1.

WURTZ REACTION :
R – X + 2 Na + X–R dry ether
   R – R + 2 NaX

2. WURTZ-FITTING REACTION
Dry ether
R–I + 2Na + I–Ar    R–Ar + 2Nal

3. KOLBE’S ELECTROLYSIS

2R  C  ONa Electrolys
  is
 R–R + 2CO2 + NaOH + H2 
||
O

4. DECARBOXYLATION OF ACID:

R  C  O  H NaOH
 R–H + CO2
|| CaO
O

5. CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION :
O
||
Ph  C  CH 3 Zn
( Hg
)or Na ( Hg )
  Ph–CH2–CH3
HCl

6. WOLF-KISHNER REDUCTION.
O NNH2

N
2H 4
 KOH , heat
    + N2
( diethylene glycol )
Phenyl propanone Phenyl hydrazone n-propylbenzene (82%)

7. OXYMERCURATION – DEMERCURATION :

I I I I
>C = C< + H2O + Hg (OAc)2 C C Na B H4
C C
I I I I
OH Hg O Ac OH H
Mercuric acetate Alcohol

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8. HYDROBORATION – OXIDATION :
(Anti–Markownikov orientation)
1
>C = C< + (BH3)2 B C—C
2
H
Alkene Diborane Tri alkyl borane
H2O 2 I I
C C + B(OH)3
OH I I
H OH

9. (DARZEN REACTION) :
Pyridine
R–OH +SOCl2    R–Cl +SO2 + HCl
10. FINKELSTEIN REACTION :
Acetone
R–Br or R – Cl + KI R – I + KCl
11. SWARTS REACTION
AgF/Δ
R–Br or R – Cl    R – F
or Hg2F2 /Δ

12. WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS

–
R O Na+
R – OR
RX
ArO–Na+
R – OAr
Yield from RX: CH3 > 1° > 2° > 3°
13 KUCHEROV'S REACTION.
HgSO 4 / dil. H2SO 4
CH  CH + HOH CH2 =CH– OH tautomeris
  m
 CH3 – CHO
14. ROSENMUND REDUCTION :
O O
Pd
R–C–Cl + H2 BaSO4 R–C–H + HCl

15. GATTERMANN REACTION (FORMYLATION)

OH OH
ZnCl2 CHO
+ HCN + HCl +
H3O

16. GATTERMANN REACTION (FORMYLATION)

OH OH
ZnCl2 CHO
+ HCN + HCl +
H3O

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17. HALOFORM REACTION

CH3 COCH3  3 X 2  4NaOH  CHX3  3NaX  CH3 COONa  3H2O

18. ALDOL CONDENSATION

.

O H / HOH 
2CH3CHO    CH 3  CH  CH 2  CHO  CH3 – CH = CH – CHO
5 C |  H 2O
OH
-hydroxy butyraldehyde (Aldol)
19. CANNIZARO REACTION
O O
|| ||
KOH
2 H  C  H  H  C  O  K+ + CH3OH


20. CLAISEN ESTER CONDENSATION

O O O
|| ( i ) RONa
| | ||
2Me  C  OR     Me  C  CH 2  C  OR
(ii ) Acidification

(-keto ester)
21. ESTERIFICATION :
O
Conc. H2SO4
R – C – OH + H – OR' R – C – OR' + H2O

22. GATTERMANN-KOCH REACTION

CHO
AlCl3
+ CO + HCl + HCl

23. HOFFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION

OH¯/Br2 2–
R – C – NH2 R – NH2 + Br¯ + H2O + CO3
or OBr
O
24. CARBYLAMINE REACTION :

R  NH 2 CHCl
 3 / OH ¯

 R  N  C ¯

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25. HELL–VOLHARD–ZELINISKY (HVZ)
R–CH2–COOH + Br2 Re d P R–CH(Br)–COOH + HBr

26. SANDYMEYER REACTION

+ CuCl, HCl
N2 Cl¯ Cl¯ + N2

+ CuBr, HCN
N2 Cl¯ Br + N2

+ CuCN, HCN
N2 Cl¯ CN + N2

27. REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION

OH OH OH
(i) aq. NaOH, 330K CHO
(a) + CHCl3 (ii) H
+ +

salicyaldehyde CHO
(steam volatile)

28. KOLBE REACTION (CARBONATION)

ONa ONa ONa
400 K, 4-7 atm. COONa H+ COOH
+ CO2
salicylic acid

29. FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION

CH2CH3
(i) AlCl3
+ CH3CH2Cl + HCl
(ii) H2O

30. FRIEDEL CRAFT ACYLATION

OH OH
O
AlCl3 COCH3
+ CH3CCl and p-

o-acetylphenol

31. STEPHEN REACTION

SnCl2 HOH
CH3 – C N 2H HCl
CH3 – CH NH CH3 – CH O
Acetonitrile Acetal dimine Acetaldehyde

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