Paper 2

1. Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH4 for the reaction

C + 2H2 + 1
2
O2 → CH3OH ΔH4

using Hess’s Law and the following information.

CH3OH + 1 12 O2 → CO2 + 2H2O ΔH1 = -676 kJ mol-1

C + O2 → CO2 ΔH2 = -394 kJ mol-1
H2 + 1
2
O2 → H2O ΔH3 = -242 kJ mol-1

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

2. Two reactions occurring in the manufacture of sulfuric acid are shown below:

reaction I S(s) +O2(g) ® SO2(g) DHӨ = –297 kJ

reaction II SO2(g) + 1
2
O2(g) SO3(g) DHӨ = –92 kJ

(i) State the name of the term DHӨ. State, with a reason, whether reaction I would be
accompanied by a decrease or increase in temperature.
(3)

(ii) At room temperature sulfur trioxide, SO3, is a solid. Deduce, with a reason, whether
the DHӨ value would be more negative or less negative if SO3(s) instead of SO3(g)
were formed in reaction II.
(2)

(iii) Deduce the DHӨ value of this reaction:

S(s) + 1 12 O2(g) ® SO3(g)

(1)

3. (i) Draw a graph that shows the distribution of molecular energies in a sample of a
gas at two different temperatures, T1 and T2, such that T2 is greater than T1.
(2)
 (ii) Define the term activation energy.
(1)

(iii) State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of an endothermic reaction.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

4. (i) Magnesium is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid. Sketch a graph of acid

concentration on the y-axis against time on the x-axis to illustrate the progress of
the reaction.
(1)

(ii) Describe how the slope of the line changes with time.
(1)

(iii) Use the collision theory to state and explain the effect of decreasing
concentration on the rate of the reaction.
(2)
5. The table below gives information about the percentage yield of ammonia obtained in
the Haber process under different conditions.

Pressure/ Temperature/°C
atmosphere
200 300 400 500
10 50.7 14.7 3.9 1.2
100 81.7 52.5 25.2 10.6
200 89.1 66.7 38.8 18.3
300 89.9 71.1 47.1 24.4
400 94.6 79.7 55.4 31.9
600 95.4 84.2 65.2 42.3

(a) From the table, identify which combination of temperature and pressure gives the
highest yield of ammonia.

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)

(b) The equation for the main reaction in the Haber process is

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ∆H is negative

Use this information to state and explain the effect on the yield of ammonia of
increasing

(i) pressure: …………………………….………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..………………….

………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)

(ii) temperature: ………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………….….

………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)

(c) In practice, typical conditions used in the Haber process are a temperature of 500
°C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres. Explain why these conditions are used
rather than those that give the highest yield.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)

(d) Write the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the production of ammonia.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
 (Total 8 marks)

6. Consider the following equilibrium reaction.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ∆H = –198 kJ

Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, state and explain what will happen to the position of
equilibrium if

(a) the temperature increases.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) the pressure increases.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

7. (a) (i) A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm–3 and a
pH value of 1. The solution is diluted by a factor of 100. Determine the
concentration of the acid and the pH value in the diluted solution.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain why 0.10 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid solution and the diluted solution in
(a) (i) have similar [H+] values.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Suggest one method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to
distinguish between solutions of a strong acid and a weak acid of the same
concentration. State the expected results.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
8. Define the terms strong acid and weak acid. Using hydrochloric and ethanoic acid as
examples, write equations to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 4 marks)

9. (i) Calcium carbonate is added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid and

ethanoic acid of the same concentration. State one similarity and one difference
in the observations you could make.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium
carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)

(iii) Determine the volume of 1.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid that would react with
exactly 1.25 g of calcium carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)

(iv) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, measured at 273 K and

1.01×105 Pa, which would be produced when 1.25 g of calcium carbonate reacts
completely with the hydrochloric acid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
 (Total 9 marks)

10. The pH values of solutions of three organic acids of the same concentration were
measured.

acid X pH = 5
acid Y pH = 2
acid Z pH = 3

(i) Identify which solution is the least acidic.

(1)

(ii) Deduce how the [H+] values compare in solutions of acids Y and Z.
(2)

(iii) Arrange the solutions of the three acids in decreasing order of electrical
conductivity, starting with the greatest conductivity, giving a reason for your
choice.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

11. The equilibrium reached when ethanoic acid is added to water can be represented by
the following equation:

CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) CH3COO–(aq)+H3O+(aq)

Define the terms Brønsted-Lowry acid and Lewis base, and identify two examples of
each of these species in the equation.
(Total 4 marks)

12. Identify one example of a strong acid and one example of a weak acid. Outline three
different methods to distinguish between equimolar solutions of these acids in the
laboratory. State how the results would differ for each acid.
(Total 5 marks)

13. Vinegar has a pH of approximately 3 and some detergents have a pH of approximately

8. State and explain which of these has the higher concentration of H+ and by what
factor.
(Total 1 mark)

14. The pH values of three acidic solutions, X, Y and Z, are shown in the following table:

Solution Acid pH
X HCl(aq) 2
Y HCl(aq) 4
CH3COOH(a
Z 4
q)

(i) Solutions X and Z have the same acid concentration. Explain, by reference to
both acids, why they have different pH values.
(2)

(ii) Deduce by what factor the values of [H+] in solutions X and Y differ.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)