An EPICS Report

on
PLANT DISEASE DETECTION USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND
MACHINE LEARNING
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
E. SRINU 208W1A0272
B. DAYA SAGAR 208W1A0265
MD. APSHA 208W1A0295
A. UDAY 208W1A0260
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

M.L.N VITAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

V. R. SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Sponsored by SAGTE, Kanuru, Vijayawada-520007(Approved by AICTE,
Accredited by NBA and NAAC ‘A’ GRADE)
2022-2023
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

V. R. SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the DISEASE

EPICS report titled “PLANT
DETECTIOIMAGE PROCESSING AND MACHINE LEARNING” is a
bonafide record of work done byE.SRINU(208W1A0272),B.DAYA
SAGAR(208W1A0265),MD.APSHA(208W1A0295) and A.UDAY (208W1A0260) under
my guidance and supervision and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College, (Autonomous, Affiliated to JNTUK) during the
academic year 2022-2023.

M.L.N VITAL Dr.P.V.R.L. NARASIMHAM

Assistant Professor Professor & HOD
EEE Dept. EEE Dept.
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work is being presented in this EPICS project report “PLANT

DISEASE DETECTIOIMAGE PROCESSING AND MACHINE

LEARNING” submitted towards the partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in V. R.
Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada is an authentic record of our work carried out
under the supervision of M.L.N VITAL, Assistant Professor in EEE Department, in V. R.
Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada. The matter embodied in this dissertation report
has not been submitted by us for the award of any other degree. Furthermore, the technical
details furnished in various chapters of this report are purely relevant to the above EPICS
PROJECT.

208W1A0272-E SRINU
208W1A0265-B DAYA SAGAR
208W1A0295-MD APSHA
208W1A0260-A UDAY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Presentation and motivation always play a key role in the success of any venture.

We express our sincere thanks to DR.A.V. RATNA PRASAD, Principal, Velagapudi

Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Kanuru, Vijayawada.

We pay our deep sense of gratitude to DR.P.V.R.L. NARASIMHAM, HOD,

Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.L.N VITAL, Asst.Prof, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering for encouraging us to the highest peak and for providing us the
opportunity to prepare the project. We are immensely obliged to our classmates for their
elevating inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision in the completion of our
project.

We acknowledge our indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to our respected guide
M.L.N VITAL Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering who has offered
good guidance and kind supervision throughout the course to shape this present work.

Finally, we conclude by conveying thanks to those who helped us in finalizing the

project within the limited time frame.

208
W1A0272-E SRINU
208W1A0265-B DAYA SAGAR
208W1A0295-MD APSHA
208W1A0260-A UDAY
 ABSTRACT
In the past, human beings have encountered some severe plant diseases which
damaged food supply and led to shortage of food. Plant diseases are mainly caused by
pathogenic organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, as well as insects and
parasitic plants. With the development of agriculture, infectious plant diseases have become
an increasingly significant factor affecting crop yield and economic efficiency. Disease
detection is a critical task for farmers. They follow shortcuts of using chemical pesticides
which give side effects to consumable foods.
Plant diseases can affect plants by interfering with several processes such as the
absorbance and translocation of water and nutrients, photosynthesis, flower and fruit
development, plant growth and development and cell division and enlargement. Identification
of the plant diseases is important in order to prevent the losses within the yield. It's terribly
troublesome to observe the plant diseases manually. It needs huge time as well as skilled
labour. for the early detection of plant diseases, there are some optical sensing techniques
have been employed for the real-time monitoring and identification of diseases. along with
computer vision approaches can be effectively utilized for the quick identification and
classification of plant diseases.
Machine learning is a trending area where the technological benefits can be
imparted to the agriculture field also. so in this work we have used machine learning
algorithms for plant disease detection by using a particular dataset consisting of different
diseases. It is rather inexpensive to detect the diseases in plants using machine learning
techniques rather than using chemical pesticides. This paper makes a review on the existing
techniques and also suggests the best technique which can be implemented by farmers to
recognize the disease faster and which proves to be economical to them. The proposed
system is able to detect different diseases of common plants with high accuracy.

Keywords: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING, MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS, DATASETS,

PLANT DISEASE DETECTION
CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation:
2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
3. SOLUTIONS:
4. FEASIBLE SOLUTION:
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Dataset
5. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PLANT DISEASE DETECTION
6. CONCLUSION:
REFERENCES:
 INTRODUCTION

The importance of plants in the world has increased over time. The discoveries
about the critical roles that plants could play in medicine, food production, and the recent
concerns about the reduction of global warming have for long been a significant part of
science and technology.
Since the past days and in the present to farmers usually detect the crop
diseases with their naked eye which makes them to take tough decision on which fertilizers to
use. it require detailed knowledge about the type of diseases and lot of experience needed to
make sure the actual disease. some of the diseases look almost similar to farmers and most of
them confused.
Plant disease identification by the visual way is a more laborious task and at the
same time, less accurate and can be done only used it will take less effort, less time, and
become more accurate. Image processing and machine learning can be employed for
detection of plant diseases. Through these techniques the detection of plant diseases with help
of their leaves pictures. Image processing is a branch of signal processing which can extract
the image properties or useful information from the image. Machine learning is a sub part of
artificial intelligence which works automatically or give instructions to do a particular task.
The color of leaves, amount of damage to leaves, area of the leaf, texture parameters are used
for classification.
Previously plant disease detection is done by visual inspection of the leaves or
some chemical processes by experts. For doing so, a large team of experts as well as
continuous observation of plant is needed, which costs high when we do with large farms. In
such conditions, the recommended system proves to be helpful in monitoring large fields of
crops. The goal of image processing is to simplify and/or change the representation of an
image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze.

1. MOTIVATION
 A big part of our country's economy depends on the agriculture. Farmers have a big
range of options to select the crops and choose the convenient chemicals and pesticides
to use. The main purpose of implementing this project is farmers in India are facing so
many problems due to huge amount of plant diseases. This effects huge effect on food
production. plant diseases are occurs mainly through the harmful insects and parasitic
plants. farmers are confused in determining the type disease in the plant and using
various harmful chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Due to heavy usage of pesticides
effects the plant and leads to the food poison. Thus, crop damage could result in
generating unexpected losses that will impact the productivity of the farming industries
which will directly affect the economy. Therefore, taking care of the plants is necessary
to maintain an excellent quality of agriculture and guarantee the efficient productivity
along with the high profit.

Plant disease identification by the visual way is a more laborious task and at
the same time, less accurate and can be done only used it will take less effort, less time,
and become more accurate.

2.PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Agriculture is an integral part of the Indian economy. The Indian agriculture sector
employs nearly half of the country's workforce. India is the largest producer of pulses, rice,
wheat, spices, and spice products in the world. Farmers' economic growth is determined by
the quality of the goods they make, which is dependent on plant growth and yield. As a result,
in the field of agriculture, disease identification in plants is important. Plants are highly
susceptible to diseases that inhibit plant development, which has an effect on the farmer's
ecology. The detection of plant diseases most of the time is done only throughout the naked
eye observation. The use of an automated disease detection technique is advantageous in
detecting a plant disease at an early stage. Plant diseases manifest themselves in various parts
of the plant, such as the leaves. It takes a long time to manually diagnose plant disease using
leaf photographs. As a result, computational methods must be developed to automate the
process of disease detection and classification using leaf images.

3.SOLUTIONS:
 Plant disease detection using image processing and machine learning.
 RF algorithm achieved 89 percent accuracy compared with other
algorithms and found to be the best algorithm in order to classify plant
diseases.
 A new plant leaf disease detection technique has been developed that is
based on a transfer learning methodology such as deep learning, where
CNN is employed as a feature extractor and SVM is used for
classification.
4.METHODOLOGY:

Above proposed system is an application based software. It works through an android based
software which simply takes the input image of the plant and uploads it to the mobile device.
Then this image is sent through a Convolutional Neural network which encodes this image
into a numerical array and classifies it with the other numerical arrays in the model. The
model is a tensor flow model which is made into a tensor flow lite model because of the large
size of the normal tensor flow model. This model helps classify the uploaded image
numerical value to the dataset values. When a numerical array matches it calculates the
confidence and displays the value which has the highest confidence. In this way, we can
ensure that we always have the highest confidence value showing in the results.

4.1 DATASET:
Dataset is a collection of various types of data stored in a digital format. plant disease dataset
consists of different images of various plants. Here we have used some of the plants dataset
like apple, corn, etc.. which consists of many number of images either healthy or diseased.
Plants Disease Name No. of images
Apple Healthy 2008
Diseased Scab 2016
Diseased: Black rot 1987
Diseased: Cedar apple 1760
rust
Corn Healthy 1859
Diseased: Cercospora leaf 1642
 spot
Diseased: Common rust 1907
Diseased: Northern Leaf 1908
Blight
Grapes Healthy 1692
Diseased: Black rot 1888
Diseased: Esca (Black 1920
Measles)
Potato Healthy 1824
Diseased: Early blight 1939
Diseased: Late blight 1939
Tomato Healthy 1926
Diseased: Bacterial spot 1702
Diseased: Early blight 1920
Diseased: Late blight 1851
Diseased: Leaf Mold 1882

Plant disease dataset.

4.2 Image Acquisition:

First step in image acquisition is to capture the leaves using mobile phone or digital camera.
These stored images of the leaves from the database are load by specifying the path.
4.3 Image Pre-processing:
Pre-processing improves the quality of the image by removing unsought distortions. Clipping
the images based on the region of interest (ROI), image smoothing and contrast enhancement
are done here.

4.4 Image segmentation:

It is performed on the colour feature of image pixels. Here we are assuming that homogeneous
colours within the image belong to the different clusters and hence important things within the colour
image. Each cluster defines a category of pixels that share similar colour properties. In this paper we
use k-means clustering based colour image segmentation to perform the required proposed work.
4.5 Feature Extraction:
Interesting part of an image from where the required information are extracted is called as
feature extraction. The dimension of the region of interest (ROI) will be smaller than the
original image. Gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) is one of the best methods for
texture analysis. Size of the GLCM will be based on the number of gray levels.

4.6 Machine learning algorithm:

The plant disease detection is the technique which can detect disease from the plant leaves.
The plant disease detection has various steps which are textural feature analysis,
segmentation, classification using KNN classifier with GLCM algorithm.

4.7 Analysis:
Leaves are affected by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Sometime insects also
damage the leaf which appears as leaf spot disease. The infected part of the leaf will vary in
size and colour, depending on the stage and organism involved. Spots will be noticed with
various colours such as yellow, brown, tan, black. Based on the texture information from
GLCM the disease is classified.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

INPUT LEAF IMAGE FEATURE

IMAGE PREPROCESSING EXTRACTION

DATABASE TRAINING MACHINE LEARNING

IMAGES IMAGES CLACLASSIFICATION

DEFECTED HEALTHY
 DEFECTED REGION
CLASSIFIED

The above flow represents the flow from one activity to another activity, the activity starts
from input leaf image through digital camera, and then input leaf is pre-processed and extract
the features like colour, shape, texture and so on. Now, the processed image is classified as
Healthy or Defected, if Defected is found in the leaf, then remedies will be suggested.

CONCLUSION:
The plant disease detection using image processing and machine learning is
the most convenient method to keep up with an efficient yield. The main goal of this paper
was to prove how image processing tool and machine learning is able to guarantee accurate
results regarding the detection of the plant diseases and also how it can assist the farmers in
increasing the yields. By the end of this project, we were able to achieve the intended
objective which was the implementation of image processing in the plant disease detection.
Furthermore, implementing the machine learning process will make this technology more
accessible and practical for the farmers. As a result, the classification of machine learning
algorithms for identifying disease-affected plants and healthy plants has been developed.
Moreover, the goal for future work is to create a mobile application to make the process
much easier for the farmers, and to use drones in order to expand the dataset of training
images and improve the accuracy of our proposed system.

REFERENCES:
1. Khirade, Sachin D., and A.B. Patil. “Plant Disease Detection Using Image
Processing.” 2015 International Conference on Computing CommunicationControl
and Automation, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/iccubea.2015.153.
2. Kumar, Surender, and Rupinder Kaur. "Plant disease detection using image
processing-a review." International Journal of Computer Applications 124.16(2015).
3. Amara J., Bouaziz B., Algergawy A. 2017. A Deep Learningbased approach for
banana leaf diseases classification. p. 79–88. In: Proceedings of the BTW
(Workshops), Stuttgart, Germany.
4. Angermueller C., Parnamaa T., Parts L., Stegle O. 2016. Deep learning for
computational biology. Molecular Systems Biology 12 (7): 878. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15252/msb. 20156651.
5. S. C. Madiwalar and M. V. Wyawahare, "Plant disease identification: A comparative
study," 2017 International Conference on Data Management, Analytics and
Innovation (ICDMAI), 2017, pp. 13-18, doi: 10.1109/ICDMAI.2017.8073478.
6. P. Moghadam, D. Ward, E. Goan, S. Jayawardena, P. Sikka and E. Hernandez, "Plant
Disease Detection Using Hyperspectral Imaging," 2017 International Conference on
Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA), 2017, pp. 1-8, doi:
10.1109/DICTA.2017.8227476.
7. S. D.M., Akhilesh, S. A. Kumar, R. M.G. and P. C., "Image based Plant Disease
Detection in Pomegranate Plant for Bacterial Blight," 2019 International Conference
on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2019, pp. 0645-0649, doi:
10.1109/ICCSP.2019.8698007.
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