TRAINING REPORT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021

ENGINEERING TRAINING AT
NATIONAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
( NECTEC )

Submitted to

Electronics and Communication Engineering Program

School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

Thammasat University

Pathumthani 12121

By

Chayathorn Duangtongsuk
ID 6122781865

August 9, 2021
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
During June 7, 2021 to July16, 2021 (in total of 30 working days), I did a summer internship at
the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) , the department of Machines
and Power Conversions Research Team (MAP)

Machines and Power Conversions Research Team (MAP), a sub-team of the Intelligent System
Research Group (INSRG), established to study and develop high-performance motor, propulsion and
power conversion technologies to control Manage energy consumption cost-effectively and develop
intelligent systems that can meet the needs of users appropriately in the future. To achieve growth and
sustainability in technology development in the country.

As a trainee during summer internship, I was assigned to develop and design the motors in many types
to be as efficient as possible. With lower cost and environmentally friendly motor design I have divided
it into 4 main parts: the first step is to study the research data to find facts about the applied theory; the
second step is to simulate the design of the stator using a program called JMAG-Express Online. In
order to determine the best performance of the stator, the next step was to use JMAG-Express Online
to design the rotor for maximum efficiency and to minimize the use of permanent magnets. for lower
production costs final step Two design elements are combined to achieve the most efficient motor and
lowest production cost.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank MAP for giving me the summer internship. I would especially like to
thank Ph.D.Nattapon Chaiyopitak. who are my supervisors during my stay. They taught me many
lessons in a real working environment. I had a great opportunity and experiences to learn a lot of useful
skills and experience some professional development. Which my vision is widen up and seeing through
things more clearly that what we have learn in the classroom could be used and applying in the real
working situation. Also, this opportunity that I have had gave me the benefits of my career in the future.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for the support they have given me throughout my
study and my internship. Without them I would not be here today. With their constant love and support,
I will become a good child for them and more importantly a good member of the society in the coming
years.

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 Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

Table of Contents 4

1. COMPANY PROFILE 5

1.1 History 5

1.2 Products/Services 5

1.3 Office Locations 6

1.4 Organization Structure 6

1.4.1 Management Team 6

2. TRAINING ACTIVITIES 8

2.1 Week 1 (June 7, 2021-June 11, 2021) 8

2.2 Week 2 (June 14, 2021-June 18, 2021) 9

2.3 Week 3 (June 21, 2021-June 25, 2021) 10

2.4 Week 4 (June 28, 2021-July 2, 2021) 10

2.5 Week 5 (July 5, 2021-July 9, 2021) 11

2.6 Week 6 (July 12, 2021-July 16, 2021) 11

3. KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM TRAINING 11

3.1 NECTEC 11

3.2 Knowledge gained during the internship 11

4. CONCLUSION 12

5. WORK DONE DURING THE INTERNSHIP 13

6. REFERENCE 62

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 1. COMPANY PROFILE
The National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) is a statutory
government organization with its main responsibilities of undertaking supporting government
organization with its main responsibilities of undertaking supporting and promoting the research and
development of electronics and computer technologies. NECTEC also provides linkage between
research communities and industries through the established industrial clusters and programs.

1.1 History
The National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) was established on 16
September 1986 under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy (the former name of Ministry
of Science and Technology). On 30 December 1991, following the enactment of the Science and
Technology Development Act of 1991, NECTEC was transformed into a national technology center
under the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Ministry of Science and
Technology.

1.2 Products/Services

NECTEC has focused on research and development to 7 industrial target groups in accordance
with the National Economic and Social Development Plan. To respond 7 industrial target groups, they
have research unit and laboratory as following:
1. Thai Microelectronics Center
2. Artificial Intelligence Research Group
3. Data Science and Analytics Research Group
4. Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group
5. Communications and Networks Research Group
6. Intelligent System Research Group
7. National Computing and Cyber-physical Infrastructure

During the internship, I worked in the Intelligent System Research Group (INSRG),which
perform R&D in Machines and Power Conversions Research Team (MAP) focusing on study and
develop high-performance motor, propulsion and power conversion technologies to control Manage
energy consumption cost-effectively and develop intelligent systems that can meet the needs of users
appropriately in the future. To achieve growth and sustainability in technology development in the
country

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1.3 Office Locations

National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) is at 112 Phahonyothin Road,
Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang District, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

Fig. 1 NECTEC Building at Thailand Science Park

1.4 Organization Structure

As of 16/01/2019, NECTEC has in total 582 people with all of staff are researcher, technical,
management and support.

1.4.1 Management Team

According to NECTEC website ,the company is managed by the following people:

Dr.Chai Wutiwiwatchai, Ph.D., Executive Director

-Executive Director of the National Metal and Materials Technology

Dr.Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Ph.D., Acting Deputy Executive Director

-Research & Development AI and Advanced Electronic Sensing

Dr. Panita Pongpaibool, Ph.D., Deputy Executive Director

-Research & Development Intelligent Systems and Networks

Dr. Alisa Kongthon, Ph.D., Deputy Executive Director

-Research % Development Support

Dr. Kalaya Udomvitid, Ph.D., Deputy Executive Director

-Organization Management

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Fig. 2 Organization chart of NECTEC

Fig. 3 Staff Information

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 2. TRAINING ACTIVITIES
During the internship I have divided the work into two parts. In this internship, the interns were
divided into 2 teams of 2 people each. Where I was in Team 2 The assignments were different from
Team 1.

2.1 Week 1 (June 7, 2021-June 11, 2021)

● Software Tool Study (JMAG Express)

● Background Reading

Fig. 4 Background Reading

I have looked into what I have learned to utilize in my work. In hypothesis, I surveyed it in order to
apply it in the motor plan. The Reading material that I have returned to audit are as takes after:

1. Theodore Wildi, Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Ed., Pearson,
2014, ISBN-13: 978- 1292024585.
2. Paresh C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, 3rd Ed., John
Wiley & Sons, 2014, ISBN-13: 978-1118078877.
3. A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr., Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 7th Ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0073380469.

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 ● Reading Research

Although many of the current electric motors for HEVs and FEVs are using rare-earth PMs,
there are different possibilities to develop rare-earth-free electric motors for such applications.
This work has done a deep literature review in this field, which is generating a growing interest
due to the cost and supply risks concerns related to rare-earth PMs. The results presented show
that some of the rare-earth-free motors reviewed can achieve similar performance in terms of
torque density, efficiency or machine constant of mechanical power as compared to the state-
of-the-art rare-earth based electric motors. In addition, some of them have other interesting
features including lower cost, better ruggedness, higher temperature operation, impossibility of
being demagnetized, wider CPSR or improved efficiency, this last being a very appealing
feature to extend the vehicle range. Due to the higher complexity and number of components
in HEVs and PHEVs, they require more compacted motors than FEVs. As a result, when
dealing with a particular application, it has to be analyzed in detail to find out which motor type
can satisfy the target values. Therefore, when considering other aspects like efficiency, material
costs and supply risk among others, rare-earth-free motors can be competitive with respect to
the reference rare-earth based motors.

2.2 Week 2 (June 14, 2021-June 18, 2021)

This week at the assembly, the assignments in Week 1 must be displayed. And get a modern
task for the introduction within the Week 3 assembly. The unused task that my group has been relegated
areas takes over:

Slide Presentation about all Topic as follows:

● Topic 1: Motor Operation

Team 1:

1. Induction Motor (IM)

2. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM/SR motor)

3. Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM)

● Topic 2: JMAG Express design

Team 2: preliminary designs of distributed windings for IPM

motors

● Topic 3: Motor Fundamental

Make a presentation slide describing the following topics:

Team 1: Explain the difference between

1. inner-rotor motor vs. outer-rotor

2. radial-flux motor vs. axial-flux motor

3. industrial motors vs. traction motors

4. explain about Four quadrant control of motors

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 ● Topic 4: [Optional] Study and make a summary presentation of materials used in
motor manufacturing.
Team 2: copper wire, concentrated winding and distributed winding, insulator used in
copper wire, aluminum and material for rotor in induction motor

2.3 Week 3 (June 21, 2021-June 25, 2021)

For the week 3 meeting, all assignments of week 2 were presented. And the new task to do this
week is to design the same motor as Topic 2 in Week 2's work. Due to the presentation this week, there
was a problem that our team still had the wrong design. This time, the supervisor has set the design
principles and set the motor efficiency criteria and other criteria.

● Design IPM motor

Team 2 - Distributed windings with 24 and 30 slots (Design Winding Part)

Each team prepares a design summary report.

1. Summary table of various methods used in the design and the resulting design.

2. Key design effect graph

3. Describe what works best in design.

4. Provide a summary of the weight of the copper material, steel resistance

value, obtained in various designs as well.
5. Summarize the problems encountered in the design and methods of solving
the problems or problems encountered and still unsolvable

2.4 Week 4 (June 28, 2021-July 2, 2021)

For the Week 4 meeting, all of the work of Week 3 were presented, and the new assignments
for this week were to design the original motor, but to design the Rotor Part which the supervisor had
set criteria and variables that can be adjustable.

● Optimization Designs

By specifying Rotor conditions:

POLES = 8 WMAG = Adjustable

RD1 = 88.5 SLIT = Adjustable

RD4 = 25.3 SW = Adjustable

DMAG = Adjustable DSLIT=1.33

TMAG = Adjustable -

There are 5 adjustable parameters. When adjusting and observing the results, I know how the
position of the magnet, the size of the magnet, and the air gap affects the motor in terms of torque and
efficiency. And the assigned work must observe how many kilograms of magnets are used. Because the
necessary weight affects the price of the motor.

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2.5 Week 5 (July 5, 2021-July 9, 2021)

For the Week 5 meeting, all work of Week 4 is presented and the new assignment for this
week is calculating Torque/Total Cost and Efficiency/Total Cost and adjusting 2 variables of Rotor
Part at the same time. Because Week 4’s work is one by one variable adjustment.

2.6 Week 6 (July 12, 2021-July 16, 2021)

For the last week will be the presentation of the assignments in week 5. and sum up all the
results Finally, the supervisor assigned each team to produce a report that compiled all the work each
team had done throughout the internship.

3. KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM TRAINING

3.1 NECTEC
After all, I gained a lot of knowledge and experience working as a team.Most of the
work will be part of using JMAG-Express Online in simulation which will be useful in the
future. in the simulation or high-quality motor design and friendly to the environment and in
the near future this knowledge will be useful to me. and countries in motor vehicle design and
various contaminants that are used in motor applications.

3.2 Knowledge gained during the internship

● Learn about the working principles and benefits of the following motors: induction
motor (IM), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM/SR motor), Synchronous Reluctance
Motor (SynRM).
● Know the following motor differences: inner-rotor motor - outer rotor,
radial-flux motor-axial-flux motor and industrial motors-traction motors.
● Work as a team. Twint project required to work in a group which is a good
chance to work like I was a real worker. This is one of the most important
elements to a strong team performance. Working in a group has many
positive things in my skills. It helps me to improve communication skills
with people, listening to other members of the team, taking everyone's
ideas, not just my own.

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 4. CONCLUSION
During the summer internship period at NECTEC, I acquired a lot of useful knowledge and
experiences. Not only technical skills that I have obtained from internship but also communication skills
that teach me how to work as a team more efficiently and finish the tasks in time by planning and
organizing. This place has widened my perspective and I think it is important at work because I need to
adapt myself all the time depending on different situations whether it was work at home from COVID-
19 situation. NECTEC gave me more opportunities to learn various things that I have never seen before
and I am very glad to be a part of this project.
I would like to recommend it for those who are interested in the design and development of
high-efficiency motors because this is a good place for you. This is mostly working on technology
discovery and you will be doing a lot of research in high-efficiency motors and being a researcher is
more studying deeply into technology. Also, the atmosphere here is covered by a lot of people that have
honorable academic achievement.

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 TRAINING REPORT
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021

ENGINEERING TRAINING AT
NATIONAL ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
( NECTEC )

By

Chayathorn Duangtongsuk
Teenawath Thianthamthita

Training Supervisor

Ph.D. Nattapon Chaiyopitak

Ph.D. Ruchao Papadubsin
M.Eng. Pakasit Somsiri

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 Table of Contents
1. Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review 4
1.1 Paper outline 4
1.2 Introduction 5
1.3 Rare-earth materials for permanent magnets 6
1.4 Electricvehicles (Evs) architectures 6
1.5 Evs system 7
1.6 Electric motor requirements for Evs 7
1.7 Electric motors without Rare-Earth Pms 8-9
1.8 Comparison of different motors without rare-earth PMs 9
1.9 Conclusion 10
2. Presentation Week 2 10
2.1 Motors 11
2.2 Table of Contents 11
2.3 Induction motor 12
2.3.1 Example of Induction Motor 12
2.3.2 Siemens 1LE1 13
2.3.3 Pro and Con of Induction Motor 13
2.3.4 How does Induction motor work 14
2.4 Switched Reluctance motor (SRM) 14
2.4.1 Example of SRM motor 15
2.4.2 Pro and Con of SRM Motor 15
2.4.3 How does SRM motor work 16
2.5 Synchronous Reluctance Motor(SynRM) 16
2.5.1 Example of SynRM motor 17
2.5.2 Pro and Con of SynRM Motor 17
2.5.3 How does SynRM motor work 18
2.6 Inner-rotor motor vs outer-rotor 18
2.6.1 Electric motor classification based on rotor 19
2.6.2 Inner-rotor motor and outer-rotor 19
2.6.3 Application of inner-rotor motor and outer-rotor 20
2.6.4 Advantage and Disadvantage of inner-rotor motor and outer-rotor 20
2.7 Radial-flux motor vs Axial-flux motor 21
2.7.1 Main components of radial and axial flux machines 21
2.7.2 Why Axial flux machine is considered superior to a Radial flux machine? 22
2.8 Industrial motors vs Traction motors 22
2.8.1 Industrial motors and Traction motors 23

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 2.8.2 Advantage and Disadvantage of Industrial motors vs Traction motors 23
2.9 Quadrant (4Q) motor 24
2.10 JMAG-Express 25
2.11 Copper wire 25
2.12 Magnet wire or enameled wire 26
2.13 American wire gauge 26
2.14 Parts of induction motor 27
3. Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the stator 28-32
4. Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the basic type of rotor 33-36
5. Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the Crescent type of rotor 37-39
6. Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the spoke type of rotor 40-43
8. Result from swiping 2 parameters of the output of the basic type of rotor 43-45
7. Appendix: Tutorial for JMAG-Express 46-49

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25
How does an Induction Motor work ?

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 Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the stator

From the beginning, we learn about how wonding modifications affect torque, efficiency, and
line voltage (RMS) using the following specifications.

Figure 1, parameter that fix in this case

This table, we show the parameter that we adjust and compare the parameter to other cases.

Figure 2, parameter that we change to compare with the other cases.

For the firstly, we are sweeping the parameter of coil pitch 1 and 3, we decide to choose the
case of coil pitch 3 because the torque and efficiency is higher than coil pitch 1 and the line
Voltage is 586.3241, Slot-Fill Factor is 118.756 this case is more than the value are over than
condition, so we adjust into the next step.

Figure 3, adjusting the parameter of coil pitch 1 and 3.

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Step 2, we are sweeping the parameter of Layer 1 and 2, we decide to choose the cases of Layer
1 because this case had the torque is 86.00017 and efficiency is 63.59729 are the results for the
parameter of layer 1 are higher than the case of layer 2 and the line voltage, slot fill factor is
decreasing that are better cases.

Figure 4, adjusting the parameter of layer 1 and 2.

Step 3, we are sweeping the parameter of the number of strands, we decide to choose the cases
of a number of strands is 1, because this case has toque is 86.00017 whose values are the same
as the number OF strands 2 and 3. The efficiency of this case is lowest and the line voltage is
highest. On the other hand, this case is getting a slot fill factor of 118.756. This value is the
lowest from the other cases, it is easy to adjust for the next step.

Figure 5, adjusting the parameter of number OF strands 1 2 and 3.

Step 4, we are sweeping the parameter of the number of parallels, we decide to choose the
parameter of the number of parallels is 5. Because this case has toque is 32.11533, efficiency
is 93.11255, line voltage is 86.72859 and slot fill factor is 118.756. The line voltage of this
case is closely matched with the condition.

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 Figure 6, adjusting the parameter of the number of parallel 1 and 5.

from the above equation When we wind the coils in parallel The number of winding parallel.
There is an inverse relationship with the resistance value. The greater the number of parallel
windings, the greater the resistance will be less, therefore the copper loss will be less, so we
chose Numbers of Parallel to 5 so you want to reduce it. Copper loss.

from the above equation The relation of the equation V= IR, V here stands for line voltage. In
the case of motor design we set the line voltage to not exceed 84 in order to reduce our line
voltage. Therefore, the magnitude of the resistance must be reduced. From Equation 1
mentioned above, we choose the number of parallels equal to 5.

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 Step 5, we are sweeping the parameter of turns, we decide to choose the parameter of the
number of turns is 25, this case gets the torque is 31.10481, efficiency is 93.12985, line voltage
is 82.7497 and slot fill factor is 114.188. These cases that we use are closely related to the
condition. But the slot fill factor is still over.

Figure 7, adjusting the parameter of the number of turns 23,24,25,26 and 27.

torque equation There is a relation of the number of windings according to the above equation.
In the table we can see that as the number of windings increases, the torque increases. and when
reducing the number of windings Torque is also less. We have defined the required torque as
greater than equal 90 Nm.

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 Step 6, we seeping the parameter of wire diameter, we decide to choose the parameter of wire
diameter AWG16, this case had got the torque was 31.10481, efficiency was 90.15591, line
voltage was 83.48992 and slot fill factor was 73.2748. The result of these cases is the best case
from the other cases.

Figure 8, adjusting the parameter of wire diameter.

Summary part for the part of the stator, finally the part of the stator we chose the case of coil
pitch is 3, Layer is 1, number of strands is 1, number of parallel is 5, number of turns is 25 and
wire diameter is AWG16. The result form parameter from the adjusted variables was at toque
is 31.10481, efficiency is 90.15591, line voltage is 93.48992 and slot fill factor is 73.2748. The
result of the above mentioned is the case with the highest power and the highest performance.
And the requirements are still the correct asset, so we apply the values to different types of
rotors.

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 Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the basic type of rotor

Part of the rotor, the type of rotor that we use in the first is the basic type and we had the
requirements for this part below.

Figure 9, parameter that requirement in this case

This pass is for adjusting various variables. Assigned to the following requirements.

Figure 10, a parameter that adjusts various variables.

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Step 1, for the part of rotor in this case a type of rotor is basic desire. The first parameter that
we swept is magnet width. And in this case is the best part of the other part.

Figure 11, adjusting the parameter of magnet width.

Step 2, this step we are sweeping the parameter of magnet thickness and we choose the magnet
thickness is 3.00. The results from this parameter are toque at 31.44808, efficiency is 91.04421,
line voltage is 82.37387 and slot fill factor is 65.7809, this case is higher torque and efficiency
than magnet thickness is 2. And in this case the mass of the magnet is less than the case of
magnet thickness is 4.

Figure 12, adjusting the parameter of magnet thickness.

Step 3, this step we are sweeping the parameter of clearance between slits, we choose the case
of clearance between slit is 0.01, this case gets toque at 33.71475, efficiency is 91.65586, line
voltage is 79.1795 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. In this case clearance between the slits is 0.01
is the imaginary value. In real life we cannot use this value, but in this case we can get the
highest output.

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 Figure 13, adjusting the parameter of clearance between slits.

Step 4, this step we are sweeping the parameter of the position of the magnet, we choose the
case of the position of the magnet is 38.9, this case gets toque at 40.1231, efficiency is
92.91552, line voltage is 78.38271 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. in this case position of the
magnet is 38.9

Figure 14, adjusting the parameter of the position of the magnet.

Step 5, this step we are sweeping the parameter of slit width, we choose the case of slit width
is 2.9, this case gets toque at 40.49594, efficiency is 92.97515, line voltage is 78.46656 and
slot fill factor is 65.7809. In this case the position of the magnet is 2.9.

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 Figure 15, adjusting the parameter of slit width.

Figure 16, Picture of a basic rotor.

Summary of the part of a basic type of rotor, we decide to use a magnet width is 20, magnet
thickness is 3.00, clearance between slit is 0.01, position of the magnet is 38.9, slit width is 2.9.
As a result of adjusting various parameters from the above-mentioned translator, the torque is
40.49594, efficiency is 92.97515, line voltage is 78.46656 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. The
weight of the magnet used in the manufacture of this basic rotor is 0.288 kg. 27.254 dollars per
kg.

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Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the Crescent type of rotor

Part of the rotor, the type of rotor that we use in the first is the Crescent type and we had the
requirements for this part below.

Figure 17, parameter that requirement in this case.

This pass is for adjusting various variables. Assigned to the following requirements.

Figure 18, parameter that adjusts various variables.

Step 1, for the part of the rotor in this case a type of rotor is Crescent beside. The first parameter
that we are swept is magnet width. We choose the magnet width is 21.42 because this case gets
the toque at 29.47995, efficiency is 90.49172, line voltage is 83.6884 and slot fill factor is
65.7809. In this case is the best part form the other part

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 Figure 19, adjusting the parameter of magnet width.

Step 2, this step we are sweeping the parameter of magnet thickness and we choose the magnet
thickness is 6.00. The results from this parameter are toque at 31.20188, efficiency is 90.96969,
line voltage is 83.77596 and slot fill factor is 65.7809, this case is higher torque and efficiency
than magnet thickness is 2. And this case is used the mass of the magnet is less than the case
of magnet thickness is 6.00

Figure 20, adjusting the parameter of magnet thickness.

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 Step 5, this step we are sweeping the parameter of slit width, we choose the case of slit width
is 2.0, this case gets toque at 30.78004, efficiency is 90.8568, line voltage is 83.76686 and slot
fill factor is 65.7809. In this case the position of the magnet is 2.00.

Figure 21, adjusting the parameter of slit width.

Figure 22, Picture of a Crescent rotor.

Summary of the part of the Crescent type of rotor, we decided to use magnet width 21.42,
magnet thickness is 6.00, slit width is 2.0. As a result of adjusting various parameters from the
above-mentioned translator, the torque is 30.78004, efficiency is 90.8568, line voltage is
83.76686 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. The weight of the magnet used in the manufacture of
this basic rotor is 0.6576 kg. 61.77 dollars per kg.

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 Result from swiping one-by-one of the output of the spoke type of rotor

Part of the rotor, the type of rotor that we use in the first is the Spoke type and we had the
requirements for this part below.

Figure 23, parameter that requirement in this case

This pass is for adjusting various variables. Assigned to the following requirements.

Figure 24, a parameter that adjusts various variables.

Step 1, for the part of the rotor in this case a type of rotor is Spoken decided. The first parameter
that we sweeped is magnet width. We choose the magnet width is 5.00 because this case get
the toque at 30.38465, efficiency is 90.38465, line voltage is 82.44941 and slot fill factor is
65.7809. In this case the best part forms the other part.

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 Figure 25, adjusting the parameter of magnet width.

Step 2, this step we are sweeping the parameter of magnet thickness and we choose the magnet
thickness is 22.04 the result from this parameter are toque at 30.38465, efficiency is 90.77213,
line voltage is 82.7809 and slot fill factor is 65.7809, this case is higher torque and efficiency
than magnet thickness is 20.04 and this case is used the mass of magnet is less than the case of
magnet thickness is 24.04.

Figure 26, adjusting the parameter of magnet thickness.

Step 3, this step we are sweeping the parameter of position of the magnet, we choose the case
of position of the magnet is 39.83, this case gets toque at 30.38465, efficiency is 90.77213, line
voltage is 82.44941 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. In this case the position of the magnet is
39.83.

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 Figure 27, adjusting the parameter of position of the magnet.

Summary of the part of the Spoke type of rotor, we decide to use magnet width is 5.00, Position
of Magnet is 39.83, magnet thickness is 39.83. As a result of adjusting various parameters from
the above-mentioned translator, the torque is 30.38465, efficiency is 90.77213, line voltage is
82.44941 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. The weight of the magnet used in the manufacture of
this basic rotor is 0.529 kg. 49.7808 dollars per kg.

Figure 22, Picture of a Spoke rotor.

For this part, we show how wonding modifications affect torque, efficiency, and line voltage
(RMS) using the following specifications.

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 Figure 23, parameter that fix in this case

This table, we show the parameter that we adjust and compare the parameter to other cases.

Figure 24, parameter that we change to compare with the other cases.

Result from swiping 2 parameters of the output of the basic type of rotor

The first step, we are sweeping 2 parameters, number of parallel and number of turns at the
same time. We choose the number of parallels as 4 and the number of turns is 26, torque is
31.44808, efficiency is 91.04421, line voltage is 82.3783, slot fill factor is 65.7809.

Figure 25, adjusting the parameter of a number of parallel and number of turns.

Step 2, we are sweeping the parameter of the wire diameter form AWG13-15, we choose the
wire diameter is 1.628(AWG14) because this case get toque is 31.44808, efficiency is
91.04421, line voltage is 82.37387 and slot fill factor is 65.7809.

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 Figure 26, adjusting the parameter of wire diameter.

Step 3, we are sweeping the parameter of the number of strands from 1-2, we choose the wire
diameter is 1 because this case get toque is 31.44808, efficiency is 91.04421, line voltage is
82.37387 and slot fill factor is 65.7809.

Figure 27, adjusting the parameter of the number of strands.

Step 4, we are sweeping the parameter of layer 1-2, we choose the wire diameter is 1 because
this case get toque is 31.44808, efficiency is 91.04421, line voltage is 82.37387 and slot fill
factor is 65.7809.

Figure 28, adjusting the parameter of the layer.

Step 5, we are sweeping the parameter of coil pitch 1 and 3, we choose the wire diameter is 1
because this case get toque is 31.44808, efficiency is 91.04421, line voltage is 82.37387 and
slot fill factor is 65.7809.

Figure 29, adjusting the parameter of coil pitch.

For this part, we are sweeping 2 parameters in basic type, magnet thickness and magnet
width at the same time. We choose the magnet thickness is 3 and magnet width is 20, a toque
is 31.4636, efficiency is 91.02123, line voltage is 82.3765, slot fill factor is 65.7809 and
magnet mass is 0.288 Kg.

Figure 30, adjusting the parameter of magnet thickness and magnet width.

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 Figure 31, adjusting the parameter of position of the magnet.

Figure 32, adjusting the parameter of position of clearance between slits.

Figure 33, adjusting the parameter of the position of slit width.

Figure 34, Picture of a basic type of rotor.

Summary of the part of a basic type of rotor, we decided to use magnet thickness 3 and magnet
width is 20, position of the magnet is 39.4, clearance between the slits is 2.9 and slit width is
3.1. As a result of adjusting various parameters from the above-mentioned translator, the torque
is 39.84692, efficiency is 90.82009, line voltage is 81.49065 and slot fill factor is 65.7809. The
weight of the magnet used in the manufacture of this basic rotor is 0.288 kg. 27.254 dollars per
kg. torque per cost is 0.6839675 and efficiency per cost is 0.29362.

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 Appendix
Tutorial for JMAG-Express

Step 1

- Use data 24_8_IPM_CONV.jmd, this is a concentrated winding.

Step 2

- Dimensions in this section can be adjusted in the stator section before

adjusting the rotor value for ease of adjustment.

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Step 3

- In the rotor section, you can select the type of rotor by clicking the
“ modify ” button and then choose which one you want.

Step 4

- In the winding section, You can adjust the values as you like as circled in
the figure.

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Step 5

- Once you have selected the parameters you want. You can press the
"Evaluate" button to process the parameters you adjusted.
Step 6

- This window will appear to your right, in the "characteristic" button.

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Step 7

- In this part you have to focus on this section “Electric Circuit”, Line
Voltage(RMS) Do not exceed 84 and Max-slot-fill factor do not exceed
80.

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 REFERENCES

1. Zikodrive/ What is four quadrant motor control and how does it work? / from
https://www.zikodrive.com/support/zikouniversity-motor-control-theory-application/four-
quadrant-motor-control-work/
2. Polytechnic Hub (2018) / Parts of induction motor from https://www.polytechnichub.com/parts-
induction-motor/
3. Industrial Motors Market Research Report: Market size, Industry outlook, Market Forecast,
Demand Analysis,Market Share, Market Report 2018-2023 from
https://www.industryarc.com/Report/7383/industrial-motors-market-report.html
4. InventGEN (2020) / Industrial Electric Motors - Role and Components from
https://www.inventiongen.com/industrial-electric-motors/
5. High Voltage Motor (2018) from http://news.higenmotor.com/ads/high_voltage_motor.php
6. Electric Traction Control | The Railway Technical Website | PRC Rail Consulting Ltd from
http://www.railway-technical.com/trains/rolling-stock-index-l/train-equipment/electric-traction-
control-d.html
7. Electrical Concepts (2018) / Difference between Concentrated and Distributed Winding from
https://electricalbaba.com/difference-concentrated-distributed-winding/
8. EMWorks Blog (2020)/ Axial and Radial flux permanent magnet machines – What is the
difference? From https://www.emworks.com/blog/motor-design/axial-and-radial-flux-permanent-
magnet-machines-what-is-the-difference
9. Red Stick Armature Works (2018) / Are These Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrial
Electric Motors Important to You? From https://www.rsaworks.com/blog/posts/2019/june/are-
these-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-industrial-electric-motors-important-to-you/

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