ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES

FAPM111

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES

BODY POSITIONS
ANATOMICAL POSITION HEAD
Specific stance assumed or Level and the eyes directly
describe any region or part of the forward
human body
also used as a common visual BODY
reference point
Erected facing the observer

UPPER LIMBS
FEET
At the sides with palms turned Flat on floor and directed
forward forward

REGIONAL NAMES

HEAD SKULL - encloses and protects the brain

FACE - Front portion of the head;
Consists of the skull and face
includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead,
NECK cheeks, and chin

Supports the head and attaches

UPPER LIMB
it to the trunk
Attaches to the trunk and
TRUNK
consists of the shoulder, armpit,
Consists of the chest, abdomen, arm, forearm , wrist, and hand
and pelvis

LOWER LIMB GROIN

Area on the front surface of the
Attaches to the trunk and body marked by a crease on each
consists of the buttock, thigh, side, where the trunk attaches to
leg, ankle and foot the thighs
 DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Describe the position of one body part relative to another to locate

various body structures

ANATOMICAL PLANES
Imaginary lanes

SAGITTAL PLANE MIDIAN / MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

A vertical plane which
divides a structure into
right and left halves
PARAMEDIAN / PARASAGITTAL PLANE
A vertical plane situated to
one or the other side of
the median plane and
parallel to it
OBLIQUE PLANE
A diagonal plane
A vertical plane passing
through the center of the
body, dividing it into equal
right and left halves
CORONAL / FRONTAL PLANE
A vertical plane at right
angles to the median plane
TRANSVERSE / CROSS-SECTIONAL PLANE
A horizontal plane at right
angles to both the median
and coronal planes
 BODY CAVITIES
Are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and
support internal organs

CRANIAL CAVITY VERTEBRAL CANAL

Formed by cranial bones; Spinal
contains the brain Formed by the bones of the
vertebral column (backbone);
contains the Spinal Cord

MENINGES THORACIC / CHEST CAVITY

Protective tissue which lines Formed by the ribs, the muscles
the cranial cavity and the of the chest, the sternum and
vertebral canal the thoracic portion of the
vertebral column

PERICARDIAL CAVITY PLEURAL CAVITY

A fluid-filled space that A fluid-filled space around
surrounds the heart each lung

MEDIASTINUM DIAPHRAGM
An anatomical region on the A dome-shaped muscle that
central part of the thoracic separates the thoracic
cavity; contains all thoracic Cavity from the
organs except the lungs, abdominopelvic Cavity
between the lungs,
extending from the sternum
to the vertebral column and
from the 1st rib to the
diaphragm
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY
Extends from the diaphragm Contains the stomach,
to the groin and is encircled spleen, liver, gallbladder,
by the abdominal wall and small intestine, and large
the bones and muscles of intestine
the pelvis
PELVIC CAVITY
Contains the urinary
bladder, portions of the
large intestine, and internal
organs of the reproductive
system
Viscera- Organs inside the
thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
Are used to describe the location of the many abdominal
and pelvic organs more easily

FIRST METHOD SECOND METHOD

two horizontal and two
vertical lines, aligned like a
tic-tac-toe grid, partition this
cavity into nine
abdominopelvic regions
A vertical line and a horizontal
line are passed through the
umbilicus or belly button;
simpler and divides the
abdominopelvic cavity into
quadrants
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Composed of 2 organ system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Composed of Muscle tissues
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY
P= POSTURE- stabilizes body
position
M=MOVEMENT - produces
body movements, such as
walking
G= GENERATION OF HEAT
SKELETAL SYSTEM
DIAPHYSIS
bone's shaft or body; the long
cylindrical, main portion of the
bone
METAPHYSES
regions between the diaphysis
and epiphysis
PERIOSTEUM
Surrounds the external bone
surface wherever it is not
covered by articular cartilage
ENDOSTEUM
thin membrane that lines the
internal bone surface facing
the medullary cavity
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Composed of bones and joints
of the body and their
associated cartilages
SKELETAL SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGY
B= BLOOD PRODUCTION -
houses cells that produces
blood cells
M=MOVEMENT - provides
surface are for muscle
attachment
P=PROTECTION OF THE BODY
S=STORAGE OF MINERALS
AND LIPIDS
EPIPHYSES
proximal and distal ends of the
body
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
covering the part of the
epiphysis where the bone
forms an articulation (joint)
with another bone
MEDULLARY CAVITY
MARROW CAVITY
Hollow, cylindrical space
within the diaphysis that
contains fatty yellow bone
marrow in adult
 TYPES OF BONE CELLS

OSTEOGENIC CELLS OSTEOBLASTS

Unspecialized stem cells found Bone-building cells. they
along the inner portion of the synthesize and secret collagen
periosteum, in the endosteum, fibers and other organic
and in the canals within bone components needed to build
that contain blood vessels the extracellular matrix of
bone tissue, and they initiate
OSTEOCYTES calcification
Are mature bone cells; are the synthesize new bone matrix
as osteoblasts surround themselves
main cells in bone tissue and with extracellular matrix, they become
maintain its daily metabolism trapped in their secretions and become
osteocytes
OSTEOCLASTS
Are huge cells derived from
the fusion of as many as 50
monocytes (type of WBC) and
are concentrated in the
endosteum
Resorb the calcified matrix
 CLINICAL CORRELATION

OSTEOPOROSIS
A medical condition with compromised bone strength as determined by
bone density and bone quality
skeletal disorder where bones become weak and are more likely to break
most common bone disorder in humans
major concern for aging persons (with significant implications for morbidity
and mortality)

BONE MINERAL DENSITY

amount of bone mineral in bone tissue
should be tested in women age 65 and men age 70 unless there are risk
factors
better predictor of osteoporotic fracture

BONE FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE

serves as a mechanical support for musculoskeletal structures
as protection for vital organs
as a metabolic source of ions (especially calcium and phosphate

TO MAINTAIN ITS BIOMECHANICAL COMPETENCE BONE TISSUE

UNDERGOES CONTINUOUS CHANGE AND RENEWAL
(SO THAT OLDER BONE TISSUE IS REPLACED BY NEWLY FORMED BONE TISSUE

BONE REMODELING
process that allows removal of old bone and replacement with new bone
tissue
allows maintenance of the biomechanical integrity of the skeleton
supports the role of bone in the provision of an ionic bank for body and
mechanical support
 FIVE PHASES OF BONE REMODELLING
ACTIVATION
osteoclastic activity is recruited
REVERSAL
osteoblasts are recruited
QUIESCENCE
bone tissue remains dormant
until the next cycle starts
the process of bone remodeling is cyclical, starting
with bone RESORPTION and finishing with BONE
FORMATION
in adult human bone, each cycle of remodeling
lasts 3 to 12 months
BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONES
PERIOSTEAL ARTERIES
supplies the periosteum and
outer part of the compact bone
accompanied by nerves enter the
diaphysis through many
perforating (Volkmann's) canals
METAPHYSEAL & EPIPHYSEAL
ARTERIES
supplies the ends of long bones
arise from arteries that supply the
associated joint
NUTRIENT VEINS
accompany the nutrient artery
and exit the diaphysis
PERIOSTEAL VEINS
accompany their respective
arteries and exit in the
periosteum
RESORPTION
osteoclasts erode bone and form
cavity
FORMATION
osteoblasts replace the cavity
with new bone
NUTRIENT ARTERY
passes through a hole in the
compact bone (nutrient foramen)
near the center of the diaphysis;
upon entering the medullary
cavity, it divides into proximal
and distal branches.
supplies both inner part of
compact bone tissue of the
diaphysis and the spongy bone
tissue and red bone marrow as far
as the epiphyseal plates or lines
EPIPHYSEAL & METAPHYSEAL
VEINS
accompany their respective
arteries and exit in the epiphyses
NERVES
accompany the blood vessels
that supply bones
the periosteum is rich in sensory
nerves, some of which carry pain
sensations; these nerves are
especially sensitive to tearing or
tension, which explains the
severe pain resulting from a
fracture or a bone tumor
 TYPES OF SKELETON
REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION
AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL (28)

FRONTAL,
OCCIPITAL,
CRANIUM 8 TEMPORAL,

ETHMOID,
SPHENOID

NASAL,
LACRIMAL, INF
NASAL
CONCHAE,
FACE 14 MAXILLA,

MANDIBLE,
VOMER,
ZYGOMATIC,
PALATINE

AUDITORY MALLEUS,
6

OSSICLES INCUS, STAPES

HYOID 1

 VERTEBRAE (26)

CERVICAL 7

THORACIC 12

LUMBAR 5

SACRUM 1

COCCYX 1

STERNUM 1

RIBS (24)

TRUE RIBS 1-7

FALSE RIBS 8-12

FLOATING RIBS 11&12

SHOULDER GIRDLE (4)

CLAVICLE 2

SCAPULA 2

 UPPER EX (60)

R&L

HUMERUS 2

RADIUS 2 R&L

ULNA 2 R&L

SCAPHOID, LUNATE,
TRIQUETRUM,
CARPALS 16 PISIFORM, HAMATE,

CAPITATE, TRAPEZOID,
TRAPEZIUM

METACARP
10 5 EACH R&L

ALS

14 EACH R&L
PHALANGE
28 DISTAL, MIDDLE,

S
PROXIMAL
 PELVIC GIRDLE (2)

HIP BONE R&L

LOWER EX (60)

FEMUR 2 R&L

PATELLA 2 R&L

FIBULA 2 R&L

TIBIA 2 R&L

CALCANEUS,
TALUS,
TARSALS 14 NAVICULAR,

CUBOID,
CUNEIFORMS(3)

METATARSALS

10 5 EACH R & L

14 EACH R & L

PHALANGES 28

 TYPES OF BONE
(CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ACCORDING TO SHAPE)

LONG BONES SHORT BONES

are found in the limbs; their
length is greater than their
breadth
the ends of long bones are
composed of cancellous bone
surrounded by a thin layer of
compact bone
the articular surfaces of the ends
of the bones are covered by
hyaline cartilage
are found in the hand and foot;
they are roughly cuboidal in
shape and are composed of
cancellous bone surrounded by a
thin layer of compact bone
covered with periosteum, and the
articular
surfaces are covered by hyaline
cartilage

FLAT BONES FLAT BONES

found in the vault of the skull;
they are composed of thin inner
and outer layers of compact
bone, the tables separated by a
layer of cancellous bone, the
DIPLOE
include those not assigned to the
previous groups; they are
composed of a thin shell of
compact bone with an interior
made up of cancellous bone

SESAMOID BONES
small nodules of bone that are
found in certain tendons where
they rub over bony surfaces; the
greater part of a sesamoid bone is
buried in the tendon, and the free
surface is covered with cartilage