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Mathematics Module – Week 1

ARITHMETIC
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Rational Real Numbers: numbers in the number line
Numbers Irrational Numbers: numbers that cannot be
Integers
expressed as simple fraction (e, ∏, √2)
Rational Numbers: any number that can be
Whole written into fraction
Numbers
Irrational Integers: Whole numbers and their negative
Counting
Numbers
Numbers counterparts
Whole Numbers: Counting numbers and 0
Counting Counting or Natural Numbers: 1,2,3…..
Numbers

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
PEMDAS: Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
650, 000, 000 can be written as 6.5 x 108
RATIO AND PROPORTION
Ratio is a comparison of 2 numbers
Proportion is a set of ratio which are equal to each other
Ratio and proportion can also be written in fractions

ALGEBRA
SETS AND SET NOTATION
Set is a collection of objects with
distinctive common characteristics
Set A U Set B
Symbols:
Set {} Null set Ø {}
Element Є Subset ⸦
Set {} Intersection ∩
Union U
Ways of describing a set Set A ∩ Set B
Roster Method:
B= {a, e, i, o, u}
Rule method using Verbal method:
Set B is the set of all vowels in English alphabet
Rule method using Set-builder notation:
B= {x│x is a counting number from one to ten}
Set A - Set B
(set B is the set of all x, where x is a counting number
from one to ten)
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LAW OF EXPONENTS
bm * bn = bm+n
(bm)n = bmn
(ab)m = ambm
𝑏𝑚
if m>n and b ≠ 0, = 𝑏𝑚−𝑛
𝑏𝑛
POLYNOMIALS
Ex: 3x+4
Constant: symbol whose value does not
change (4) Types of polynomials:
Variable: symbol whose value may vary Monomial: polynomial with a single term
(x&y) (3x)
Coefficient: multiplicative factor Binomial: polynomial with 2 unlike terms
Ex: 16b (x+3)
-Numerical coefficient: 16 Trinomial: polynomial with 3 unlike terms
-Literal coefficient: b (x2+3x+3)

ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS
Addition/ subtraction
-remove grouping symbols and combine like terms
Multiplication
-Monomial by monomial
(2𝑥 2 )(3𝑥 5 ) + 2𝑥 2 (−8𝑥 4 ) + 2𝑥 2 (4𝑥 3 )
= 6𝑥 7 − 16𝑥 6 +8𝑥 6
-Binomial by binomial
FOIL Method (First, Outer, Inner, Last)
(4x+5)(3x+4)
=4x(3x+4) + 5(3x+ 4)

Division
Long division
- Arrange the terms in the dividend and divisor
in descending degree, without skipping a
degree (place 0 for the terms with 0 as coefficient)
- Divide the first term of the dividend to the first term
of the divisor to get the first term in the quotient
- Multiply the first term of the quotient to the divisor and
write the product under the dividend
- Subtract the product from the dividend
- Repeat steps until remainder is no longer divisible by the
divisor
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Synthetic division
- Arrange dividend in decreasing order and write the coefficient in the first row
- To the left, write the c of the divisor in the form x-c
- Bring down the first coefficient in the third row. Multiply it by c and put it in the second
row under the second coefficient. Add the product with the second coefficient and place
the sum on the third row
- Repeat this process
- To interpret the third row, the last number is the remainder, while the rest is the
coefficient of the quotient, which is one degree lesser than the dividend

Answer: 3x3-5x+2

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

Common Monomial Factoring Sum/ Difference of Two Cubes

16𝑥 5 +8𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2 (4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑎3 +𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Common Binomial Factoring
6𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 𝑧) + 21(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 Perfect Square Trinomial
= 3(𝑦 + 𝑧)(2𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 + 7𝑧) (𝑎+𝑏)2 = (𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
(𝑎−𝑏)2 = (𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Difference of two squares
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑏) Quadratic Trinomial
𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑎𝑐𝑥 2 + (𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑏𝑑 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
Simplification
-factor numerator and denominator
-determine the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) x3 − y3 (𝒙−𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
2 2 = 𝟒(𝒙+𝒚)
-divide the numerator and denominator with the GCF 4x − 4y 𝟒(𝒙−𝒚)(𝒙+𝒚)

Addition and Subtraction

Similar fraction: 4x 5x 4x + 5x
-copy the denominator + =
(x + 1) x+1 x+1
-add or subtract the numerator then simplify
Dissimilar fraction:
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-factor denominator of both dividend and divisor 4x 5x 4x + 5x 2

-determine the Least Common Denominator (LCD) + =
x(x + 1) x + 1 x(x + 1)
-write the equivalent fractions having the LCD as the
new denominator
-add or subtract similar fractions
Multiplication
4x 5x 20x 2
-multiply the numerators to get the numerator of the product ∗ =
-multiply the denominators to get the denominator of the product 5x − 2 x + 1 (5x − 2)(x + 1)
-simplify the resulting algebraic fraction

Division
-get the inverse of the divisor 4x 5x 4𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
-change the operation to multiplication ÷ =
5x − 2 x + 1 (5x − 2)(5x)
-multiply and simplify

LINEAR EQUATION
For a linear equation in the form ax + b = 0, its solution set is {-b/a}

QUADRATIC EQUATION
In the form of ax2 + bx + c
−𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝟐𝒂
Determinant: b2 – 4ac
If determinant > 0; two distinct real solutions
If determinant = 0; one real solution
If determinant < 0; two imaginary solutions

INEQUALITIES
Manipulate the inequality to isolate x. When multiplying or dividing a negative, flip the inequality
symbol.
-23 < 5x + 7 < 2
--6< x < -1

LOGARITHM
𝒊𝒇 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒚
Law of logarithms
If M and N are positive real numbers, b>0 and b≠1, then
- log 𝑏 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑏 𝑀 + log 𝑏 𝑁
𝑀
- log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑀 − log 𝑏 𝑁
𝑁
- log 𝑏 𝑁𝑘 = k log 𝑏 𝑁
1
- log 𝑏 = −log 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥
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Mathematics Module – Week 1

FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Function: one output for every input (one y for every x)
Relation: more than one output for a particular input
Determining if a graph is a function: Vertical line test

Domain: Possible x-values

Range: Resulting y-values from plugging in your domain

OPERATIONS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

(f+g) (x)= f(x) + g(x) (f/g) (x)= f(x)/g(x) A relation, but not a function
(f-g) (x) = f(x)- g(x) (f о g) (x) = f(g(x))
(f*g) (x)= f(x)* g(x)

INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Exchange x and y, then solve
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
f(x) = 3x + 2 => y = 3x +2 => =y => f’(x)=
3 3

WORD PROBLEMS
Age: comparison of ages
Work:
Work done=rate of work (time worked)
Motion:
Distance= rate (time)
-Motion in opposite direction:
Distance 1 + Distance 2 = Total distance
-Distance between 2 vehicles travelling towards same direction, same point, and same time
Distance traveled by faster vehicle – Distance traveled by slower = Distance between 2 vehicles
-Vehicles travelling in different time intervals in same direction, leaving at the same point
Distance 1= Distance 2
Investment:
Interest = Principal amount (rate) (time)
Mixture:
Value of mixture = amount of mixture (cost per unit of mixture

SERIES AND PROGRESSION

Progression/ Sequence: sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms
is constant.
Arithmetic sequence: goes from one term to the next by always adding (or subtracting) by the same
value
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Finding the total number of terms:

𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎−𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝒅
+𝟏 where d is the common difference

Finding the nth term:

nth term: first term + (n-1)d , where d is the common difference
Geometric sequence: goes from one term to the next by always multiplying (or dividing) by the same
value
Finding the nth term:
nth term = first term (rn-1) where r is the common ratio
Series: sum of the various numbers, or elements of a sequence
Arithmetic series:
𝒏
Sum of the terms= (𝒂 + 𝑳) where n is the number of terms, a is the first term, and L is the last term
𝒂
If the last term is not given:
𝒏
Sum of the terms= 𝒏𝒂 + ((𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅) where d is the common difference
𝟐

STATISTICS
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Mean: average of the values in a collection

𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
Median: value that divides the array of numbers into 2 equal parts. Note that the array must be
arranged in ascending order, and the median is the middle value.
Mode: observed value that occurs with the greatest frequency in a data set

FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

If an event can happen in n ways, and another event can happen in m ways, then the total number
of ways for the 2 events to happen is m x n.

PROBABILITY
Measure of how likely an event is to occur
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

If your problem has words like "or", "either”, "at least" or their synonyms, you need to 'ADD' favorable
cases & hence the probabilities.
If your problem has words like "and", "both", "all" or their synonyms, you need to 'MULTIPLY' favorable
cases & hence the probabilities.

PERMUTATION
All possible outcomes where the order matters
Repetition is allowed: nr, where n is the number of things to choose from, and we choose r of them
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Repetition is not allowed: choices get reduced each time

𝒏!
Formula: where the ‘!’ symbol denotes a factorial, which means to multiply a series of
(𝒏−𝒓)!
descending numbers

COMBINATION
All possible outcomes where the order does not matter

(𝒓+𝒏−𝟏)!
Repetition is allowed:
𝒓!(𝒏−𝟏)!

𝒏!
Repetition is not allowed:
𝒓!(𝒏−𝒓)!