TOPIC: MODAL VERBS

ENGLISH CLASS
GRADE: 9°
Modal auxiliaries are verbs such as can, must, could, would, etc. which are used
with main verbs to express such ideas as possibility, permission, necessity,
obligation, etc.

1. Must and have to:

 Must is used for all persons in the present and future tenses.
 The negative is must not (mustn’t).
 The interrogative form is must I?
 Must has no infinitive and no past tense. It is followed by the infinitive
without ‘to’.

2. Must and Have to/Had to:

Have to, like must, expresses obligation in the present while had to does so in the
past. Must expresses an obligation imposed by the speaker. Have to/Had
to expresses external obligations—an obligation by some authority or
circumstances.

 I must reach there in time (the speaker himself feels so).

 You must reach in time (ordered to do so by some external authority).

Had to is used when describing something belonging to the past.

 He had to go early to catch the train.

3. Have to/Had to:

(i) Have to expresses obligation and necessity in the present. Had to does so in
the past:

 She has to look after her mother.

 He had to finish his work before 5 p.m.

(ii) Have to and had to are used for giving advice:

 First you have to mix the water and the sugar.

 She had to take those pills to get better.

(iii) Have to and had to are used to draw a logical conclusion:

  There has to be some reason for his mischief.
 This has to be a part of the whole plan.

4. Should:
(i) Should is the past tense of shall. In indirect form of speech ‘shall’ changes into
should.

 I said, “I shall go to school tomorrow.”

 I said that I should go to school the next day.

(ii) Should is used to express obligation, duty, etc.

 You should look after your old parents.

 You should pay all your taxes.

(iii) Should is used to give advice or suggestion:

 You should consult a doctor.

 She should do yoga exercises daily.
 He should learn English if he wants to get a good job.

(iv) Should is used to express purpose:

 Mohan walked fast so that he should catch the train.

 Satish worked hard so that he should stand first in the class.

(v) Should is used to state imaginary results:

 He should get angry if he had come to know about it.

(vi) Should is used to express polite requests:

 I should be thankful if you give me some money.

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