‘Demography’ - derived from two Greek words: ‘demos’ which means Fertility, mortality, and migration determine the
termine the population of a
people, and ‘graphy’, which means measurement.
Global Demography - study of the worldwide population rather than
the population of a specific country, region, or city.
Demography examines the size, structure, and movements of
populations over space and time. Demographers use census data,
surveys, and statistical models to analyze the size, movement, and
structure of populations
Key Demographic Processes • Birth • Migration • Death
Demographic tools •Rate • Ratio • Proportion • Constant cohort
measure • Period measure
Main Sources • Census • Vital registrations (birth, marriage, death,
migration) • Sample surveys (demographic health surveys, multiple
indicator cluster survey)
Other Sources • Population register • Demographic surveillance
systems • Voters registration • Social security system • School
enrollment • Income tax returns
COMPONENTS / ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY
1. SIZE The total number of people living in a specific place at a
specific period is referred to as population size.
2. COMPOSITION The study of population composition and density is
essential. Composition of population characteristics such as the sex
ratio, race wise and age group wise population size the ratio of rural to
urban population are very important. Economic status, age, marital
status, gender
3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Demography is the study of the
causes that cause people to migrate internally and externally within
and across countries. Another element affecting population distribution
within the country is urbanization.
4. ADMINISTRATION The birth and death rates are the most important
determinants of population growth; hence their inclusion in population
studies is essential.
POPULATION
shows the number of people that usually live in an area. As a whole,
the world's population has grown quickly in the last half-century, more
than doubling from around 2.5 billion in 1950 to more than 7 billion
today. It is projected to reach more than 9 billion by 2050 and 11
billion by 2100.
and Ecology
are closely related to each other. • where the growth of population can
be a burden to the environment, depleting its resources threatening
human and animal life.
World Population 1974 – 4B, 1987 – 5B, 1999 – 6B, 2012 – 7B, 2027 –
8B est., 2046 – 9B est.
Population Density - the concentration of individuals within a
species in a specific geographic locale. • This data can be used to
quantify demographic information and to assess relationships with
ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure.
OVERPOPULATION - refers to the exceeding of certain threshold
limits of population density when environmental resources fail to meet
the requirements of individual organisms regarding their basic needs. •
It is estimated that about 81 million people add to the world's
population annually.
country. • These three factors can give us insight into where a
population is heading, how developed the country is, how the economy
is doing, and how desirable of a place it is to live.
FERTILITY - ability to have children · In terms of global demography,
fertility often refers as the fertility rate, how many children, on
average, a woman will have in her lifetime. FERTILITY RATES ARE
BASED ON FOUR FACTORS:
Þ Favorable social norms - flexibility in traditional gender roles to fit
mothers who want to have a family and career.
Þ Flexible labor markets - Means not having repercussions for taking a
career to start a family.
Þ Cooperative fathers - Traditionally, the woman had the majority role
in raising children. Fertility rates can increase when raising children are
split more equally since women were able to balance careers with
raising a family
Þ Family policies - Family policies have an impact on publicly available
child care and can ease raising children for mothers and fathers,
thereby increasing their ability to raise more children
MORTALITY - The frequency of death in a population • The risk of
death for both genders (Female and Male) is high immediately after
birth, childhood, and at the last stages of life.
INFANT MORTALITY RATE - The probability of dying after birth and at
age one. • When countries are able to develop, this allows the quality
of life to increase. It lowers the infant’s mortality rate
Migration consists of two components:
Emigration - people leaving a country. Some of the reasons why
people leave their country might be to search for better work
opportunities; conflict; natural disasters; family ties; to make money to
send remittances back to their home countries; and a host of others.
Immigration - people moving to a country. Can often be a tool for
countries to continue economic and population growth when they
move into the later stages of the demographic transition model
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY - initially proposed in 1929
by demographer Warren Thompson. • In 1944-45, Frank Notestein and
Kingsley Davis presented the theory of demographic transition in the
form that came to be nearly universally accepted • shows shifts in the
demographics of a population during economic and social
development. • has five stages:
1. A very high growth in death rates and birth rates. The birth rate is
very high because people are not educated about population control
methods. With this, more population but fewer resources, the
availability of food is very low which causes a high death rate. A high
death rate because the lack of knowledge, living in dirty surrounding,
lack of availability of foods and water supply, and outbreak of disease
2. After living in isolation and static state of the economy, now people
start entering into the economic growth phase. Agriculture and
industries start developing which leads to the development of the
tertiary sector also. Basic facilities like food, cloth, and shelter are
getting more and better. Therefore, in this stage, the economy is
getting adequate but with a population explosion.
3. After a large growth in the population now people start using
various contraceptive methods for birth control. Due to education,
people living in urban areas become more active and learn about the
difficulties of having more children. Now the population is growing but
at a diminishing rate.
4. Now both concepts are equally decreasing. Due to this, the standard
of living rises with more economic and social developments. Sources of
income become available but expenses of various facilities like health,
education, transport, etc. also rise. Men and women indulge in several
family planning schemes. Now the population is growing less
comparatively.
5. the death rate is more than the birth rate. It results in low
population growth. Such a situation is regarded as a matter of concern
in any developed country.
IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
1. ECONOMY - Population studies allow us to see how closely the
economy’s growth rate meets the population’s growth rate. • If the
population grows at a greater rate, the economy will develop at a
slower pace. • The government can take necessary measures to
restrict population increase and stimulate economic development.
2. SOCIETY - When the population grows rapidly, the society is
confronted with numerous issues. Basic utilities such as water,
electricity, transportation and communications, public health, and
education are all affected • Problems of migration and urbanization are
also linked to the expanding population, resulting in an increase in law
and order issues. • As a result, the government and non-governmental
social organizations can take necessary action to address them
3. ECONOMIC PLANNING - Data on the current pattern in population
growth aid planners in developing policies for the country’s economic
plans. • They are kept in mind while setting agricultural and industrial
product targets, as well as social and fundamental services such as
schools and other educational institutions, hospitals, housing, power,
transportation, and so on. • Planners also utilize population data to
forecast future fertility patterns and design policy strategies to reduce
the birth rate
4. ADMINISTRATION - Government administrators can benefit from
population studies as well. • Almost all social and economic concerns in
underdeveloped countries are linked to population growth. • The
administrator must address and provide answers to the issues that
arise as a result of population expansion.
5. POLITICAL SYSTEM - Demographic knowledge is important for a
democratic political system to function. • The election commission of a
country demarcates constituencies based on census numbers
pertaining to various locations. • After each election, the number of
voters is increased to see how many people have moved in from other
parts of the country.
Migration - movement of people from one place to another. can be
within the country or between countries
Boyle (1988), it means crossing the boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum period.
movement of people from one place to another with the purpose of
changing their residence, either temporarily or permanently.
2 Types of Migration
*INTERNAL MIGRATION - WITHIN the country. Movement of
people from one place to another within the country. Is the movement
of people from one area such as province, a district, or municipality to
another within one country Examples: Rural to Urban Migration and
Urban to Rural Migration
A. Rural to Urban Migration- most common type of internal migration
and usually happens when people move to cities in search of better
opportunities
B. Urban to Rural Migration - when people who live in cities move to
rural areas in search of a better quality of life
*INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION - OUTSIDE the country. State to
State People cross borders of one country to another. Many scholars
argued that internal and international migration are part of the same
process and they should be analyzed together.
*Those who move permanently to another country or those who we
call immigrants. *Those workers who stay in another country for a
fixed period of time (at least 6 months in a year). *Illegal Migrants
*Those families who have "petitioned" them to move to the destination
country. *Refugees and Asylum seekers
8 Types of International Migrants
1. Temporary Labor Migrants- Overseas Contract Workers who
migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and send
remittances to families in the country of origin.
2. Highly-skilled and Business Migrants - with qualifications such
as the managers, executives, professionals, technicians, and the
like, who move within the internal labor markets of
transnational corporations and international organizations.
3. Irregular Migrants - undocumented or illegal migrants who
enter a country in search for employment with no necessary
documents or permits.
4. Refugees - unable or unwilling to return to their country of
origin because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account
of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group or political opinion.
5. Asylum Seekers - move across borders in search for protection.
6. Forced Migrants - not only refugees and asylum seekers but
also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or
developmental projects (e.g. Drought)
7. Family Members - family reunion or family reunification
migrants.
8. Returned Migrants -return to their countries of origin after a
period in another country
Migrant – (TEMPORARY MOVEMENT) willingly leaves home and
moves from one place to another, most often in search of
employment. Includes People Who Move from one region to another
within the borders of their own country Move from their country of
birth to another country or countries.
Immigrant – (PERMANENT RESIDENCY) willingly leaves their country
of origin and legally enters another country where they are granted
permission to permanently resettle, thus qualifying them to work
without restriction. Reasons can be many from a longing for economic
prosperity or a better education, to the fulfillment of a dream or
reunion with family
Immigration - OCCURS WHEN A PERSON CROSSES AN
INTERNATIONAL BORDER AND BECOMES A PERMANENT RESIDENT
IN ANOTHER COUNTRY
An immigrant always begins the journey as a migrant, but a migrant
doesn’t always end the journey as an immigrant.
EMIGRATION - movement of people from a country or people
moving out from the country Derived from the Latin emigrare which
means to move
IMMIGRATION - movement of people to a country or moving into a
country Derived from the Latin immigrare which means to go into
Causes of Migration:
Disparity in levels of Income; Employment; Social Well-being;
Differences in demographic patterns with regards to fertility, mortality,
age-structure, and labor-force growth.

2 Factors of Migration
"Push" Factors - What are some possible reasons for humans to
emigrate elsewhere? any human or nature factors that encourage or
force people to leave a settlement or residence. a. Social push factor b.
Political push factor c. Economic push factor d. Environmental push
factor
"Pull" Factors - What are some potential incentives for them to
immigrate or stay? Any human or nature factor that attract people to
live in a new residential area or location. a. Social pull factor b. Political
pull factor c. Economic pull factor d. Environmental pull factor
The Volume of Contemporary Migration
Charlotte Edmond- “there are an estimated 272 million international
migrants around the world”
International Organization for Migration (IOM) – “In most discussions
on migration, the starting point is usually numbers. The current global
estimate is that there were around 281 million international migrants in
the world in 2020, which equates to 3.6% of the global population”
The scale and speed of migration – defined by the International
Organization for Migration (IOM) as the movement of persons away
from their place of usual residence, either across an international
border or within a state.
The significance of migration as a major factor in societal change lies
in the fact that it is concentrated in certain countries and regions.
Migration affects certain areas within both the sending and the
receiving countries more than others.
Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard the
human rights of migrants
PH Laws Affecting OFWs POEA under DOLE -Its official mandate is
to manage overseas employment programs by securing the best
employment terms for Filipino migrant workers. At the same time, the
agency is tasked to protect the rights of all OFWs and ensure fair and
ethical recruitment practices
Right to Travel - The Philippine Passport Act of 1996 (Republic Act. No.
8239) affirms the inviolability of the constitutional right of every
Filipino to travel abroad.
Right to be protected - The Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act
(Republic Act No. 10022) concretized the government’s commitment to
protect the rights and to promote the welfare of OFW in distress.
Right to vote - The Overseas Voting Act of 2013 ensures equal
opportunity to all qualified citizens of the Philippines abroad in the
exercise of their right to participate in the election of President, Vice-
President, Senators and Party-List Representatives.
Right to vote Tax Exemption - Tax Reform Act of 1997 (Republic Act
No 8424) provides that an individual citizen of the Philippines who is
working and deriving income from abroad is taxable only on income
derived from sources within the Philippines. Thus, income outside the
Philippines earned by an OFW is not subject to Philippine tax.
International Migration Law - IOM works to strengthen and
promote the Organization’s involvement in International Migration Law.
A key objective of the IML Unit is to encourage dissemination and
understanding both within IOM and amongst its counterparts of the
international legal standards that govern migration and protect the
rights of all individuals involved in migration. In 2004, the International
Migration Law Unit was established to: Compile the migration-related
legal instruments at international, regional and national levels and
make them easily accessible; Disseminate this information and thus
enhance the understanding of IML; Organize training seminars and
capacity building activities in the field of migration law; and Promote
IML as essential component of comprehensive migration management
frameworks
ADVANTAGES of Migration:
1. Remittances - Money sent to another party, usually in another
country. Typically, the sender is a foreign worker and the recipient is a
relative in the recipient's home country. Remittance is considered as
one of the many massive contributions to the national accounts of
many immigration countries;
2. Job Vacancies can be filled; 3. Increases economic growth;
4. Can benefit locations where majority of the population is old;
5. Additional taxes for the host country; 6. New innovations and ideas;
7. Favorable economic and cultural impact
DISADVANTAGES of Migration:
1. Human Capital Flight or "Brain Drain"; 2. Human Trafficking;
3. Displacement of Jobs; 4. Increased crime rates;
5. Loss of informational and financial wealth; 6. Takes time to adapt to
new environment
Sustainability - Sustenāre (Latin) means "support", "back up", or
"care". The capacity to endure or the ability to continue a course while
maintaining a certain variable at a certain rate or level.
“Sustainability is achieved when all people on Earth can live well
without compromising the quality of life for future generations.” - Rolf
Jucker
Sustainability is “a process that helps create a vibrant economy and a
high quality of life, while respecting the need to sustain natural
resources and protect the environment. It expresses the principle that
future generations should live in a world that the present generation
has enjoyed but not diminished.” - Clough, G. Wayne, Jean-Lou
Chameau, and Carol Carmichael.
CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1713 - Earliest literature regarding the concept of sustainable
development meaning "ensuring forest sustainability"
1980 - the concept of sustainable development originated with the
environmental scope.
1987 - the concept of sustainable development gained wide
recognition in the international scientific community after the famous
report 'Our common future' (G.H. Brundtland, 1987)
1992 - The idea of sustainable development was initially brought to
light during the 1992 Rio "Earth Summit,”
‘Sustainable development - meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs’ (Brundtland Report, WCED 1987)
Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building
an inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet.
Sustainable development - way of organizing society so that it can
exist in the long term while taking into account both the imperatives
present and those of the future, such as the preservation of the
environment and natural resources or social and economic equity.

3 PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Economic and social crises that shook the world in the 20th century:
1907: the American banking crisis
1923: the crisis of American hyperinflation
1929: the financial crisis of the 1930s begins 1968: the
worldwide protests against bureaucratic elites
Ecological or environmental crises:
1954: Rongelap nuclear fallout
1957: Torrey Canyon oil spill
1986: Chernobyl nuclear disaster
1999: Erika disaster
Also, global warming, pollution, ozone layer depletion, loss
of biodiversity and etc.
Advantages of SD: REDUCTION IN DEFORESTATION;
IMPROVEMENTS IN OVERALL HEALTH; MITIGATION OF WATER
POLLUTION; PROTECTION OF OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
Disadvantages of SD: COSTS; FRAGILE COMMITMENT;
UNEMPLOYMENT IN SOME AREAS; MORE DEMAND
Challenges to Sustainable Development
* Prone to misconceptions * Requires participation
* Slow progress * Difficult to Implement
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global
Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call
to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030
all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are integrated—
they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others,
and that development must balance social, economic and
environmental sustainability
1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy 8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure 10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities 12. Responsible consumption
and Production 13. Climate Action 14. Life below water 15. Life on land
16. Peace, Justice and strong institutions 17. Partnership for the goals
SDSN, Action Agenda Report of 2014 - We are closer to
eradicating extreme poverty. The world and the ecology are being
harmed by human cultures more than ever. Inequality inside and
between nations is growing. Governance is getting more complicated,
particularly with the expanding role of technology. To protect our
planet from destruction or catastrophe Maximization of resources.
Today, more than 1 billion people live in extreme poverty (less than
$1.25 a day). Today, 8 men have as much wealth as the bottom 3.5
billion poorest people (half the world population). In 2017, more than
750 million people went to bed hungry every night and at the same
time, there are approximately 2 billion people that are overweight or
obese. Tens of thousands of species – including 25% of all mammals
and 13% of birds – are now threatened with extinction. This is
because of hunting, poaching, pollution, loss of habitat, the arrival of
invasive species, and other human-caused problems. Today, more than
a billion people don’t have access to electricity.
Globalization has important impacts on the environment, that must
be considered in order to achieve sustainable development.
Environmental issues have gained center-stage in economic analysis
and policy-making, and their urgency has opened new opportunities in
terms of technological innovation and entrepreneurship. Humans must
consider equal attention to globalization and sustainable development.
Things might get out of hand if these two are unbalanced. A good
example for this is SDG #11 (Sustainable cities and communities).
Cities, communities, or even countries cannot interact with each other
without using sustainable resources. If humans only focus on
globalization, resources might experience scarcity. And if humans only
focus on resources, then globalization might weaken. In conclusion, we
must balance our focus on both sides due to an inverse connection
between the two. If one is improving, the other one might fall
Updated Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022: Isang matatag,
maginhawa, at panatag na buhay para sa lahat. A development plan
that serves as the government's overall guide in DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING. This development plan reflects the government socio-
economic policies, strategies and programs in support to and
consistent with the development agenda of the president and geared
towards the attainment of development goals and objectives in the
long-term development plan.
Food Security - when all people, at all times, have access to
sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life. (World Food Summit)
Importance of Food Security/Safety
According to the FAO’S (UN Food and Agriculture Organization) report
on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World published in
2019, an estimated 2 billion people in the world are experiencing
some type of food insecurity, which includes North America and
Europe, where 8% of its population are affected.
4 MAIN COMPONENTS/PRINCIPLES OF FOOD SECURITY
 Availability (Domestic Production, Import Capacity, Food
Stocks, Food Aid)
 Utilization (Food Safety, Food Quality, Nutritional
Knowledge, Clean Water/Sanitation/Healthcare)
 Accessibility (Physical and Economic access to food,
Purchasing Power, Income of Population, Market
Infrastructure)
 Stability (Stability of supply and access, Price Fluctuations,
Political and Economic Factors)
Urbanization – populations move from rural to urban area, enabling
cities and towns to grow. It can also be termed as the progressive
increase of the number of people living in towns and cities.
FOOD SECURITY - Enough, Good, Healthy Food and Culturally
Appropriate Food
Food insecurity - lack of consistent access to enough food for every
person in a household to live an active, healthy life. This can be a
temporary situation for a family or can last a long time. Food insecurity
is one way we measure how many people can't afford food. One of the
most pressing problems in the world today. A report by the United
Nations in 2022 states that 828 million people worldwide regularly go
to bed hungry. Around 50 million people are facing the threat of
famine in 45 countries.
Famine - acute (versus chronic) food shortages at crisis levels across
a wide area, with disastrous health and mortality outcomes. 
Malnutrition - undermines a person’s ability to lead a healthy life and
occurs when a person is not able to obtain the right variety of nutrients
in the right amounts from their diet.
 
FOOD INSECURITY - CONDITIONS
* Acute Food Insecurity - sudden food shortage. According to the
Global Network Against Food Crises, it is when a person’s inability to
consume adequate food.
* Chronic Food Insecurity - Chronic conditions go on month after
month or even years after years. It is common to people who are in
poverty and vulnerable, provoking long-term negative health and
livelihood impacts.
The amount of people who are acutely food insecure has increased by
20 million since 2019. This sharp increase in critical hunger is
commonly attributed to the physical and economic impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic, a global health crisis that has robbed millions of
lives, health, jobs, and money
The second goal of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals
is to eradicate world hunger by 2030. Every major organization and
humanitarian agency that monitors food security, however, claims the
world is no nearer to that goal than we were in 2015. In fact, the
United Nations says, if recent trends continue, hunger will affect nearly
900 million people by 2030.
CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY
*Soil Depletion *Water Shortages *Air Pollution *Climate Change
*Overpopulation *Economic Crisis and Governance Issues
United States - leading international efforts to address the need that
people around the world have for reliable sources of quality food.
American aid is, in part, directed to food security — ensuring every
nation has the ability to feed its population adequate amounts of
nutritional foods.
Access to quality, nutritious food is fundamental to human existence.
Secure access to food can produce wide ranging positive impacts,
including:
Economic growth and job creation; Poverty reduction; Trade
opportunities; Increased global security and stability; Improved health
and healthcare
Global citizenship - umbrella term for social, political, environmental,
and economic actions of globally minded individuals and communities
on a worldwide scale. The term can refer to the belief that individuals
are members of multiple, diverse, local, and non-local networks rather
than single actors affecting isolated societies. It is also about shared
values and shared responsibility. Some essential values of global
citizenship are Diversity, interdependence, empathy, and perspective.
global citizen - aware of and understands the wider world and its
place in it. They are a citizen of the world. They take an active role in
their community and work with others to make our planet more
peaceful, sustainable, and fairer.
To be a global citizen means to have cultured empathy, a passion for
engaging with people from different backgrounds, adaptability to
different experiences and environments, and an appreciation for
diversity.
rights of global citizens - embedded in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, first drafted in 1948 after World War II. The core
nature of the Universal Declaration—grounded in individual liberty,
equality, and equity—has remained constant. However, the ways in
which human rights are applied change over time, with changes that
occur in the political, economic and social fabric of society. Also new
rights, that were not on the 1948 human rights agenda have emerged,
for example, digital access rights, LGBT rights, and environmental
rights.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES
Responsibility to…
#1 understand one’s own perspective and the perspectives of others
on global issues.
#2 respect the principle of cultural diversity.
#3 make connections and build relationships with people from other
culture.
#4 understand global issues.
#5 understand the ways in which the peoples and countries of the
world are inter-connected and inter-dependent
Global Citizenship Education (GCED) aims to empower learners of
all ages to assume active roles, both locally and globally, in building
more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive and secure societies. It is the best
way to raise global citizens. With its focus on equipping youths with
the skills and knowledge necessary to achieve sustainable
development, human rights, equality, peace, and cultural diversity.
- important because it aims to nurture respect for all, building a
sense of belonging to common humanity and helping learners become
responsible and active global citizens. Aims to empower learners to
assume active roles to face and resolve global challenges and to
become proactive contributors to a more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive,
and secure world. It helps young people develop the core
competencies which allow them to actively engage with the world and
help to make it a more just and sustainable place
Advantages of Global Citizenship
1. Awareness of world events and issues 2. Learn about personal
values and aspirations 3. Become a leader 4. Prepare the workforce for
the future 5. Challenge ignorance and intolerance 6. Promotion of
sustainability 7. World peace
Disadvantages of GC
1. Decisions made in the best interests globally may be harmful to
one’s own country. 2. A person may not feel as much attachment to
his/her own home country. 3. If a country encourages its young people
to work abroad to help underdeveloped areas of the world, this might
harm the economy at home.