Relay logic

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Relay logic is a method of implementing combinational logic in electrical control circuits

by using several electrical relays wired in a particular configuration.

Contents

 1Ladder logic
 2Relay logic design
 3Applications
 4Other kinds of relay logic
 5See also

Ladder logic[edit]
Main article: ladder logic

Example Ladder Logic Diagram

The schematic diagrams for relay logic circuits are often called line diagrams, because
the inputs and outputs are essentially drawn in a series of lines. A relay logic circuit is
an electrical network consisting of lines, or rungs, in which each line or rung must have
continuity to enable the output device. A typical circuit consists of a number of rungs,
with each rung controlling an output. This output is controlled by a combination of input
or output conditions, such as input switches and control relays. The conditions that
represent the inputs are connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel to obtain the
logic required to drive the output. The relay logic circuit forms an electrical schematic
diagram for the control of input and output devices. Relay logic diagrams represent the
physical interconnection of devices.
Each rung would have a unique identifying reference number and the individual wires
on that rung would have wire numbers as a derivative of the rung number. Thus, if a
rung was labelled as 105, the first independent wire would be 1051, the second as
1052, and so forth. A wire would be named for the top most rung to which it connected,
even if it branched to lower rungs. When designing a system, it was common practice to
skip numbers for the rungs to allow later additions as required.
When the rack was manufactured, as a wire was installed, each end would be marked
with wire labels (a.k.a. wire markers). This also applied for pulling wire into the factory
through conduit or in trays where each wire would have corresponding numbers. Wire
labels were typically pieces of white tape with numbers or letters printed onto them and
collected in small, pocket sized booklets. A number strip would be peeled out and
wrapped around the wire near the end. Wire numbers were made up of a series of the
number strips so wire 1051 would be four strips. There are also pocket sized printers
that print onto an adhesive backed label that can be wrapped around the wire.
The basic format for relay logic diagrams is as follows:
1. The two vertical lines that connect all devices on the relay logic diagram are labeled
L1 and L2. The space between L1 and L2 represents the voltage of the control circuit.
2. Output devices are always connected to L2. Any electrical overloads that are to be
included must be shown between the output device and L2; otherwise, the output
device must be the last component before L2.
3. Control devices are always shown between L1 and the output device. Control devices
may be connected either in series or in parallel with each other.
4. Devices which perform a STOP function are usually connected in series, while
devices that perform a START function are connected in parallel.
5. Electrical devices are shown in their normal conditions. An NC contact would be
shown as normally closed, and an NO contact would appear as a normally open device.
All contacts associated with a device will change state when the device is energized.
Figure 1 shows a typical relay logic diagram. In this circuit, a STOP/START station is
used to control two pilot lights. When the START button is pressed, the control relay
energizes and its associated contacts change state. The green pilot light is now ON and
the red lamp is OFF. When the STOP button is pressed, the contacts return to their
resting state, the red pilot light is ON, and the green switches OFF.
Relay logic design[edit]
In many cases, it is possible to design a relay logic diagram directly from the narrative
description of a control event sequence. In general, the following suggestions apply to
designing a relay logic diagram:
1. Define the process to be controlled.
2. Draw a sketch of the operation process. Make sure all the components of the system
are present in the drawing.
3. Determine the sequence of operations to be performed. List the sequence of
operational steps in as much detail as possible. Write out the sequence in sentences, or
put them in table form.
4. Write the relay logic diagram from the sequence of operations.

Applications[edit]
A major application of relay logic is the control of routing and signalling on railways. This
safety critical application uses interlocking to ensure conflicting routes can never be
selected and helps reduce accidents. Elevators are another common application - large
relay logic circuits were employed from the 1930s onward to replace the human elevator
operator, but have been progressively superseded with modern solid-state controls in
recent years. Relay logic is also used for controlling and automation purposes in
electro-hydraulics and electro-pneumatics.
Figure 1 from Vernam's patent.

Other kinds of relay logic[edit]

Most relay logic diagrams are in "ladder logic" form. Systems using relay logic diagrams
in other forms include the Vernam cipher machine, the many 20th century telephone
exchanges that controlled their crossbar switches by relays, and the designs for the
various electro-mechanical computers including the Harvard Mark II. Design tools for
these include Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra.

See also[edit]
 Programmable logic controller - the modern
replacement for complex relay logic in industry
Categories: 
 Electromagnetic components
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 This page was last edited on 16 May 2020, at 01:52 (UTC).
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