BIOCHEMISTRY

1ST YEAR MBBS

VIVA PAST PAPERS
STUDY AID PROJECT KMDC

Important instructions:_
 Sometimes whole topics are asked superficially and sometimes many questions are made from a single
topic. In this pdf, both types of questions are present.
 2 different subjects could have some common questions, so don't be confused.
 Single word answers are given in brackets in front of questions
 Viva past paper questions are important and they give you a pattern of which type of questions are
asked. But just don't rely on them completely.

 Lipoproteins
FOUNDATION MODULE:
 Glycolipids
 Compound lipids classification
 Enzyme Classification
 Isoelectric pH
 Protein classification
 Hypotonic/Hypertonic difference
 Phosphoproteins
 Amino acid classification
 Essential amino acid names
 Carbohydrates classification
 Difference between DNA and RNA with
 Protein structural classification
bond differences
 Viscosity
 Define lipids
 Most common secondary structure of
 What is another name of sucrose
protein
 Why sucrose is called invert sugar
 Mention hexose reducing sugar?
 Vitamin E active form
 FA Classification
 Vitamin definition
 Derived lipids
 Simple lipids
 Carbs digestion and absorption in which
 Significance of fructose?
part of digestive tract?
 pH
 Nucleic acids
 Fructose is found in which disaccharide
 Difference between DNA and RNA
 Sucrose source
 DNA Structure and chain bonding
 Protein structure
 Transcription
 Primary protein structure + example
 RNA Types + Functions
 Quaternary protein example
 Define carbohydrates
 Bond present in DNA
 Name 4 carbon aldose and ketone sugar
 DNA Transcription
 Vitamin classification with names
 Types of RNA
 Vitamin E name and function
 Classification of Enzyme
 Lipid classification
 Definition of buffer and most common
 Phospholipids
buffer?
 Definition of enzymes and types of  Enzymes definition? Activation energy
inhibitory enzymes definition?
 What are carbohydrates? Classification  Vitamins definition
of Carbohydrates?  Proteins structures, tertiary and
 What are polysaccharides? quaternary structures examples?
Mucopolysaccharides?  Myoglobin quaternary structure?
 Clinical importance of Fructose?  Definition of Vitamins? Lipids?
 Definition of Lipids? Types of Fatty Enzymes? Carbohydrates?
acids and examples?  Dissacharides example?
 Define Lipids? Types of Lipids?  Amino Acid which doesn’t take part in
 Conjugate lipids examples? protein synthesis?
 Pellagra is due to deficiency of  Effect of temperature on enzymatic
 Name of Vitamin B3? activity?
 Pellagra symptoms?  Isomers of carbohydrates?
 Polysaccharides examples?  Plasma proteins
 Isomerism? Examples of Isomers?  Albumin function
 Sphingomyelin (Definition, Structure,  Peptide linkage
Belongs to which class?)  How many Triglycerides in fatty acids?
 Translation (definition + explanation)  Define carbs, monosaccharaides?
 Lipids definition and difference between  How aldoses and ketosis classify and
lipids and waxes what is the diff between them?
 Lipoproteins belong to which lipid class?  What is Km?
 What happens due to the deficiency of  What is Michael’s equation?
Vitamin A?  Difference between DNA, RNA and
 Classify Lipids Nucleotides and Nucleosides?
 Classify proteins  Disaccharide examples?
 What are structural proteins?  Significance of Lactose?
Examples?  Enzyme activity in low and high temp?
 Which protein maintains plasma colloid  Names of vitamins A C and K with their
pressure? deficiency?
 Name Plasma Proteins  Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
 Classify Enzymes  Stereoisomers
 Vitamin C name and the disease by its  Enantiomers
deficiency?  Phosphodiester bond - what is it?
 Carbohydrates classification  What are exergonic reaction
 Isomerism  What are polysaccharides and names of
 Optical isomers polysaccharides
 Exergonic  Simple lipids
 Endergonic  What is the most common secondary
 Maltose structure of protein?
 Glucose  Name two hexoses that are reducing
 Sucrose sugar
 Disaccharides  Bonds in DNA
 What are Waxes?
 Types of enzymes
 Name the pH indicators?
 How many types of pH meters are
there?
 Principle of pH meter?
 Two methods for determination of pH of
Urine
 Determination of acids and bases in
colorimeter (color indicator)
 What is meant by km and Vmax
 How we find out concentration of H+
 Any equation for pH
 Give 2 therapeutic importance of
enzymes?
 Give 2 main functions of lactose?
 Vitamin E and Vitamin A diseases
 Essential and non-essential amino acids
 What is peptone
 What is peptide
 What is tripeptide
 Primary protein example
 Classification of polysaccharides
 Types of fatty acids
 Unsaturated fatty acids classification
 Glycogen is found in?
 Proteins deficiency diseases in children?
 Define lock and key theory of enzyme?
 Fluid mosaic model? Constituents? Can
blood group be measured through this
model?
 Difference between reducing and non-
reducing sugars?
 Nonstandard amino acids and examples
 How are carbs, proteins, and lipids
digested and where?
 Definition and example of isoenzyme?
 What is methionine
 Sulphur containing amino acid?
 Amino acid present in hairs
 Define simple proteins
 Types of beri beri?
 Diff between oil and ghee
 Definition of emulsification
 Which fat soluble and water soluble
vitamin is toxic and why?
 Vitamin E deficiency
 What is Michael’s constant?
 Why enzyme rate become constant after
Vmax?
 What are polysaccharides?
 Transamination and types?
 Deamination
 Lactose intolerance
 Phosphodiester linkage
 What are polypeptides?
 Isoelectric pH?
 Special amino acids?
 Pentose and their imp
 Polysaccharide classification
 Homopolysaccharide example
 Glycogen types and location on body
 Zwitterion
 Peptide bond
 Vit c deficiency and scurvy
 Semi essential amino acids with
examples?
 Which amino acids take part in buffer?
 How many amino acids are in
glutathione?
 How many bonds are in glutathione?
 Neurotransmitters
 Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
 Main excitatory neurotransmitter
 Happy neurotransmitter and its use
 Which sugar helps in fertilization?
 Heteropolysaccharides examples
 Function of hyaluronic acid and how it
helps in fertilization
 What is an allosteric site
 Isoenzyme and glycoprotein (definition
+ example)
 Tags and Waxes example
 Structures included in secondary
structure of protein?
 Lock and key model
 Induce fit model
 In which condition phosphatase levels
increase
 Tyrosine helps in formation of?
 Which enzyme is found in tears?
 Why essential amino acids are called
essential?
 Why non-essential amino acids are
called non-essential?
 Factors of enzymes? What is the
optimum temperature for working of
enzymes?
 Derivatives of monosaccharides,
functions, and effects of their deficiency
 Reason of gum bleeding?
 Enantiomers, epimers?
 If vitamins increase in amount what do
we call it?
 Osmolality?
 What is caused by vitamin B1
deficiency?
 What is oligosaccharides, examples, and
functions
 Ketogenic amino acid names
 What are ketone body and where are
they present in normal conditions
 Functions of fructose and galactose?
 Diseases caused due to deficiency of Vit
D,A,B1,B6,B12, and vit C
 Define nucleic acid
 Importance of hydrogen bond in nucleic
acid
 Bond between nitrogen bases
 Components of nucleotides
 Name three disaccharides and which
bond is present in them and diff
between the bonds?
 What is cellulose?
 Types of heteropolysaccharide?
 Examples of derived proteins
 Describe Vmax in Michael’s Menten
equation
 Define monopeptides, dipeptides,
polypeptides
 Monomers of proteins
 Function of albumin
 What are ketogenic bodies? Examples
 Generic names of MUFA and PUFA and
their clinical significance
 Keratin structure?
 Relation of amide group to peptide
linkage?
 How enzymes increase rate of reaction?
 Justify water as a universal solvent?
 What is acid base balance?
 What are electrolytes?
 Plasma osmolarity?
 What are extracellular and intracellular
ions?
 Value of plasma osmolarity?
 What happens when acid bases balance
is disturbed?
 Names of acidic and basic amino acids?
 Carbs classification on basis of
functional groups?
 Significance of galactose and sucrose
 Structure of starch
 Classification of enzymes in the correct
order
 Types of Mucopolysaccharide and where
it is present?
 Function of RNA polymerase?
 Number of amino acids in insulin
 What is ECM? What are its contents?
 Mutation?
 Lagging and leading strand?
 Albumin globulin ratio disturbances?
 Bond between nucleotide? How can we
resolve that bond through high
temperature?
 Km definition and Value?
 DNA replication and its enzymes?
 Normal concentration of Albumin?
 What is hypocalcaemia? What is its
clinical condition?
 Albumin globulin ratio? In which
conditions it is disturbed?
 DNA polymerase function?
 Explain galactose? What is its function
in milk and why is it important for
baby?
 Active form of Vitamin E? And its
advantages?
 Water dissociation?
 Universal/Chief solvent of body? How
does it dissociate in body?
 Osmotic pressure?
 Difference between transamination and
deamination?
 First enzyme in DNA replication?
BLOOD MODULE:
 Jaundice and its types
 Blood glucose maintains which type of
glycogen? Muscle or liver?
 Jaundice
 Bilirubin
 Name Vitamin B complexes with
deficiency
 Define buffer
 Main buffer of blood
 First and last step of Hemoglobin
synthesis
 What happens in Iron deficiency
 Cyanocobalamin (vitamin b12) function
and disease caused by its deficiency?
 What is bilirubin? Site of bilirubin
conjugation? How is it conjugated?
 Cause of hyperbilirubinemia?
 Types of jaundice?
 What is Heparin?
 Jaundice types + Causes of Hepatic
Jaundice
 Name of Vitamin B6 and its active form?
Function of Vitamin B6?
 Types of Jaundice with causes?
 Porphyria?
 Bilirubin enzyme
 Bilirubin Conjugated/Unconjugated
 What is bilirubin how is it transported?
(By Heme degradation)
 Name Vitamin K dependent factors?
 Vitamin B12 other name, sources, and
function
 What are Bile Salts?
 Porphyria definition and names?
 Hyperbilirubinemia? Symptoms and
types?
 Arachidonic acid
 Bilirubin is increased in what
circumstances?
 Bilirubin increase causes what?
 Bilirubin and its enzymes? How it is
transported?
 Vitamin B5 and B6 name?
 Clinical significance of Vitamin B6?
 Heme synthesis
 Formation of Bilirubin from biliverdin
 Name of eicosanoids
 What is glutathione?
 What is iodine number?
 Absorptive form of Iron?
 Storage form of iron?
 Importance of iron?
 Results of deficiencies of iron?
 Megaloblastic anemia in Vit B12 and
Folic acid?
 Heme degradation products and what
do they do?
 Hemoglobin heme part and globin part?
 Bilirubin levels in jaundice
 Diff between hemoglobin and myoglobin
 Hemolytic jaundice
 Obstructive jaundice
 Mechanism of protein buffer
 Archidonic acid significance
 Example of post hepatic jaundice
 What is preheptic jaundice
 First and last step of heme synthesis and
enzymes involved?
 What maintains blood glucose level?
 Heparin and its composition?
 Can we determine blood group via cell
membrane?
 What buffer systems are found in body?
 Explain about phosphate buffer system?
 Explain Hb buffer system?
 Is phosphate buffer system ICF or ECF
 Rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis
 VB3 and their deficiencies and diseases
 Anemia
 Heme pathway
 Enzymes involved in heme?
 Which enzymatic deficiency causes
which porphyria?
 Types of jaundice and in what
conditions is alkaline phosphate
released?
 In pre hepatic jaundice what type of
bilirubin elevates in blood?
 What is formed from tyrosine and
porphyrin?
 Most common porphyria?
 Where does glycogen store?
 Liver glycogen function?
 How liver glycogen does maintains
blood glucose level?
 What happens in obstructive jaundice?
 Folic acid function
 What happens in Megaloblastic anemia?
 B12 deficiency?
 Diff between megaloblastic anemia by
folic acid and by B12?
 Prostaglandin? Is it present in males or
females?
 Diff between anemia caused by vitamin
B12 and folic acid?
 Diff between bile salts and bile acids?
 Name of bile acids?
 Why muscle glycogen does not maintain
blood glucose level?
 Heme metabolism?
 Primary response antibody?
 Icterus?
 Bilirubin complex in liver with enzyme?
 Vitamin K disorders?
 Immunoglobulins?
 HbF Functions?
 Difference between HbA and HbF?
 Sickle cell Anemia?
 Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia,
which is more dangerous?
 Fluids in the body?
 Composition of ECM and ICM?
 Most abundant plasma protein?
 How is albumin synthesized?
 Function of albumin and its
concentration?
 Function of hemoglobin?
 Function of RBCs?
 Types of hemoglobin?
 Number of platelets?
 Name of heme degradation enzymes?
 Hematocrit definition and value in
males and females?
 Concentration of plasma proteins? I
which disease plasma proteins levels
increase or decrease?
 Conditions of hypoglycemia?
 What is Fluid Mosaic Model?
 What is the enzyme that causes
conjugation of bilirubin?
 What causes protein loss and hence
inability to maintain osmotic pressure?
LOCOMOTOR MODULE:
 Gout
 A child can’t walk and has dentine
problems. What are Hydrolase enzymes
definition and example?
 Name Carbs in milk and functions
 Vitamin in milk?
 Vitamin D function and condition in
deficiency?
 Decrease in calcium level is known as?
 High energy compounds?
 Mucopolysaccharides
 Chondroitin Sulfate?
 Acid phosphatase
 Glycosaminoglycans
 Which carb is present in Milk and its
importance?
 ALP level increased under what
circumstances?
 Vitamins D deficiency?
 Lab test for vitamin D deficiency (1. Vit
D 2. Calcium 3. Pth 4. Phosphorous)
 Active form of Vitamin D
 Define Hyaluronic acid and how will it
be distinguished?
 Structure of glycogen
 Difference between muscle glycogen and
liver glycogen?
 What will be the diagnosis if alkaline
phosphate levels are high?
 Bone composition
 Vit D deficiency
 Osteomalacia?
 Mucopolysaccharide
 Location of hyaluronic acid and
chondroitin suplhate?
 Structure and linkage in hyaluronic acid
 Calcitonin
 Parathyroid hormone?
 Hyaluronidase function
 What causes rickets and osteomalacia?
Which lab tests determine it?
 What is role of parathyroid hormone?
 What is role of calcitonin?
 Deficiency of vitamin D and causes?
 Alkaline and Acid phosphatase increase
in which conditions?
 Proteins formed by what and what
bonds are present
 Vit D precursor function
 What is Phosphorylation?
 What is ATP? Explain the structure?
 What is bone matrix?
 Osteoporosis?
 Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes
 What is leiomyoma?
 Intoxicity of vitamin D?
 What are neurotransmitters?
 Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis?
 Rheumatoid arthritis?
 Receptors of pain?
 Enzymes released by osteoclasts?
 Biphosphonates names and functions?
 Parkinson’s is related to which
neurotransmitter?
 Preparation of dopamine?
 Channels on neurotransmitter
junctions?
 What are GAGs and its examples?
 Organic and inorganic composition of
bone?
 Osteoclasts function?
 How is calcium restored by Parathyroid
hormone? Areas other than bones?
 Defination of ascorbic acid?
 Reabsorption of Calcium from kidneys?
 Uptake of Calcium from intestines?
 Bonds which join polynucleotide chains?
 Heteropolysacharides examples?
 Calcium regulating hormone?
 Bone modelling and remodeling
hormone?
 Calcitriol active form? And where is it
formed?
 Calcitropic hormones?
 Tetany is due to?
 Bone resorption occurs by which
enzyme?
 Neurotransmitters produced by which
type of ion channels?
 Names of energy rich compounds?
 Troponin I?
 Sources of ATP?
 Neurotransmitter which excite muscle?
 Inhibitory and excitatory
neurotransmitters?
 Energy is stored in which organelle?

RESPIRATORY MODULE:
 3 functions of glucose
 Alkalosis acidosis
 Respiratory Distress Syndrome
 Surfactant composition
 Glycolysis? Total number of ATPs
produced in it?
 Metabolic acidosis?
 Respiratory acidosis
 Respiratory alkalosis with examples
 What is acidosis?
 What is Alkalosis?
 Metabolic alkalosis?
 Causes of metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis?
 Main buffer of body?
 Number of ATP produced in
respiration?
 Where does Krebs’s cycle takes place?
 Explain respiratory acidosis and
alkalosis?
 Definition of pH and effect of Increase
or Decrease of pH?
 Numbers of ATPs produced after
glycolysis? (Both Aerobic and
Anaerobic)
 Location of TCA Cycle?
 How many ATPs are produced after
complete oxidation of glucose?
 Krebs cycle
 Glycolysis
 Lipoproteins
 Where digestion of carbs started and by
which enzymes? What this enzyme
does?
 Glycolysis definition? Where does it
occur and how many ATPs are formed?
 Explain metabolic acidosis and
metabolic alkalosis with example?
 Normal pH range?
 Pancreatic enzyme which digests carbs?
 Biochemical tests in urine for diabetes
mellitus?
 ATPs in respiration?
 Energetics of glycolysis?
 Irreversible reaction and enzyme of
glycolysis?
 How to find H+ Concentration (Which
Method?)
 Oxidation phosphorylation complexes
and names?
 Irreversible reactions in glycolysis?
 Rate limiting enzyme in TCA cycle?
 Most effective buffer system in body and
why?
 Lecithin sphyngomyelin Ratio?
 Lecithin properties?
 ABGs values?
 Metabolic alkalosis causes?
 Oxidative phosphorylation?
 Diff b/w aerobic and anaerobic
glycolysis?
 Name complexes of ETC?
 Second name of glycolysis?
 Irreversible reactions of glycolysis?
 Total number of ATP produced in ETC?
 Fate of pyruvate?
 ETC complexes name?
 Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
 What is acidosis alkalosis, types, causes,
symptoms, and difference?
 Which alcohol is present in Lecithin?
 What is RDS? Causes?
 What are surfactants?
 What is ETC? Name the complexes and
state the structure of ATP Synthase
 How is ATP produced?
 Cellular respiration definition?
 Explain RDS with its treatment?
 pH of blood and why the range of pH of
blood is narrow?
 Phospholipids composition and
sphinomyelin?
 Formation of lecithin?
 Function of surfactant?
 ABG analysis and its priorities in
measurements (what is measured first)
 Diff between hexokinase and
glucokinase?
 What is henderson-Hasselbalch
equation?
 Why glycolysis is also called EMP
pathway?
 What is amphi-bolic pathway?
 Why Krebs cycle is called amphibolic
cycle
 Another name for TCA (2 names)
 Alpha-ketoglutrate is inhibited by?
 How do you find urine pH?
 Methods for finding pH?
 Hyper ventilation cause?
 High breathing rate causes what?
 Compensation of respiratory acidosis
and alkalosis?
 What happens in respiratory acidosis?
 Why hyperventilation causes alkalosis?
 Glycolysis takes place in?
 Assessment analysis of ABGs?
 Why bicarbonate is good buffer?
 Determine value for bicarbonate buffer?
 Base excess?
 Alkali reserve?
 Clinical significance of DPL in fetus?
 HCO3 importance
 Set point of pH for acidosis and
alkalosis?
 Bicarbonate buffer?
 Does protein buffer works in ECF or
ICF?
 Glutathione structure, function?
 What is glycogenolysis?
 Why liver maintain blood pressure?
 What is oxidative phosphorylation?
 What is substrate level phosphorylation?
 What inhibit complex 4 of ETC?
 What is alkali reserve?
 How does respiratory system
compensate pH changes?
 ETC (whole process in detail)
 Why ABGs is assessed?
 Where ETC occurs?
 Examples of Buffers and which is
present where?
 Where are bi-carbonate reserves found?
 TCA inhibitory enzyme
 Reasons behind analysis and assessment
of ABGs?
 Two functions of lactate?
 Does glucose have only closed ring cyclic
structure or can it be open chain
structured?
 What will happen if surfactant is not
present?
 Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis with
compensation
 Why TCA cycle is also called amphi-
phrenic pathway?
 What is the significance of measuring
pH? How is it compensated?
 Body’s response to pH fluctuations?
Why does it respond?
 What is Amphiphrenic pathway?
 What is Anion gap?
 Number of ATPs produced per glucose?
And where?
 ATPs in ETC?
 What is the relation of CO2 with pH?
 Which part of cellular respiration yields
more ATP?
 A case: pH high, HCO3 high, CO2
normal? What is the cause?
 Composition of surfactant?
 Chemical name of Surfactant?
 Which enzyme id deficient in RDS?
 Succinate converted to fumarate by
which enzyme?
 Clinical importance of lecithin?
 A case: pH: 7.3, PCO2:50, PO2:60,
HCO3:25, shortness of breath, tightenes
of chest. What is the diagnosis?
 Sites of ABGs?
 Principle of ABGs?
 Importance of DPL (dipalmitoyl
lecithin) and its functions?
 Conditions and Factors for oxygen
Hemoglobin curve?
 Carriers of ETC?
 Stages and location of ETC?
 What is chemiosmotic theory?
 What is the final electron acceptor in
ETC?
 End product of glycolysis?
 Equation of cellular respiration?
 Uncoupling proteins?
 Why ATP is formed in the body?
 Sphingomyelin composition and where
it is present?
 Ceramide?
 Function of CoQ?
 Co-enzyme of cellular respiration?
CARDIOVASCULAR
MODULE:
 Enzymes to identity myocardial
infarction in lab
 Patient with pedal edema and increased
frequency of urine what lab test is best
for diagnosis?
 Action of inhibitory enzymes and
myocardial enzymes?
 Cholesterol is a precursor of what?
 Examples of lipoproteins?
 Function of LDL and HDL?
 Why LDL is called bad cholesterol?
 Saturated fatty acids names?
 Lipid absorption?
 HDL LDL Cholesterol?
 Name myocardial infarction enzymes?
 Essential and Non-essential Fatty acids?
 Enzymes which detect myocardial
infarction?
 Name 3 tests of MI?
 Which enzymes are high in myocardial
infarction?
 Name the tests that are prescribed in the
patient having edema, abnormal urine
output. ?
 Heart attack enzymes?
 Saponification number?
 Rancidity?
 Structure of cholesterol?
 Derivatives of cholesterol?
 Apo proteins?
 Define cholesterol, structure, and its
nucleus?
 Form where polyunsaturated fatty acid
comes to our body?
 PUFA MUFA
 Generic names of PUFA AND MUFA?
 Significance of PUFA and examples?
 Why is olive oil healthier?
 What are polyunsaturated fats and their
source?
 Which is more dangerous saturated or
unsaturated?
 Beta oxidation of Fatty acids?
 Cardiac enzymes?
 Diff between steroids and sterol?
 Importance of cholesterol?
 Cholesterol derivatives
 SGPT and SGOT - importance and
function?
 Significance of cholesterol?
 Co-enzymes for lipids?
 Apo-proteins for lipids?
 Function of apo-protein?
 What is plaque?
 LCAT?
 Adipose tissue TAGs degradation?
 Apo lipoprotein in HDL?
 Cardiac troponin importance?
 Apo protein of LDL?
 Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol
synthesis?
 Branched and unbranched fatty acids?
 Fatty acid oxidation enzyme?
 Transport of free fatty acids in blood?
 LDH iso-enzymes?

Compiled by
Farzeen Ahmed Farooqui
MBBS'24