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reviews
Mathematics Module – Week 2

Geometry
BASIC CONCEPTS:
Point: indicates position with no dimension
Line: infinite set of points which lie evenly on itself
extending in opposite directions from any given point
Line Segment: portion of a line that has an endpoint on both direction
Ray: portion of a line that has an endpoint in only one direction
Plane: infinite set of points and lines
Angle: union of 2 distinct non-collinear rays
Point of concurrency: vertex
Congruent angles: angles with equal measures
Complementary angles: angles whose sum is 90°
Supplementary angles: angles whose sum is 180°
Reflex angle: more than 180° but less than 360°

a b
c d

e f
g h

Corresponding angles: angles with the same measure (angles a, e, d, and h)

Alternate interior angles have the same measure (angles c, f, d, and e)
Alternate exterior angles have the same measure (angles a, h, b, g)

Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary

(measures of angle c and e = 180)
Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary
(measures of angle b and h =180)
POLYGONS
: closed plane figure bounded by straight lines
Convex polygon: all interior angles are less than 180°

Concave Polygon: one or more interior angle is greater than 180°

Apothem: line from the center of regular polygon to the midpoint of a side
Sum of interior angles: 180° (n-2)
Number of diagonals that can be formed inside:
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟑)
𝟐
Number of triangles that can be formed inside: n-2
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Mathematics Module – Week 2

TRIANGLES
Types of triangle:
Equilateral: 3 equal sides
Equiangular: 3 equal angles
Isosceles: 2 equal sides
Scalene: no sides are equal
Right: one that has a right angle
Obtuse: one that has an obtuse angle
Acute: 3 angles are acute
Pythagorean theorem: in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse (side opposite the right
angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides

a c2 = a2 + b2
c

b
Special triangles:

30-60-90 triangle 45-45-90 triangle

60 ° 2
√2
1 1
30 °
√3 1
Congruent triangle theorems:
SSS: 3 sides of one triangle is congruent to 3 sides of another rectangle
SAS: 2 sides and the included angle (angle formed by the sides used) of one triangle are congruent
to the corresponding parts of another triangle
ASA: 2 angles and the included side (side between the angles used) of one triangle are congruent
to the corresponding parts of another triangle
AAS: 2 angles and the non-included side (either of the 2 sides that are not between the 2 angles
used) of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle

Similar triangle theorem:

AA: 2 angles of one triangle are congruent to 2 angles of another triangle
SSS: 3 sets of corresponding sides are in proportion
SAS: 2 sets of the corresponding sides of the triangles are in proportion, and the included angles
are congruent

Triangle inequality theorem:

Any side of triangle is always shorter than the sum of the other two sides

A+B>C or A+C>B or C+B>A (where A, B, C are the measure of the sides of an angle)
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Mathematics Module – Week 2

CIRCLES

Arc: curved line that is part of the circumference of circle

Chord: Line segment within a circle that touches 2 points on a circle

Circumference: Distance around the circle

Diameter: Longest distance from one end of a circle to the other, passing through the center

Origin: Center of the circle

Pi: Circumference/diameter

Radius: Distance from center of circle to any point on it

Sector: Is like a slice of pie (a circle wedge)

Tangent: a line perpendicular to the radius that touches only one point on the circle

For a circle with center (j, k) and radius (r): (x-j)2 + (y-k)2 = r2

PERIMETER
:total length of the sides of the figure

AREA OF PLANE FIGURES

Parallelogram, A=bxh
Rhombus
Rectangle A = l x w = (d1 – d2) / 2, where d1
and d2 are diagonals of the
rectangle
Square A = s2
Trapezoid A = (h(b1 + b2)) / 2
Circle A = πr2= πd2/4

AREA OF TRIANGLES

Given base and height A = (b x h)/2

Given sides 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where s= (a+b+c)/2
Equilateral triangle A = a2 √3/4

SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SOLIDS

SURFACE AREA VOLUME

Rectangular box SA = 2[lw + lh + wh] V= lwh
Cube SA= 6s2 V= s3
Cone SA= πr2 + πr √r 2 + h2 V= (πr2h)/3
Cylinder SA= 2πr2 + 2πrh V= πr2h
Sphere SA= 4 πr2 V= (4 πr3)/3
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Mathematics Module – Week 2

Pyramid SA= sum of area of faces V= (area of base * height)/3

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance formula: distance between 2 points with coordinates (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)
𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
Midpoint theorem: midpoint of line segment with points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
( , 𝟐 )
𝟐
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
Slope: 𝒎 =
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
If line slopes upward to the right, m>0
If line slopes downward to the right, m<0
If line is horizontal, m=0
If line is vertical, m is undefined
Equation of Line (General Form)
ax + by + c = 0
Equation of Line (Slope-intercept Form)
y = mx + b, where b is the y-intercept of the line
Equation of Line (Point-slope Form)
(y - y1) = m (x-x1) where x1 and y1 are the coordinates of a given point that defines the line

Parallel Lines: two lines are parallel if they have the same slope or if they are both vertical

Perpendicular Lines: intersecting lines where all angles formed are 90 degrees. If the slope of one
line is the negative inverse of the other, they are perpendicular

OVERVIEW OF LIMITS

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 , read as the limit of the function approaches the value L, as x approaches (but is
𝑥→𝑎
not equal to) a from both sides

A more precise way of phrasing the definition is that we can make f(x) be as close to L as we like
by making x be sufficiently close to a.

Theorems:

• If lim f(x) exists, then it is unique

x→a
• If c ϵ ℝ, then lim c = c
x→a
• lim x = a
x→a
• lim f(x) = L if and only if lim- f(x) = lim+ f(x) = L
x→a x→a x→a

Trigonometry
DEGREE AND RADIANS
180 π
Degree=radians * radians = degrees *
π 180
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Mathematics Module – Week 2

UNIT CIRCLE

TRIGONOMETRC FUNCTIONS opp A

sin θ =
hyp 𝐶
= SOHCAHTOA
adj 𝐵
cos θ = = 𝐶 Sin: Opposite/Hypotenuse
hyp
opp A Cos: Adjacent/Hypotenuse
A C tan θ = = B
adj Tan: Opposite/Adjacent
1 C
θ ( CSC θ = = CHOSHACAO
sin θ 𝐴
B 1 C Csc: Hypotenuse/ Opposite
sec θ =
cos θ
= 𝐵
1 B
Sec: Hypotenuse/ Adjacent
toa θ =
tan θ
= A Cot: Adjacent/ Opposite

SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN THE QUADRANT

sin θ All trig functions

csc θ are positive

tan θ cos θ
cot θ sec θ

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
tan2 θ + 1= sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Double angle
sin (2θ) = 2sinθcosθ
cos(2θ) = cos2 θ - sin2θ
2tanθ
tan (2θ) =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 θ C
SINE LAW b a
: only works on acute angles
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪 A B
= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
COSINE LAW c
a2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C