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Alternating Current
Alternating Current
Alternating Current
SUBMITTED BY:
ROLL NO.:
SESSION: 2022-23
CLASS: XII
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: MR. F.B. KANTH (P.G.T PHYSICS) I.P.S,
MADHUBANI
Name:
Class:
Roll No.:
Session: 2022-2023
v V cost i I cost
v, i = instantaneous potential difference / current.
V, I = maximum potential difference / current
voltage/current amplitude. ω = 2πf
Phasor Diagrams
2
irav I
average value
of Іcos ωtІ or
Іsin ωtІ
Root-Mean Square (rms) values:
I V
irms (i ) av
2
Vrms
2 2
i 2 I 2 cos2 t
di d
vL L L (I cos t)
dt dt
i I cost
vL IL cos(t 90∘ )
VL
v V cos(t )
dq
i I cost dq I costdt C = q / vC
dt
I
q sin t
q I
vc sin t I cos(t 90∘ )
C C C
- R is independent of ω.
- XL and XC depend on ω.
- If ω = 0 (dc circuit) Xc = 1/ωC ∞
ic = 0
XL = ωL = 0
- If ω ∞, XL ∞ iL = 0
VC IR
(amplitudes = maximum
VL IX L values)
VC IX C
-The instantaneous potential difference between terminals a,d =
= algebraic sum of vR, vC, vL (instantaneous voltages) =
= sum of projections of phasors VR, VC, VL
= projection of their vector sum (V) that represents the source voltage v and
instantaneous voltage vad across series of elements.
Impedance: Z R 2 ( X L X c )2
V IZ
L 1/ C
tan
R
i I cost
v V cost
V I
Vrms Irms Z Z
2 2
Example 31.5
4. Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
1
P VI
2
V I V 2
Pav V 2
rms rms Irms R rms
I
2 2 R
1
P VI
2
Power in a General Circuit
P vi [V cos(t )][I cos t] [V (cost cos sin t sin )][I cos t]
VI cos cos2 t VI sin cost sin t
1
Pav VI cos Vrms Irms cos
2
5. Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
1 1
X X L
0C
L C 0 0
LC
6. Transformers
d B d B
1 N1 2 N 2
dt dt
2 N2
1 N1
V2 N2
V1 N1
V2 R
I1 (N 2 / N1 )
Bibliography-