diodes andl capacitors . > Voltage multpliors has differnt stages. Each Sage feqmate up of ene dliocle and one capacitor. = Although it te usual in electronic circuits to use oltage transformer to incatease a voltage = Sometimes a suitable Step-up transformer required fr high voltage appiicatvons may not always be ava ithe IP eo, Pds sige and power consumption will be more = One alternative approach is to use a diode voltage multiplier Circufé” which Increases or 'steps—up' the ‘Voltage without the we Of & transfermer- pes of Novtage Mulupliens D Voltage Doubler © Voltage Tripler: 4sMa Nottage Doubler C2 >The above circuit ghows a voltage doubler a Burg the positive half cycle of mp voltage Vin, diocle “Dj becomes forward biased and Stet condlucting = §naris Condition, capacitor ‘ch’ Starts changing uP. dong oTFage im! aoith montimum peak. value Of Secon > Because there is mo return path fax ccpaciter'ci'to discharge into, it aemams fully chev acing 08 Storage device with. the voltage Supply > Bharng the ego bull eye of put weHage, dete ‘Da becomes reverse biased! blackigy the clischargi of Ch while cliode ‘Dz becomes forward bused vt Starts condluctog-, chargtng up copactter ‘ca > Buk because there fsa voltage across capacitor'cy already exual to the peat input voltage Vag, Capacitor “Ca! Changes fo twice the peak voltage value of ped Siqmal- he cletailed working of voltage chubler *s ae Shawn below with verreaits and analysts 46cyeNee 4 “Ope Neq = Vm gt During det —Ve4 — Vm +Vie2 = 0 = Veg = Vm+Vea, = Vint im G=2Vm a agate ha half cycle. ee - 47> The abowe figures Shows the vollage trpplerand — MC auorkng of Hin three dliffennt Stages a Gung dot postne half cyole of mput voltage Vi, dicdle ‘By’ becomes forward biasecl andl heels Coclucing, charging up the capacitor'Cy! 08 shown above 2 Wen = veo] eS Bron dot negate half cyole of mput voltage Vin, diode "Di becomes reverse biased, while dlfede Da becomes forward biased cind starts erward lolased One & up ‘the Capacitor Ca os shown above conducting » Chargin —Ve4 - Vin +e = 0 2 Veg = VmtVeg = VinetVm =| 7 Baring nent C2nd) positive half cyste off inpuck voltege Vin, diode Da Conducts , shite cltodes Ds ind Ds becomes Yeverce biased. because of the Capacitor polarity (ve> Across thetr (D4 anel Ds) Anodes = nabs Condition, the forward biased diode Ds sfemts Changing Up the capacitor C3 ca shown above Neo a=W Hey +VE3 =O [ovm 2 MC3= Veg +Vm —Vea = 2m +Vim Vn “Wes =2Vm As there is no return path for any capacitors Ce ,C> ,C3) te discharge rye mena fal Shane ch a devices 7 Stom Wee Sromge eve ie| Noltage Tripler —s | Nea =Vm \eg=2Vr0 Fe vl Gy face cs Von Vou L\o. Da | co Veg=2Vm AA Nottage Doubler I n <-$->> From the above civeult, we can observe that ot Cy we get vm ct wept 2m [eg Ca] ak C3 we get 2vin, bo get thrice the Ppt vollage we havet add Vex cind Vea, as they are Connected fn . ‘Senter - Meg 4Veq = Vine 2Vm =[3Vm