SCIENCE 4B- 10

CHEMISTRY
Module 1 – Chapter 20:
Organic Compounds and Organic Food

PROF. RITA D. GORDO

Subject Teacher

JOBERT P. NOTADO
Practice Teacher

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 LESSON CARBON: THE CHEMICAL
#1 BASIS OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
OVERVIEW

“Carbon is so simple yet too complex” – Anonymous.

The branch of science that deals with organic compounds is organic chemistry.
Organic compounds compose of 99% of all living organisms. The word “organic”
connotes different meanings. It may mean carbon compounds or organic foods. In this
chapter, you will learn what organic compounds are and how different they are from
organic foods.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

After going through this module, you are expected to;

1. Differentiate organic food from inorganic food
2. Explain why carbon atom is unique
3. Identify the different functional groups
4. Classify common organic compounds based on their functional
group.
5. Define organic food.
6. Distinguish organic food from natural food.
7. Give important features of organic farming
8. Become an advocate of organic food/organic farming.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

20.1 CARBON: THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic Compounds versus Inorganic Compounds

The element carbon is found in all organic compounds. Organic compounds

consist of carbon in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.
The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of these compounds is called organic
chemistry.

There are millions of organic compounds. The number of organic or carbon

compounds far exceeds the number of compounds of all other elements combined.

Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, are some organic compounds that

affect the human body. Organic compounds such as paint, varnish, plastic, medicine,
glue, detergents dye, rubber, and fibers for clothes are common.

The branch of chemistry that is concerned with the study of the behavior and
properties of all chemical compounds except organic compounds is called inorganic
chemistry. Examples of inorganic compounds are oxides, carbonates, sulfates and the
halides. Most inorganic compounds are found in nature as minerals.

Some compounds containing carbon, like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

carbonic acid, and the polyatomic ions like bicarbonate, cyanide, cyanate, and
carbonate are considered inorganic substances because their properties resemble
those of inorganic compounds.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

The Unique Carbon Atom

What is unique about the carbon atom? Why is the study of the carbon atom a
separate field in chemistry? Carbon can form a single bond, a double bond, and a
triple bond. How carbon atoms are able to form these types of bonds is explained by
hybridization.

Hybridization

Examine the electronic structure of carbon. It has an atomic number of 6 and

therefore has six electrons. Its electrons configuration is 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝2 . It can be
presented in this form.

Carbon, in its ground state has two unpaired electrons and would be expected
to form only two covalent bonds. However, experimental data shows that carbon forms
four covalent bonds such as in 𝐶𝐻4

This is explained by the concept of hybridization.

Carbon uses these 𝑠𝑝3 hybrid orbitals to form four covalent bonds. In methane (𝐶𝐻4 ),
these 𝑠𝑝3 orbitals overlap with the orbital of hydrogen to form covalent sigma (σ)
bonds.

A sigma (σ) bonds is formed when a pair of electrons is concentrated along the
axis of the bond (line between the atoms). All covalent single bonds are sigma (σ)
bonds.

The fact that carbon can form stable single, double, and triple bonds with
another carbon atom is one of the reasons for its uniqueness.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 Another reason is that among the elements, carbon can form strong covalent
bonds with other elements particularly hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the
halogens. Organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbons.

Carbons can also bond with other carbon atoms to form chains, branched
chains, and rings of carbon atoms.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

20.2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Organic compounds are classified based on the functional group in the

molecule. Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms and bonds that confer
specific properties on a molecule.

Table 20-2 lists some functional groups most frequently encountered in organic
chemistry.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.

Examples of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Hydrocarbons are important because they are used as fuels and raw materials
for chemical reactions.

You learned that gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil come from petroleum.
Petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons formed
in the earth by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. The process took place
millions of years ago and involves the action of bacteria, heat, and pressure.

Crude oil as it comes out from the earth is sticky. It has to undergo the process
of separation (f/actional distillation) and chemical change to provide us with fuels,
lubricants, solvents, asphalt, rubber, plastics, fertilizers, etc.

Figure 20-8 is a simplified diagram of a fractional tower for separating basic

fractions of petroleum.

Fraction Boiling Point Number of Carbon Uses

Range (Celsius) Atoms
Natural gas Below 20 1-4 Fuel for cooking
Petroleum ether 20-100 5-7 Solvent chemicals,
organic chemicals
Gasoline 60-180 6-12 Automobile fuel
Kerosene 180-300 11-16 Rocket and jet fuel
Fuel oil, diesel oil 260-350 14-18 Domestic heating
Lubricating oil 300-370 15-24 Lubricants for
automobiles and
machines
Asphalt and residue 24 and up Road asphalting
petroleum coke
Table 20-3
Fractions from Distillation Petroleum

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

Alcohol, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

The so-called rubbing alcohol is really isopropyl alcohol (common name) or 2-

propanol.

It removes heat from the body through rapid evaporation. It is also used as an
astringent because of its ability to cool the skin.

Seventy percent ethanol is used as an Figure20Æ. Rubbing alcohol antiseptic.

It destroys bacteria by coagulating the protein in the bacteria. Perhaps you are familiar
with tincture of iodine. The term tincture means a solution containing alcohol. Ethanol
is used as the solvent for some medicine in tincture form.

Wine is fermented fruit juice and contains as much as 12 percent ethanol. Wine
that is 12 percent alcohol is 24 proof. "Proof is a way of expressing the strength of
ethyl alcohol in distilled spirits. Each degree of proof is equal to 1/20/0 of alcohol by
volume. Denatured alcohol is ethanol with methanol.

Since wine comes from fruits, find out in your community the common fruits that
can be made into wine. Form a group and research on how fruits can be converted
into wine.

If you have a sore throat, the doctor may advice you to take lozenges. Throat
lozenges contain menthol, which is an alcohol. It causes the mucous membrane to
increase its secretions to Soothe the respiratory tract.

Can you imagine being operated on without anesthesia? Ether or diethyl ether
or ethoxyethane (C2H5 — O — C2H5) is a popular anesthetic because it has minimal
side effects. Ethers are also used as solvents.

Of the aldehydes, you are familiar with formaldehyde or methanal. Forty percent
formaldehyde solution is called formalin. It is used in preserving tissue specimens.
Acetaldehyde or ethanol is one of the eye irritants in smog.

One of the most widely used ketones is acetone or propane.

Acetone is used as paint and nail polish remover. Various hormones like
cortisone and progesterone and the antibiotic tetracycline, have ketone structure.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

The tart taste of citrus is due to citric acid. The vinegar used in adobo is acetic
acid. Both acids are carboxylic acids.

Vinegar comes from several sources like coconut or palm sap, sugar cane,
pineapple, and apple. Find out how vinegar is produced.

The painful sting of an ant or a bee is due to formic acid or methanoic acid. To
prevent swelling, apply common household baking soda. Baking soda neutralizes the
acid.

Lactic acid is found in sour milk. Benzoic acid is used as preservative.

When an acid combines with alcohol, an ester is formed and the process is
Essence Ester
called esterification. Esters have
Rum Ethyl formate
pleasant odors. The natural fragrance and
banana Pentyl acetate
flavor of many fruits are due to the
orange Octyl acetate
presence of mixtures of esters. Artificial
Pineapple Butyl butyrate
flavoring essences are composed of
mixtures of esters selected so as to Wintergreen Methyl salicylate

duplicate the flavor and aroma of natural Grape jasmine Methyl anthranilate

fruits. Table 204 shows some esters with their characteristic aromas.

Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is also an ester. It is used as a pain reliever

(analgesic), fever reducer (antipyretic), and anti-inflammatory agent.

Nitroglycerin, an ester of glycerol and ni.tric acid, reduces high blood pressure
by causing dilation of the small blood vessels.

Fats and oils are esters formed from long chains of carboxylic acids and
glycerol. They are called glycerides.

Fats are glycerides which are solid at room temperature. Oil such as those from
coconut, corn, soybean, peanut, and cottonseed oil are liquid at room temperature.
When an ester like coconut oil is heated with a strong base, soap is produced. Soap
is the sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid. The reaction is called saponification.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 Today, herbal soap is a very lucrative business. Form a group and research on
how herbal soap is made.

Amines and Amides

Benzedrine or amphetamine is used to reduce respiratory congestion due to

colds, hay fever, and asthma. It is a widely used stimulant. It causes increased
wakefulness, alertness, and concentration. It has side effects and is habit-forming.

Histamine is responsible for certain allergic reactions. An antihistamine helps

block the allergic effects of the histamine.

Nicotine is an amine found in tobacco leaves. It affects the nervous system and
causes changes in blood pressure. An amide may be prepared by heating a carboxylic
acid and ammonia or an amine. Proteins and nylon are both polyamides.

Barbiturates, which act as depressants, are amides in cyclic form. Common

barbiturates are Seconal, Nembutal, Luminal, Amytal, and Pentothal. Depressants are
dangerous drugs. Abusers exhibit symptoms such as difficulty in thinking, impaired
reaction time, poor memory, and slurred speech, some abusers manifest suicidal
tendency or paranoia.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

20.3 Organic Food

What Is Organic Food?

The term "organic"

is usually associated with
"chemical-free products"
like fruits, vegetables,
herbs, spices, rice,
soybeans, eggs, and dairy
products like milk, butter,
etc. "Organic" means food
is produced without the
use of sewer-sludge fertilizers, synthetic fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, growth
regulators, antibiotics, hormones, coloring or artificial additives, irradiation, and
genetically engineered organisms. For livestock, animals must be raised organically
and fed 100 percent organic feed ingredients.

Organic foods are found to have minimal or no residues of pesticides, and

contain more nutrients and antioxidants than conventional foods.

At times, you also encounter the words "natural food". The terms "organic food"
and "natural food" are not interchangeable. "Natural" indicates that the food has been
minimally processed and preservative-free. Processed food means the food has been
changed from its natural raw state through processing techniques like cooking,
emulsifying, and adding additives. A product may be natural but not organic. An
example is rice that is minimally polished but grown in conventional forms.

A food product is certified "organic" if it is produced according to the standards

set by a certifying body. In the Philippines, the agency authorized by the Department
of Agriculture (DÄ) to certify organic products is the Organic Certification Center of the
Philippines (OCCP). In 2003, the Philippine National Standards Specification for
Organic Agriculture was adapted by the Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau
of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards. The DFA also issued guidelines in the
accreditation of certifying bodies for standards on organic agriculture. The standards
were based on guidelines earlier drafted by OCCP.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 A national civil society organization, Organic Producers Trade Association
(OPTA) has been at the forefront of organic movement in the country. It is composed
of trade members who are directly involved in organic production and trading, and
consumers who are interested in organic farming through its initiatives. It increases
public awareness about organic farming/food by facilitating weekend markets,
tradeshows, conducting workshops and seminars, and disseminating information
through its publication (Organic... Matters). OPTA developed its own quality assurance
color-coded scheme to label organic products. A "blue-label" means 100% certified
organic products. A "green-label" is given to products from farmers still in the process
of conversion. The conversion period from conventional to organic farming is three
years. A "yellow-label" is given to products with "70 percent substantially reduced
chemical inputs"

Do you know that our main organic export products include muscovado sugar,
fresh bananas, banana chips, and coconut oil? They are exported to Japan, Western
Europe, and the United States.

Why Organic Farming?

Organic farming, sometimes

referred to as organic agriculture, is a
holistic agricultural production
management approach which
promotes and enhances agro-
ecosystem health including
biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil
biological activity.

Let us find out the characteristics

or features of organic farming. Its features include the following:

✓ protecting the long-term fertility of the soil through careful mechanical

intervention, enhancing soil biological activity, etc.

✓ providing/maintaining soil nutrients through soil microorganism, utilization of

legumes, biological nitrogen fixation application of organic fertilizers, etc.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

 ✓ controlling weeds, pests, and diseases by relying on crop rotation, natural
predators, diversity, and/or minimal chemical intervention.

✓ applying an extensive livestock management approach by taking into

consideration the needs and protection of the animals with respect to nutrition,
housing, health, breeding, and rearing

The key to organic farming is maintaining healthy soil. Healthy soil produces
healthy plants. Healthy plants produce healthy livestock and people. Healthy people
are productive and are the wealth of a nation.

Organic agriculture in the Philippines is in its "infancy stage" in terms of

awareness, understanding, production, marketing, policies, and institutional support.

The main operators of organic agriculture in the Philippines are women-farm

managers (small holder farm), retired foreigners (family-owned farm), corporation
(corporate-owned farm), and cooperatives (farmers' cooperatives). Their marketing
prospects include neighbors, weekend markets, open markets, hotels, restaurants,
and supermarkets.

What are the downsides of organic farming in the Philippines? According to

farmers, the cost and requirements of organic farming are high. It is more labor
intensive and the marketable yields of crops/products are lower than the non-organic
yield. Thus, the price of organic foods is higher than conventional food. Because
higher price affects consumers, organic farming is not economically viable to poor
countries like the Philippines.

Another downside to organic farming is the increased exposure of the food

products to biological contamination such as E-coli bacteria, mycotoxin from molds,
and pathogens from organic fertilizer (manure).

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

ACTIVITY #1

Organic Compound: Know the Process

Interview people or research on people who are involved in the production of

local wine, vinegar, or herbal soap. Find out the following aspects in the production of
the given consumer products.

Write your answer in your activity notebook (big green notebook). NOTE: If it’s
printed you can attach it to your activity notebook. Take a picture of your answer and
submit it in our google classroom.

a. raw materials
b. production process
c. marketing strategies
d. difficulties encountered

Consumer Product

Production Marketing Difficulties

Raw Materials
Process Strategies Encountered

ASSESSMENT #1

Write your answer in your activity notebook (big green notebook). NOTE: If it’s
printed you can attach it to your activity notebook. Take a picture of your answer and
submit it in our google classroom.

1. Give five examples each of organic compounds and inorganic compounds.

2. Give five examples of organic compounds commonly found at your home.
Classify each based on its functional group.
3. Give five advantages and five disadvantages of organic food.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

POINTS TO REMEMBER

✓ The branch of science that deals with organic compounds is organic chemistry.
Organic compounds compose of 99% of all living organisms.

✓ Organic compounds consist of carbon in combination with hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen, and other elements. Inorganic compounds consist of all compounds
except carbon compounds.
✓ Organic and inorganic compounds exhibit characteristic properties.
✓ Carbon exhibits unique properties. This explains why it has a separate branch
in chemistry.

✓ Organic compounds are classified based on functional groups. Functional

groups are atoms (or groups of atoms) and bonds that confer specific properties
on molecules.
✓ Functional groups include alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, ether, aldehyde,
ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, and amide.
✓ Organic food is food produced without the use of sewer-sludge fertilizers,
synthetic fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, growth regulators, antibiotics,
hormones, coloring or artificial additives, irradiation, and genetically-
engineered organisms.
✓ Organic livestock means animals are raised organically and fed 100 percent
organic feed ingredients.
✓ Natural food indicates that the food has been minimally processed and is
preservative-free.
✓ A certification is needed for food to be considered organic.
✓ Organic farming or organic agriculture is a holistic agricultural Production
management approach* which promotes and enhances agroecosystem health,
including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity.

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO

REFERENCES:

• Department of Education. “K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (Grade 3 to 10).”

Accessed October 2019.
"https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/Science-CG_with-
tagged-sciequipment_revised.pdf.
• LRDMS Portal. Science Modules. December 29, 2014. "Accessed October 13,
2019.
• You and The Natural World-Chemistry pg. 400-404

MODULE IN SCIENCE 4B-CHEMISTRY Prepared by: JOBERT P. NOTADO