Heat Transfer EME 314

Second semester
3Cr. 3-1-1 Hrs/wk
Mechatronics Department

Lecture 2
Dr. Asmaa Attya Shalaby
Ph.D., M.Sc. And B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering,
Alexandria university
 Classification of heat transfer processes

1. According to change with time

‫ ــ‬Steady state versus Transient (unsteady state)

 The term steady implies no change with time at any point within the medium,
while transient implies variation with time or time dependence.
2. According to heat transfer direction
‫ ــ‬One versus Multidimensional Heat Transfer
Heat transfer problems are also classified as being one-dimensional, two
dimensional, or three-dimensional, depending on the relative magnitudes of
heat transfer rates in different directions and the level of accuracy desired.
 Thermo physical properties

 specific heat (𝑪 or 𝑪𝒑 ) is defined as the energy required to raise the

temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
1 kJ/kg.°C = 1 J/g.°C = 1 kJ/kg.°K = 1 J/g.°K

 heat capacity (volumetric heat capacity) is the product 𝝆𝑪𝒑, Both the
specific heat 𝑪𝒑 and the heat capacity 𝝆𝑪𝒑 represent the heat storage
capability of a material. But 𝑪𝒑 expresses it per unit mass (J/kg.°C) whereas
𝝆𝑪𝒑 expresses it per unit volume (J/𝒎𝟑 .°C).

 Thermal diffusivity (𝜶), the ratio of the thermal conductivity to heat

capacity which has units of (𝒎𝟐 /𝒔).

Heat conducted 𝒌
𝛂= =
Heat stored 𝝆𝑪𝒑
Heat Generation
 medium through which heat is conducted may involve the conversion of
electrical, nuclear, or chemical energy into heat (or thermal) energy.

 heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon. That is, it occurs throughout the

body of a medium. Therefore, the rate of heat generation in a medium is
usually specified per unit volume and is denoted by g · , whose unit is W/𝒎𝟑
or Btu/h . 𝒇𝒕𝟑 .
Examples
1. The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick,
and is made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k=0.8 W/m.°C.
The temperatures of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof one night are
measured to be 15°C and 4°C, respectively, for a period of 10 hours.
Determine (a) the rate of heat loss through the roof that night and (b) the cost of that
heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh.

Assumption:
1. Steady state operation 2. No generation
3. One dimensional H.T 4. Constant properties

a) Fourier’s law:
(T1 − T2 ) 15 − 4
Q = kA = 0.8 × 8 × 6 × = 1690 𝑊 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑾
X 0.25

b) amount of heat lost during a 10-hour: 𝐐 = 𝐐 × ∆𝐓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝒌𝑾𝒉

$0.08 → 1kWh
$ ?? → 16.9kWh
$0.08
∴ cost = (16.9kWh) × ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓$
kwh
Examples
2. A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C, as
shown below. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the
surface temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also,
the voltage drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and
1.5 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the
convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of
the wire and the air in the room.

Assumption:
1. Steady state operation
2. One dimensional H.T
3. Radiation H.T is negligible.

Apply Newton’s law

𝑸 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻𝒔 - 𝑻∞ )
A=𝛑𝐃𝐋 = 𝛑 × (𝟎. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 ) × 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝟐
Q=VI=60× 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟗𝟎𝑾
𝟗𝟎
𝐡= = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 °𝑪
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓 × (𝟏𝟓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓)
Examples
3. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22°C at all times. The
inner surfaces of the walls, floors, and the ceiling of the house are observed to be
at an average temperature of 10°C in winter and 25°C in summer. Determine the
rate of radiation heat transfer between this person and the surrounding surfaces
if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the
person are 1.4 𝐦𝟐 and 30°C, respectively.

Assumptions
1. Steady operating conditions exist.
2. Heat transfer by convection is not considered.

𝑸𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝛆𝛔𝐀(𝐓𝐬 𝟒 − 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫 𝟒 )

= (0.95)(5.67 × 10−8 )(1.4) [(30+ 273) 4 - (10+ 273)4 ]
=152 W
𝑸𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒓 = 𝛆𝛔𝐀(𝐓𝐬 𝟒 − 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫 𝟒 )
= (0.95)(5.67 × 10−8 )(1.4) [(30+ 273) 4 − (20+ 273)4 ]
=40.9 W
Examples
4. Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20°C. Determine the total
rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the
average outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6 𝒎𝟐 and 29°C,
respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/𝒎𝟐 · °C

Assumptions:
1. Steady state operating.
2. Heat conduction to the floor is negligible.

 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑

 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑆 (𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇∞ )

= 6 × 1.6 × 29 − 20 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝑾
 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = εσA(Ts 4 − Tsurr 4 )
= 0.95 × 5.67 × 10−8 × 1.6 × [(29+ 273)4 − (20+ 273)4 ] = 81.7W
 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 86.4 + 81.7 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟏 𝑾
Examples
5. Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant
temperatures of 𝐓𝟏 =300 K and 𝑻𝟐 = 200 K that are L=1 cm apart, as shown in the Fig.
Assuming the surfaces to be black ,determine the rate of heat transfer between the plates
per unit surface area assuming the gap between the plates is (a) filled with atmospheric
air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with urethane insulation, and (d) filled with superinsulation
that has an apparent thermal conductivity of 0.00002 W/m.°C
Assumptions
1. Steady state operation
2. One dimensional H.T
3. The surfaces are black 𝜺 =1.
4. Fluid stagnant (no natural convection currents in the air
between the plates.
(a) air layer
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
(T1 − T2 ) 300 − 200
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = kA = 0.0219 × 1 × = 219𝑾
X 0.01
4 4
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = εσA(Ts − Tsurr )
= 1 × 5.67 × 10−8 × 1 × [(300) 4 − (200)4 ] = 368W
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 =219+368 = 587 W
(b) Vacuum
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 368W
(c) filled with urethane insulation
(T1 − T2 ) 300 − 200
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = kA = 0.026 × 1 × = 260𝑾
X 0.01

(d) filled with superinsulation

(T1 − T2 ) 300 − 200
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = kA = 0.00002 × 1 × = 0.2𝑾
X 0.01

This example demonstrates the effect of medium between 2 plates on the heat
transfer rate.