Chemical

Coordination and L1
Integration
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
Seep Pahuja
❏ M.Sc. (Hons) - Gold Medalist, B.ed. , GATE Qualified

❏ 8+ yrs teaching experience

❏ M.Sc. ( Gold Medalist ), B.Ed., GATE
Qualified
❏ Mentored 1 lac+ NEET aspirants
❏ Produced multiple AIRs, GATE Qualified
❏ Unacademy Content Creator
❏ Panelist for Iconic Subscription
Join with us in Telegram
Telegram Channel
● t.me/unacademyneet_official
 Linktree

● https://linktr.ee/seep.pahuja

Watch All Recorded Sessions

Download PDFs
 Personal Guidance Study Planner
Get one on one guidance Customized study plan
from top exam experts with bi-weekly reviews

Live Classes Weekly Tests

ICONIC PLUS
Structured Unlimited
Courses Access
Test Analysis Study Material
Get one on one guidance Specialised Notes &
from top exam experts Practice Sets

Experts' Guidelines
Study booster workshops
by exam experts
SEEPLIVE DEMOLIVE
SEEPLIVE
DEMOLIVE
Applications of
Biotechnology
Applications of Biotechnology
Match the following enzymes with their functions:

A. Restriction endonuclease i. Joins the DNA fragments

B. Restriction exonuclease ii. Extends primers on genomic DNA

template

C. DNA ligase Iii. Cuts DNA at specific position

D. Taq polymerase iv. Removes nucleotides from the

ends of DNA

Select the correct option from the following: [NEET - 2019 (Odisha)]
A. A (ii), B(iv), C(i), D(iii)
B. A(iii), B(i), C(iv), D(ii)
C. A(iii), B(iv), C(i), D(ii)
D. A(iv), B(iii), C(i), D(ii)
An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from ends of DNA is

A. Protease
B. DNA ligase
C. Endonuclease
D. Exonuclease

[NEET - 2019 (Odisha)]

The DNA fragments separated on an agarose gel can be visualised after
staining with
A. Bromophenol blue
B. Acetocarmine
C. Aniline blue
D. Ethidium bromide

[NEET - 2017]
 Origin of CNS
➔ Biotechnology, essentially deals with industrial scale production of
biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified
◆ Microbes
◆ Fungi
◆ Plant
◆ Animals
Applications
Applications

Energy production Diagnostics

Bioremediation GM Crops

Therapeutics Processes food

Waste treatment
 Research areas of Biotechnology
➔ Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or
pure enzyme.
➔ Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act, and
➔ Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/ organic compound.
 Applications of Biotechnology
Agriculture
➔ Improved quality of life has led to explosive increase in population which ultimately
led to scarcity of food. It could be overcome by increasing food production.
➔ Methods to increase Food Production:

Agro-chemical based Agriculture

Organic Farming

Genetically engineered Crops

 Organic Farming
➔ It involves nature friendly techniques to increase crop production like use to
manure, Biopesticide, Biofertilizers and biocontrol measures instead of using
artificial fertilizers and pesticides.
 Agro-Chemical based Agriculture
➔ This involves the use of agrochemicals

Pesticides

Herbicides

Fungicides

Fertilizers

Insecticides
 Green Revolution
➔ The great increase in production of food grains (such as rice and wheat) due to the
introduction of high-yielding varieties, to the use of pesticides, and to better
management techniques.
➔ The green revolution succeeded in tripling the food but yet it was not enough to
feed the growing human population.
Father of Green Revolution

Norman Ernest Borlaug M. S . Swaminathan

 Limitations of Green Revolution
➔ Agrochemicals are often too expensive.
➔ Further increase in yield with existing varieties are not possible using conventional
breeding.
➔ Excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides may potentially cause various types of
Pollution
 Genetically Modified organism
➔ This involves production of crops using Modern Biotechnological methods which
involve production of Disease resistant and Crops with high nutritional
requirement.
➔ It is a way to minimise the use of fertilisers and chemicals so that their harmful
effects on environment are reduced.
 Genetically Modified organism
➔ Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation
are called genetically modified organism (GMO) or transgenic organisms.
➔ It involves manipulation of plant genotype in in order to allow directed changes.
➔ Two techniques are adopted

Gene Addition

Gene Subtraction
 Genetically Modified organism
➔ Transgenic plants have been useful in many ways

Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat)

Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest resist crops).

Helped to reduce post harvest losses

Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants

(this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil)

Enhanced nutritional value of food. E.g. golden rice

i.e. Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice
 Application in the field of Agriculture
Pest Resistant Plants
➔ Production of pest resistant plant will decrease the amount of pesticides used.
Bt Cotton
➔ Bt cotton is an insect-resistant transgenic crop designed to combat the bollworm.
 Application in the field of Agriculture
Bt Cotton
Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt for short)
➔ Bt is a bacteria which occasionally forms part of insect diet. In response, Bt has
developed defence mechanism against insects
➔ During sporulation, Thy start forming protein crystals
➔ These crystals contains insecticidal protein called as Endotoxin.
 Why this Toxin does not kill Bacillus??
➔ Bt toxin protein exist as inactive protoxins but once an insect ingest the inactive
toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut
which solubilise the crystals.
 Action of Bt Toxin
➔ Protoxin will be converted into activated toxin by alkaline pH of insect midgut.
➔ The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores
that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of the insect.
 Action of Bt Toxin
➔ The genes encoding Bt toxin are expressed in the plants to provide resistance
against pests (insects) without the need of insecticides.
➔ It becomes an example of Biopesticides.
➔ Examples are Bt cotton, corn, rice, tomato, potato and soyabean etc.
 Action of Bt Toxin
➔ Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated
into the several crop plants such as cotton.
➔ The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the targeted pest, as most Bt
toxins are insect-group specific.
➔ The toxin is coded by a gene crylAc earned cry.
➔ The gene is called as Cry because it codes for protoxin- Crystalline proteins.
 Action of Bt Toxin
➔ These cry genes are effective against insect orders:

Lepidopterans (tobacco budworm, armyworm)

Coleopterans (beetles) and

Dipterans (flies and mosquitoes)

 Action of Bt Toxin
➔ There are a number of them, for example, the proteins encoded by the genes crylAc
and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms that of cryIAb controls corn borer.
Cotton boll

A = Destroyed by bollworms
B = a fully mature cotton ball
Use code SEEPLIVE to unlock free special classes
SEEPLIVE
SEEPLIVE
SEEPLIVE
Join with us in Telegram
Telegram Channel
● t.me/unacademyneet_official
 Linktree

● https://linktr.ee/seep.pahuja

Watch All Recorded Sessions

Download PDFs
 Personal Guidance Study Planner
Get one on one guidance Customized study plan
from top exam experts with bi-weekly reviews

Live Classes Weekly Tests

ICONIC PLUS
Structured Unlimited
Courses Access
Test Analysis Study Material
Get one on one guidance Specialised Notes &
from top exam experts Practice Sets

Experts' Guidelines
Study booster workshops
by exam experts
SEEPLIVE DEMOLIVE
SEEPLIVE
DEMOLIVE