I EC G U I DE 1 1 8

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Edition 1 .0 201 7-03

G U I DE

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i n si de

I n cl u si on of en erg y effi ci en c y aspects i n el ectrotech n i cal pu bl i cati on s

IEC GUIDE 1 1 8:201 7-03(en)
 TH I S P U B L I C AT I O N I S C O P Y R I G H T P R O T E C T E D

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 I EC G U I DE 1 1 8
®
Edition 1 .0 201 7-03

G U I DE

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i n si de

I n cl u si on of en erg y effi ci en c y aspects i n el ectrotech n i cal pu bl i cati o n s

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION

ICS 27.01 5 ISBN 978-2-8322-41 1 5-8

Warn i n g ! M ake su re th a t yo u o btai n ed th i s pu bl i c ati o n fro m an au th ori zed d i stri bu to r.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

 –2– I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I NTRODUCTI ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 N orm ati ve references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Term s and defi n i ti ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Standardi zation an d energ y efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. 1 General considerati ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. 2 The concept of en erg y effici ency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. 3 System s approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. 4 Contri bution of stan dardi zati on to en erg y efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Energ y effici ency aspects in I EC pu bl ications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
5. 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
5. 2 Energ y effici ency im provem ent process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
5. 3 I ncl usion of en erg y efficiency aspects in I EC publi cati ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
5. 4 Energ y effici ency pu bl ications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
Ann ex A (inform ati ve) M arket barriers to en erg y efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4
Ann ex B (inform ati ve) Eng i n eeri n g approach to energ y effici ency im provem ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
B. 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
B. 2 Bou n dary defin i ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
B. 2. 1 Pri nci pl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
B. 2. 2 Expl an ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
B. 3 Loss identificati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 3. 1 Pri nci pl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 3. 2 Expl an ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 4 Loss estim ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 4. 1 Pri nci pl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 4. 2 Expl an ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
B. 5 Loss eval uation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
B. 5. 1 Pri nci pl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
B. 5. 2 Expl an ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
B. 6 Energ y effici ency im provem ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
B. 6. 1 Pri nci pl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
B. 6. 2 Expl an ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
Ann ex C (inform ative) I n clu si on of en erg y efficien cy aspects i n I EC pu bl ications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Bibl i ograph y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Fig u re 1 – Key elem en ts i n en erg y efficiency defin ition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Fig u re 2 – I terative process of energ y efficiency im provem en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Tabl e 1 – Energ y effici en cy aspect categ ories an d exam pl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Tabl e A. 1 – Exam pl es of gen eric m arket barriers to energ y effici ency an d possible
m easures to overcom e th em from a stan dardi zati on poi n t of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Tabl e C. 1 – Energ y effici ency aspects an d exam pl es of th eir incl usion in publ icati ons . . . . . . . . . 20
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 –3–

I NTERNATI ON AL ELECTROTECH NI CAL COMMI SSI ON

____________

I N C L U S I O N O F E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y AS P E C TS

I N E L E C T R O T E C H N I C AL P U B L I C AT I O N S

FOREWORD
1 ) Th e I n ternati on al El ectrotechn i cal Com m issi on (I EC) i s a worl d wi d e org an i zati on for stan dardi zati on com pri si n g
al l n ati on al el ectrotech ni cal com m i ttees (I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees) . Th e obj ect of I EC i s to prom ote
i n ternati on al co-operati on on al l q uesti on s concern i n g stand ardi zati on i n th e el ectri cal an d el ectron i c fi el ds. To
thi s en d an d i n addi ti on to other acti vi ti es, I EC pu bl i sh es I n ternati on al Stan dards, Tech n i cal Speci fi cati ons,
Tech ni cal Reports, Pu bl i cl y Avai l abl e Speci fi cati ons (PAS) an d G u i des (h ereafter referred to as “I EC
Publ i cati on (s) ”) . Th ei r preparati on i s entru sted to tech n i cal com m i ttees; any I E C N ati onal Com m i ttee i n terested
i n th e su bj ect deal t wi th m ay parti ci pate i n thi s preparatory work. I n tern ati onal , g overnm en tal an d n on -
g overn m ental org an i zati ons l i ai si n g wi th th e I EC also parti ci pate i n th i s preparati on. I EC col l aborates cl osel y
wi th th e I n tern ati onal Org an i zati on for Stan d ardi zati on (I SO) i n accordan ce wi th con di ti on s determ i ned by
ag reem en t between th e two org an i zati on s.
2) Th e form al deci si on s or ag reem en ts of I EC on techn i cal m atters express, as n earl y as possi bl e, an i nternati on al
con sen su s of opi ni on on th e rel evan t su bj ects si nce each techn i cal com m i ttee has represen tati on from al l
i n terested I EC N ati on al Com m ittees.
3) I EC Pu bl i cati ons h ave th e form of recom m endati on s for i ntern ati on al u se an d are accepted by I EC N ati on al
Com m i ttees i n th at sense. Whi l e al l reasonabl e efforts are m ade to ensu re th at th e tech ni cal con ten t of I EC
Publ i cati on s i s accu rate, I E C cann ot be h el d responsi bl e for th e way i n whi ch th ey are u sed or for an y
m i si nterpretati on by an y en d u ser.
4) I n order to prom ote i n tern ati onal u ni form i ty, I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees un d ertake to appl y I EC Pu bl i cati on s
transparentl y to the m axi m u m exten t possi bl e i n th ei r n ati on al an d reg i on al pu bl i cati ons. Any di verg ence
between an y I EC Pu bl i cati on an d the correspon di ng nati on al or reg i on al pu bl i cati on sh al l be cl earl y i n di cated i n
the l atter.
5) I EC i tsel f d oes not provi de an y attestati on of con form i ty. I n depend ent certi fi cati on bodi es provi de con form i ty
assessm en t servi ces and, i n som e areas, access to I EC m arks of con form i ty. I EC i s n ot responsi bl e for an y
servi ces carri ed out by i n d epen den t certi fi cati on bodi es.
6) Al l u sers sh ou l d en su re th at th ey h ave the l atest edi ti on of th i s publ i cati on .
7) N o l i abi l i ty shal l attach to I EC or i ts di rectors, em pl oyees, servants or ag en ts i n cl u di n g i n di vi du al experts an d
m em bers of i ts techn i cal com m i ttees and I EC N ati on al Com m i ttees for any person al i n j u ry, property d am ag e or
other dam ag e of any n atu re wh atsoever, wheth er d i rect or i n di rect, or for costs (i n cl ud i ng l eg al fees) an d
expenses ari si ng out of th e pu bl i cati on, u se of, or rel i an ce upon, th i s I EC Publ i cati on or an y oth er I EC
Publ i cati ons.
8) Atten ti on i s drawn to th e N orm ati ve references ci ted i n th i s publ i cati on. U se of th e referenced publ i cati on s i s
i n di spensabl e for th e correct appl i cati on of th i s publ i cati on .
9) Atten ti on i s drawn to th e possi bi l i ty th at som e of th e el em en ts of th i s I EC Pu bl i cati on m ay be th e su bj ect of
paten t ri g hts. I EC sh al l n ot be h el d responsi bl e for i denti fyi ng an y or al l such paten t ri g h ts.

This first edi tion of I EC Gu ide 1 1 8 h as been prepared, i n accordance wi th I SO/I EC Di recti ves,
Part 1 , An n ex A, by th e I EC Advisory Com m ittee on En erg y Effici ency (ACEE) . This is a non-
m andatory g ui de in accordance with SM B Decisi on 1 36/8.

The text of th is I EC G u ide is based on the fol lowin g docum en ts:

Four m on th s' vote Report on voti n g

C/1 979A/DV C/2002/RV

Fu l l inform ati on on th e voti ng for th e approval of th is I EC Gu ide can be foun d i n th e report on

voting in dicated in th e above table.
 –4– I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

This docu m en t h as been drafted i n accordance with th e I SO/I EC Directi ves, Part 2.

A bi lin g u al version of th is pu bl ication m ay be issu ed at a l ater date.

I M P O R T AN T – Th e ' co l ou r i n si d e' l og o on th e cover p ag e of thi s p u b l i cat i on i n d i cates

th at it co n tai n s col o u rs wh i ch a re co n s i d e re d to be u sefu l fo r th e co rre ct

u n d erstan d i n g of its con ten ts . U sers sh ou l d th erefo re p ri n t th i s d ocu m en t u si n g a

col o u r p ri n ter.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 –5–

I NTRODUCTI ON
Energ y efficiency is key to addressi n g th e ch all eng e to su pport en erg y polici es wh ile
preservi ng th e en vi ronm ent.

Man y en erg y efficient techn ol og ies and solu tion s are alread y avai l abl e an d cost-effecti ve;
neverth eless, a variety of barriers i nh ibits th e depl oym ent of th ese tech nolog i es an d im pedes
harvestin g th eir en erg y efficiency potenti al.

Standardization can pl ay an im portan t role to h el p overcom e these barri ers an d to

dissem inate an d prom ote en erg y effici ent tech n olog ies, solu tions an d services.

This G u ide aim s to g ive advice to tech n ical com m ittees on th e way energ y efficiency shou ld
be consi dered and incl u ded in I EC publicati ons.

I EC publicati ons m ay deal excl usi vel y wi th energ y efficiency or m ay incl u de cl auses specific
to en erg y efficiency; h owever techn ical com m ittees are encouraged to:
• consi der energ y efficiency i n their standardi zation work;
• identify wh ich aspects of en erg y efficiency are rel evan t for th eir stan dardi zati on;
• use a structu red approach wh en addressing en erg y effici ency;
• use a system s approach wh en addressin g en erg y efficiency.

This Gu ide h elps to fulfil I EC En erg y Effici ency Policy 1 by indicati ng h ow en erg y effici ency
can be inclu ded i n el ectrotechn ical pu bl icati ons.

I n this Gu i de, the term “tech n ical com m ittees” also i nclu des su bcom m ittees and system
com m ittees. The term “pu bl ication” incl u des “I n tern ati on al Stan dard”, “Techn ical Report”,
“Techn ical Specificati on” and “Gu i de”. I n additi on , th e term “product” i nclu des “process”,
“service” an d com bi n ati ons th ereof, com m onl y kn own as “system s”.

Techn ical com m ittees dealin g with su bj ects rel ati n g to energ y efficiency for the wh ole, or for a
specific part of their acti viti es, are in vited by SM B Decisi on 1 36/8 to foll ow th e provisi ons of
th is Gu i de.

___________
1 Whi te Paper: Copi n g wi th th e En erg y Chal l eng e. The I EC’s rol e from 201 0 to 2030. Sm art el ectri fi cati on – Th e
key to energ y effi ci ency.
 –6– I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

I N C L U S I O N O F E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y AS P E C TS

I N E L E C T R O T E C H N I C AL P U B L I C AT I O N S

1 Scope

This G u ide is i ntended for tech n ical com m ittees and g ives gu i dance on h ow to consider
en erg y efficiency aspects when preparin g I EC pu blicati ons.

I ts purpose is:
• to describe th e contri bu ti ons of I EC pu bl ications to energ y effici ency;
• to describe th e concept of an en erg y effici ency aspect;
• to provi de categ ori es of energ y efficiency aspects an d a list of en erg y effici ency aspects to
be consi dered by tech n ical com m ittees.
This G u ide:
• hel ps i n h arm on i zi n g the approach to energ y efficiency;
• raises awaren ess th at provisi ons i n I EC pu bl ications can affect th e energ y perform ance of
th e product itself (taken indi vi du all y) and of th e entire applicati on (em beddi ng th e
product) , i n both n eg ative and positi ve ways;
• helps tech n ical com m ittees to i dentify energ y effi ci ency aspects th at con tri bu te to en erg y
effici ency im provem en t of th e produ ct itself an d of the en tire appl ication ;
• prom otes th e use of a system atic approach wh en addressin g en erg y efficiency in th e
con text of stan dardi zati on ;
• prom otes th e use of a system s approach wh en addressin g en erg y effici ency aspects i n the
con text of stan dardization.

2 N o r m a t i ve r e f e r e n c e s

The foll owi n g docum ents are referred to i n the text in such a way th at som e or al l of their
con ten t constitutes requ irem ents of th is docum ent. For dated references, on l y the editi on
cited appl i es. For u ndated references, th e latest edition of the referenced docum en t (incl udin g
an y am endm en ts) appli es.

I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 :201 5, Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common
international terminology – Part 1: Energy efficiency
lEC G u i de 1 1 9,Preparation of energy efficiency publications and use of basic energy
efficiency publications and group energy efficiency publications

3 Te r m s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s

For th e purposes of th is docum en t, th e term s an d defi n itions g i ven i n I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 an d

th e foll owi n g appl y.

I SO an d I EC m ain tai n term in olog ical databases for u se i n standardi zati on at th e foll owi n g
addresses:
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 –7–

• I EC El ectropedia: available at h ttp://www. el ectropedia. org /

• I SO On l in e browsi n g platform : avai labl e at http://www. iso. org/obp
3.1
energ y efficiency
rati o or oth er qu anti tati ve relationship between an ou tpu t of perform ance, service, g oods or
en erg y, an d an i npu t of energ y

EXAMPLE Con versi on effi ci ency; en erg y req ui red/energ y used; output/i n put; th eoreti cal en erg y used to
operate/en erg y used to operate.

Note 1 to entry: Both i npu t an d output n eed to be cl earl y speci fi ed i n q uan ti ty an d q ual i ty, an d be m easurabl e.

[SOU RCE: I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 :201 5, 3. 4. 1 ]

3.2
energ y performance
m easurabl e resu lts rel ated to en erg y efficiency, en erg y u se an d energ y con sum pti on

[SOU RCE: I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 : 201 5, 3. 3. 1 ]

3.3
energ y efficiency improvement
increase in en erg y efficiency as a resu lt of tech nol ogical, desi g n, beh avi oural or econ om ic
chan ges

[SOU RCE: I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 :201 5, 3. 4. 3]

3.4
relevant variable
qu antifi able factor th at im pacts energ y perform ance and rou tin el y ch an g es

EXAMPLE Prod u cti on param eters (producti on , vol u m e, producti on rate) ; weath er condi ti ons (ou tdoor tem peratu re,
deg ree days) ; operati n g h ou rs; operati n g param eters (operati on al tem peratu re, l i g h t l evel ) .

[SOU RCE: I SO 50006:201 4, 3. 1 4]

3.5
static factor
identified factor that im pacts en erg y perform ance an d does not routi n el y ch an g e

EXAMPLE 1 Faci l i ty si ze; desi g n of i nstal l ed eq u i pm en t; th e n u m ber of weekl y prod u cti on sh i fts; th e n um ber or
type of occu pan ts (e. g . offi ce workers) ; ran g e of produ cts.

EXAMPLE 2 A ch an g e of a stati c factor coul d be a ch ang e i n m anu facturi n g process raw m ateri al , from al um i n i um
to pl asti c.

[SOU RCE: I SO 50006:201 4, 3. 1 7]

4 Standardization and energy efficiency

4.1 General considerations
Standardi zation pl ays a key role in prom oti n g en erg y efficiency as it:
• supports th e dissem i nati on of en erg y efficient techn ol og i es;
• accel erates th e u ptake of the next g en eration of energ y effici en t tech n olog i es;
 –8– I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

• creates th e prerequ isites for en erg y effici ency th roug h en abl ing techn olog i es;
• en ables conform ity assessm ent;
• hel ps overcom e m arket barriers to en erg y efficien cy.
Energ y efficiency is a h ori zon tal topic spann i ng th e I EC dom ain an d m ay be dealt with in I EC
pu blications in various form s across a wi de ran g e of tech n olog ies and for different products,
processes and services.

The h orizon tal natu re of the topic and increasi ng i ntegration of produ cts, processes and
services en terin g th e m arket requ ires th at tech n ical com m ittees i dentify wh ich aspects of
en erg y efficiency are relevan t for stan dardi zati on and wh en doi ng th at:
• use a structu red approach;
• adopt a system s approach (see 4. 3 and l EC G ui de 1 1 9) .
4.2 The concept of energ y effi cien cy
Energ y efficiency rel ates th e output of an acti vi ty to its en erg y i nput, for a g i ven service. Th e
input can be expressed i n vari ous en erg y u n its (ki l owatt-hours, j ou les, ton n es of oil
equ i val ent, etc. ) . I n contrast, th e output m ay n ot n ecessaril y be expressed i n en erg y u n its and
covers a wi de ran ge of acti vities an d services – produ ction of cem ent, floor area,
passeng er-ki lom etres, em ployees, etc. – expressed in m an y u n its (ton n es, squ are m etres,
kilom etres, num ber of em ployees, etc. ) .

I t is key for en erg y efficiency to n ot reduce the g i ven service but to optim ize th e energ y i n pu t
for a g iven service.

NOTE 1 E xam pl es of an acti vi ty i ncl u de processes, servi ces, etc.

NOTE 2 Energ y perform ance and en erg y effi ci ency are di fferent concepts. Th e concept of en erg y perform ance
i ncl ud es en erg y u se and en erg y con sum pti on ; en erg y perform an ce, for i nstance, can be i m proved wi th ou t
necessari l y affecti n g energ y effi ci ency. E n erg y effi ci ency i s one aspect of en erg y perform an ce an d i s a frequen tl y
used m etri c for m easuri n g energ y perform an ce.

NOTE 3 I m pl em en tati on of en erg y effi ci en cy m easu res can be based on energ y pri ce consi derati on .

Eval u ati on of en erg y efficiency sh ou ld consi der several im portan t factors. Cru cial are
bou ndari es wh ich defi ne th e scope for en erg y effici ency im provem ent.

The descripti on of th e boun daries m ay be conceptual or ph ysical .

I n eval uatin g en erg y effi ci ency, all rel evan t energ y i n pu ts an d outputs across the bou ndari es
need to be i dentified as wel l as the key perform ance indicators (KPI s) u sed to m easure it.
For the com plete defin ition of th e con text n ecessary for en erg y effici ency assessm en t, drivin g
param eters sh ou ld also be defined (see Fi g u re 1 ) .

NOTE 4 Dri vi n g param eters, other th an i n tern al process param eters, are al l factors th at affect en erg y effi ci en cy
an d i ncl ude weath er, operati n g param eters (i n door tem peratu re, l i g hti n g l evel s, etc. ) , prod ucti on vol u m e, ran g e of
produ cts, etc. ; th i s concept i ncl udes the con cept of rel evan t vari abl e an d stati c factors as defi ned by I SO 50006.

The defin i tion of energ y effici ency m ay vary wh en boun daries ch ang e.

EXAMPLE Th e energ y effi ci en cy of an el ectri c m otor, th e energ y effi ci en cy of that m otor d ri vi n g a pum p, th e
en erg y effi ci en cy of th e pum pi ng system m ade of that m otor an d pum p.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 –9–

B O U N D AR Y

KP I s for EE
OU TPU T
INPUT KP I s f o r E E

DR I VI N G P AR AM E TE R S

IEC

Fi g u re 1 – Ke y el em en t s i n e n e rg y e ff i c i e n c y d efi n i t i o n

For m ore details on boun dary defin ition, see Cl ause B. 2 an d refer to l EC G u i de 1 1 9.

Energ y efficiency m ay vary an d degrade over tim e.

4. 3 S ys t em s a p p ro ac h

Energ y effici ency of a system n eeds to be anal ysed usi n g a system s approach .

A system s approach to en erg y efficiency does n ot on l y consi der th e en erg y perform ance of
th e sin g le com pon ents, but, an d essenti al l y, h ow efficientl y th ese com pon en ts are used with i n
th e applicati on an d boun dary.

A system s approach to en erg y effici ency im pl ies th at the en erg y efficien cy of one or m ore
com pon ents m ay be de-optim i zed in order to ach i eve th e m axim um effici ency i n th e
considered appl ication and bou ndary.

A system s approach to energ y effici ency is l ikel y to optim i ze en erg y effici ency im provem en ts
as:
• th e com pon en ts and th e application are considered tog eth er;
• th e g ai ns in en erg y efficiency of an optim i zed system m ay be m uch h i gh er than the g ai ns
of an optim i zed in dividu al com pon en t;
• an en erg y effici ency im provem ent at com pon ent level can be totall y spoil ed if this h i g h
efficiency com ponen t is u sed in poor operatin g condi tions.
4. 4 C o n t ri b u t i o n of st an d ard i zat i on t o e n e rg y eff i ci en c y

Standardi zation can pl ay a role in overcom ing som e of the barriers to th e im plem entati on of
en erg y efficien t tech nol og ies an d solu tions. Exam ples inclu de:
• com m on m easu rem ent an d test m eth ods to assess th e u se of en erg y an d reductions
attai n ed throu g h n ew techn ol og i es and processes;
• calcu l ation m eth ods so that sou n d com parisons of alternati ves can be m ade i n specific
situ ations and can h elp wi th adaptation of infrastructure to i n tegrate n ew tech n olog ies and
i nteroperabi l ity;
• m eans to codify best practices and m an ag em en t processes for effici en t en erg y use an d
en erg y conservati on;
• desi g n ch eckl ists and g u i des th at can be appl i ed to both th e desi gn of n ew system s as
wel l as the retrofi t of existi n g system s;
 – 10 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

• com m on efficiency cl assifications, tolerances an d m inim um energ y perform ance

stan dards;
• th e defin iti on of possibl e en erg y efficiency m etrics.
When devel opin g I EC publ icati ons, barriers to energ y efficiency sh ou ld be considered, wi th
th e goal to con tribu te in overcom in g su ch barri ers throug h stan dardization activity. An nex A
provides exam ples.

5 En erg y effi ci en c y as p ects i n I EC pu bl i cati o n s

5. 1 G en e ra l

This Gu i de proposes a system atic procedu re for the i den tification of en erg y efficiency aspects
to be considered for i nclusi on i n I EC pu bl ications, wh en th is is rel evan t for th e tech n ical
com m ittees.

This procedure is based on a g eneral descripti on of the en erg y efficiency im provem en t

process. I n th is context, en erg y efficiency aspects are elem ents that are n ecessary to su pport
th is process. En erg y effici ency aspects incl u de tools, m ethods, acti vities, m easu res,
checkl ists or g u ides.

Alth ou g h th is Gu ide is inten ded for use by techn ical com m ittees, the principl es of th is
procedure are g eneral an d m ay be used wh enever im proving energ y effici ency is bein g
consi dered during th e l ife cycl e.

5. 2 E n e rg y effi c i en c y i m p ro vem e n t p ro c e s s

A process to ach ievi n g energ y effici ency im provem ents is sh own in Fig u re 2.

In th is energ y effici ency im provem en t process as well as in the wh ole docum en t th e term
"loss" is not to be in terpreted solel y i n strict ph ysical term s n or wi th a n eg ative conn otation
on l y. Th e term "l oss" incl udes also an y kin d of opportun ity for energ y efficiency im provem ent
wh ich is currentl y n ot im pl em ented.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 11 –

START

BOU N DARY
DEFI N I TI ON

LOSS AN ALYSI S

LOSS ASSESSM EN T
LOSS
I DENTI FI CATI ON

ENERGY EFFI CI EN CY LOSS

I MPROVE MEN T ESTI MATI ON

LOSS
EVALU ATI ON

NO LOSS YES
TOLERABLE? EN D

IEC

Fi g u re 2 – I t e rat i ve p ro ce s s o f e n erg y e ffi c i en c y i m p ro ve m e n t

Startin g with th e bou n dary description , cu rrent en erg y efficiency can be determ in ed an d
poten tial im provem en ts i den tified.

Once sources of l osses are i dentified an d th eir l evel determ in ed (loss an al ysis) , th is can be
com pared agai nst a l im it in order to determ in e whether such a l evel of l osses is tol erabl e. I f
th ey are n ot tolerable (e. g . accordi n g to cl assification l evel) , energ y effici ency im provem ent
shou l d be im pl em ented. Oth erwise the process requ ires n o furth er action . I f the bou ndary or
th e m ajor param eters ch an g e, th e process sh ou l d be repeated.

The criteri a for decidin g wh eth er the curren t level of losses is tol erabl e or not m ay be foun d in
m an y differen t sources such as nation al regu l ations, soci etal decisi ons or stan dards.

Ann ex B provides additi onal inform ati on.

5. 3 I n cl u si on o f en erg y effi ci en c y as pect s i n I EC p u bl i cati on s

Energ y efficiency aspects are al l elem ents th at are necessary for th e en erg y efficiency
im provem ent process descri bed i n 5. 2.

I t is th e task of tech nical com m ittees to i den tify an d su pport al l n ecessary en erg y effici ency
aspects i n th eir publicati ons.

Every proposal for prepari ng or revisin g a pu blicati on sh oul d identify wh ich aspects of energ y
efficiency are to be incl u ded.

The fol lowi ng categ ories of en erg y effici ency aspects sh oul d be considered (n ot all of th ese
m ay be relevan t to a g i ven publicati on) :
• defin e en erg y effici ency;
• m easure en erg y efficiency;
• assess en erg y efficiency;
• im prove energ y efficiency;
• en able en erg y effici ency.
 – 12 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

Exam pl es of energ y effici ency aspects and en erg y effici ency aspect categ ories are presented
in Tabl e 1 . Ann ex C provides additi onal i nform ati on on th e inclu si on of en erg y effici ency
aspects in I EC pu bl ications.

Table 1 – Energ y efficiency aspect categories and examples

Energ y effi ciency aspect
categories
Defi n e en erg y effi ci ency
Measure en erg y effi ci ency
Assess energ y effi ci en cy
I m prove en erg y effi ci ency
Enabl e en erg y effi ci en cy
Energ y effi ciency aspect
Defi n e term i n ol og y
Defi n e system boun dari es (i n cl udi n g th e scope for en erg y effi ci en cy)
Defi n e EE KPI s (energ y effi ci en cy key perform an ce i n di cators)
Defi n e en erg y basel i n e
Defi n e dri vi ng param eters (adj ustm ent factors, stati c factors)
Defi n e reference appl i cati on s
Defi n e reference l oad profi l es
Defi n e reference control strateg i es
Defi n e test m eth ods
Defi n e m easu rem ent m eth ods
Defi n e m easu rem ent pl ans
Defi n e cal cul ati on m eth ods
Defi n e cl asses
En erg y au di ts
Benchm arki n g m ethods
En erg y effi ci en cy i nvestm ent eval uati on
En erg y m an ag em en t system
Desi g n cri teri a g u i d el i n es
Appl i cati on g ui del i n es
Best practi ces
Loss red u cti on
(Stan d by l osses)
I n teroperabi l i ty
Com m un i cati on
Stan dardi zed d ata form at
Qu al i fi cati on of energ y effi ci en cy servi ces
Measu rem en t i nfrastructu re

Energ y effici ency aspects (EEAs) rel ated to defin iti on, m easurem en t and assessm en t of
en erg y effici ency are typical dom ai ns of stan dardization. EEAs related to energ y effici ency
im provem ent sh ou l d n ot be specified i n I EC pu blicati ons wh en th ey in vol ve tech nol ogical
solu tions and m atters of desi g n.

M in im u m energ y efficien cy valu es shou ld not be defi n ed in I EC publ ications; h owever, I EC

pu bl ications m ay consi der provi di n g su pport for conform i ty assessm ent (testi n g, l abell in g,
en erg y efficiency cl asses or classifications, etc. ) .

EEAs can be a property of th e product an d its way of use, wh ich can be u sed to i nfl u ence th e
product en erg y efficiency.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 13 –

There is on l y a l im ited num ber of g en eric services that can be provi ded by a sin g le
pu bl ication . The tech n ical com m ittees sh ou l d consider for them selves wh ich of th ese services
wil l be m ade avai l abl e th rou g h their pu bl ications (e. g. a com m ittee m igh t consider to provide
en erg y effici ency classifi cati on for th eir product, bu t refrain from m aking an y statem ent abou t
labelli n g ) .

Techn ical com m ittees are i n vi ted to consider n ot on l y services th at can be provided by th eir
product scope, but sh oul d also consider i nteracti ons wi th appl ications of wh ich the produ ct is
a part.

Im plem entation of en erg y effici ency m easures sh ou ld n ot im pair safety.

NOTE For exam pl e, th ese i nteracti ons m ay resul t i n a wi der set of KPI s or m easurem ents n ecessary to assess
en erg y effi ci en cy th an restri cti n g th e assessm en t on l y to the i ndi vi d u al prod u ct. Typi cal l y thi s wi l l be a j oi nt effort to
determ i ne th e rel evan t l oad profi l es and d uty cycl es and to m ake avai l abl e the n ecessary produ ct d ata i n order to
m ake such system con si derati ons possi bl e.

I t is beyon d th e scope of th is G u ide to cover or l ist all possible aspects relevant for al l
possi ble products wi th in the scope of I EC.

5.4 Energ y efficiency publications

Coordi n ati on between techn ical com m ittees is n ecessary to ach i eve a coherent approach to
en erg y effici ency. A stru ctured approach is recom m ended as it ensures that each publ icati on
is restricted to its scope.

lEC G ui de 1 1 9 defin es th e fol l owi ng en erg y efficiency publ icati ons:

• basic en erg y effici ency publicati on ;
• g rou p energ y effici ency publicati on ;
• produ ct pu bl ication.
More detail on the structured approach to be adopted with i n I EC, on th e type of publ ications
an d on the procedu res for their preparation is gi ven i n lEC G u ide 1 1 9.
 – 14 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

Annex A
(informative)

Market barriers to energy efficiency

There is an establish ed literature concern in g wh at h as becom e known as the “m arket barriers
to en erg y efficiency”. M arket barri ers to en erg y efficiency are those barriers th at shou ld j ustify
th e so cal l ed “effici ency g ap”. The effici ency g ap refers to th e difference between l evels of
in vestm ent i n energ y effici ency th at appear to be cost effecti ve based on en gin eeri n g-
econ om ic an al ysis an d th e (lower) l evels actu all y occurri n g .

NOTE For a revi ew of th e l i teratu re concern i n g the concept of a barri er to en erg y effi ci ency, refer to, for exam pl e,
UN I DO, Barriers to industrial energy efficiency: A literature review.

The fol l owi ng barri ers are seen to contribute to th is efficiency g ap:
• l ack of awaren ess of th e savin gs potenti al ;
• inadequ ate inform ati on abou t perform ance effici ency;
• lack of wi del y used m etri cs for perform ance efficiency;
• th e ten dency to focus on the perform ance of in di vidu al com ponents rather th an th e en erg y
yi el d or consum ption of com plete system s;
• spli t incen ti ves;
• ten dency to focus on l owest in i ti al cost rath er th an life cycle cost;
• low rate of retu rn on in vestm ent.
Standardization can pl ay a rol e in overcom in g som e of these barri ers. Exam pl es of g en eric
m arket barriers to en erg y effici ency an d possible m easures to overcom e th em from a
stan dardizati on poi nt of view are g i ven in Tabl e A. 1 .
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7
Table A.1 – Examples of generic market barriers to energ y efficiency and
possible measures to overcome them from a standardization point of view
Generi c barrier
Lack of i n form ati on
Lack of trai n ed personn el or
tech ni cal or m an ag eri al experti se
Bel ow l on g -run m arg i nal cost
pri ci n g an d oth er pri ce di storti on s
Reg ul atory bi ases or absen ce
H i g h transacti on costs
H i g h i n i ti al capi tal costs or l ack of
access to credi t
H i g h u ser di scou nt rates
Mi sm atch of th e i nci den ce of
i nvestm ent costs an d en erg y
savi n g s
H i g h er percei ved ri sks of th e m ore
effi ci en t techn ol og y
– 15 –
Potenti al measu res to remove
barriers
I nform ati on cen tres and servi ces;
Appl i ance l abel l i n g ; Consum er
i n form ati on
Trai n i n g prog ram m es
(e. g . i nteg rated resou rce pl an n i n g ;
anal ysi n g non-tradi ti onal proj ects)
I nsti tuti ng supporti ve l eg al ,
reg u l atory an d pol i cy ch ang es
Standards
Market devel opm en t and
com m erci al i zati on ; Dem an d-si de
m an ag em ent prog ram m es; Energ y
servi ce com pani es
I nn ovati ve fi n an ci n g m ech an i sm s
Energ y servi ce com pani es
I nsti tuti on al m atchi n g of costs an d
ben efi ts; Energ y servi ce com pan i es
Tech nol og y research , ad aptati on ,
and dem onstrati on ; an d/or
perform ance contracti n g
Standardization rol e in support
Devel op com m on m easu rem en t
and test m eth ods i n ord er for
energ y effi ci en cy to be m easu rabl e,
com parabl e an d reportabl e on a
com m on basi s
Devel op stan dards for custom er
i n form ati on about energ y
con sum pti on , use, tren ds, etc.
Devel op d esi g n ch eckl i sts an d
g ui d es provi di n g state-of-the-art
kn owl edg e form al i zed by
recog n i zed experts i n the fi el d,
based on i n tern ati on al con sensus
from a bal ance of i nterests
I ntern ati onal Stan dards can be
h el pful i n su pporti n g cooperati on
and poten ti al h arm on i zati on of
publ i c pol i ci es i n the fi el ds
con cerned
Provi de a l evel pl ayi n g fi el d for al l
m arket actors an d el i m i n ate
u nn ecessary barri ers to trad e
Di ssem i nate en erg y effi ci ent
techn ol og y
Qual i fi cati on req u i rem ents for
energ y servi ce an d en erg y servi ce
com pan i es
Red uce un certai nty for al l the
econom i c pl ayers provi di n g
cal cul ati on an d savi ng veri fi cati on
m ethods
Qual i fi cati on req u i rem en ts for EPC
(en erg y perform an ce con tracts)
Qual i fi cati on req u i rem ents for
energ y servi ces, en erg y servi ce
com pani es (ESCOs) and en erg y
perform ance contracti n g (EPC)
Li fe cycl e costi n g (pu rch ase an d
operati onal costs)
Qual i fi cati on req ui rem en ts for
energ y servi ce com pani es (ESCOs)
Di ssem i nate en erg y effi ci ent
techn ol og y
Provi de a con si sten t and cl ear
fram ework descri bi n g tech n ol og i es
and g ood practi ces i n the fi el d s
con cerned, i ncl u di ng , i nter al i a,
term i n ol og y, cl assi fi cati on s, test
m ethods, perform ances (al on g wi th
the m odal i ti es of th e presen tati on
of test resul ts an d perform ance
l evel s)
 – 16 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

Annex B
(informative)

Engineering approach to energ y efficiency improvement

B.1 General
Ann ex B provi des a general descri ption of a system atic, en g i neeri ng approach to en erg y
efficiency im provem en t.

The key steps of su ch process are:

• bou ndary defi n ition;
• i dentification of sou rces of losses (loss i den tificati on) ;
• estim ation of l osses (l oss estim ati on) ;
• eval u ati on of losses (l oss evalu ation) ;
• en erg y efficiency im provem ent.
A m ore detai l ed descri pti on of each step is g iven i n Clauses B. 2 to B. 6.

B.2 Boundary definition

B.2.1 Principle
The bou n dary u sed for en erg y effici ency considerati ons has to be clearl y i dentifi ed an d
defin ed.

B.2.2 Explanation
In order to assess an d im prove en erg y efficiency, the con text sh ou ld be cl earl y defin ed.
Defin i ng th e context i nclu des setting th e scope of the an al ysis, establ ish in g its m etric and
identifyi n g al l th e rel evan t variables.

Bou n dary shou ld be defined in term s of:

• i nten ded use (rel evant appl ications an d services) ;
• en erg y i n pu ts;
• ou tpu ts;
• operati onal status;
• dri vi n g param eters other th an in tern al process param eters (relevant variables, static
factors) ;
• KPI s for en erg y effici ency;
• i nteractions between com ponen ts of th e system ;
• (possi bl e) i nteracti ons wi th other system s.
The description of th e bou n dary m ay be conceptu al or ph ysical . Withi n the bou ndary th ere
can be a device, a produ ct or a system depen din g on the applicati on considered .

A ph ysical descripti on of th e bou n dary i ncl u des:

• th e ph ysical l im its of the produ ct,
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 17 –

• power i n lets or outlets,

• com m unicati on interfaces,
• m edi a i n lets or m edi a outl ets.
A conceptu al description of a bou ndary i ncl udes:
• a l ist of provided services,
• a process descri pti on ,
• etc.

B.3 Loss identification

B.3.1 Principle
The el em ents that have an im pact (positi ve or neg ati ve) on energ y effici ency sh ou ld be
identified.

The process sh ou l d take in to consi deration th e u se of th e produ ct, process or service,

inclu din g i nstal l ati on an d m ainten ance, wh en appl icable.

B.3.2 Expl anation

The first step in u n derstan din g an d assessi n g th e opportu n i ti es for im provi ng energ y
efficiency is to i den tify where an d h ow m uch is used an d lost.

The aim of loss iden tification is to i den tify th e elem ents th at infl uence th e energ y effici ency
(sou rces of losses) together with the natu re of th i s im pact (cause-effect rel ationsh i p) . Sources
of losses i nclu de th e el em ents th at m ig ht faci l itate or h am per en erg y effici ency im provem ent.

Loss identificati on is based on th e en erg y m odel l i ng of the system u nder consi deration .

NOTE I n th e case of tech ni cal system s, energ y m odel l i n g i n cl udes:

• a breakdown of th e energ y con su m pti on by u se an d source;
• energ y fl ows and bal ances;
• pattern of en erg y i n pu ts th roug h ti m e;
• system u se;
• rel ati on sh i ps between energ y i n put and d ri vi n g param eters;
• one or m ore key perform ance i n di cators su i tabl e to eval uate energ y effi ci en cy of th e system .

For certai n dom ai ns l ists of typical an d recurren t sources of l osses m ay be avail able.

B.4 Loss estimation

B.4.1 Principle
The severity of the im pact (posi ti ve or n eg ati ve) on en erg y effici ency of each source of losses
identified i n the previ ous step sh ou ld be estim ated.

B.4.2 Expl anation

After h avi ng iden tified the el em ents th at influ ence energ y efficiency (sources of l osses)
tog ether wi th th e n atu re of th is im pact, qu antificati on is n ecessary in order to estim ate the
 – 18 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

relevance of each sou rce of l osses. This can be don e by in vesti g ating th e m ag ni tude of their
im pact on en erg y effici en cy.

Loss estim ation shou ld determ in e th e curren t level of l osses by usi ng the sam e KPI s for
en erg y efficiency defi n ed i n the “bou ndary defi n iti on” step.

Loss estim ation sh ou l d u ltim atel y be qu an titative; at th e beg in n i ng of the i terative process
loss estim ati on m ay also be sem iqu an titati ve or qu al itati ve. Th e m ost recom m ended tool for
qu antification is an entropy or exerg y an al ysis.

Loss estim ati on sh oul d take i nto accou nt th e drivi ng param eters oth er th an intern al process
param eters (rel evan t vari abl es, static factors) .

B.5 Loss evaluation

B.5.1 Principle
The severity of th e im pact (positive or n egative) of losses on energ y efficiency shou ld be
m easured ag ainst a cri terion to determ in e whether i t is acceptable or tolerable.

Loss evalu ation i nclu des settin g the scale and defin in g the tolerable level.

B.5.2 Expl anation

The purpose of l oss eval uation is to pu t the current l evel of l osses into con text an d to assist i n
m akin g decisions abou t wh ich l osses n eed treatm en t an d the priori ty for th eir reducti on ,
based on the ou tcom es of l oss anal ysis. Loss evalu ati on focuses on th e foll owi ng qu esti on :
Are th e l osses above an acceptable level ?

I n order to pu t th e current l evel of l osses i nto context, th e severity of th e im pact (positi ve or

neg ati ve) on en erg y effici ency is grou ped i nto a n um ber of cl asses/l evels. This classification
is dom ai n specific and serves th e ju dgm ent of th e tol erabi l ity of such i den tifi ed losses.

J udg i ng wh eth er l osses are tol erabl e or n ot in volves com pari ng th e l evel of l osses foun d
duri n g th e anal ysis process with establ ish ed l oss cri teri a (tolerable l evel) . Based on th is
com parison , th e n eed for im provem en t is decided.

The am ou nt of effort used for im provi ng en erg y effici ency shou l d be proporti on ate to th e
si gn ificance of losses. Decision m akers m ig ht use different processes, i n cludi ng cost-ben efit
an al ysis, for u n derstan di ng th e optim al level of en erg y effici ency im provem en t.

Decisi ons sh ou l d take i n to accoun t th e wi der context i nclu din g consi deration of the tolerance
of th e l osses born e by other parties.

The cri teri a th at set th e tolerable level m ay derive from different l evels incl udin g:
• m arket (e. g . benchm arking average effici ency, top ru nn er cri teria) ;
• en vironm ental (e. g . sustai nabi li ty) ;
• l eg al, reg u latory an d other requ irem ents (e. g . M in im um En erg y Perform ance Stan dards
(M EPS) from reg u latory au thori ti es) .
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 19 –

B.6 Energ y efficiency improvement

B.6.1 Principle
I f th e current energ y effi ciency level is j udg ed to be u nsatisfactory, on e or m ore opti ons to
im prove its en erg y efficiency sh ou ld be selected and im pl em ented.

NOTE Energ y effi ci ency i m provem ent m easu res are n orm al l y not speci fi ed i n I EC pu bl i cati on s, because they
i nvol ve techn ol og i cal sol uti ons and m atters of d esi g n, wh i ch are to be l eft to m arket deci si on s.

B.6.2 Explanation
Energ y effici ency im provem ent in vol ves selectin g on e or m ore options for im provi n g energ y
effici ency and im pl em enting or en abl in g the im pl em entation of th ese opti on s.

Opti ons to im prove en erg y efficiency sh oul d be balanced ag ainst oth er factors, such as
produ ct fu ncti on, perform ance, cost, m arketabi l i ty an d qu ality, an d l eg al , regu l atory an d safety
requ irem ents. Options sh ou l d n ot im pair safety requ irem en ts.

Strateg i es an d tech n i qu es for energ y effici ency im provem en t m ay be represen ted by:
• obtai n i ng an u nchan ged ou tpu t valu e at a redu ced energ y in pu t l evel;
• obtai n i ng an i ncreased output val ue with unch an g ed en erg y inpu t l evel ;
• obtai n i ng an outpu t valu e th at surpasses the in crease i n energ y i npu t level in relati ve
term s.
Measu res can concen trate on th e specific system and try to decrease l osses i n the g i ven
bou ndary.

In m ost cases, h owever, th e m ost sig n ifican t energ y efficiency im provem ents are ach ieved by
considerin g the en tire appl ication , i . e. perform i ng a system level opti m ization. Techn ical
com m ittees are encou raged , for th is reason , to adopt a system s approach wh en addressing
en erg y efficiency i n the con text of stan dardi zati on .

Energ y effici ency im provem ent i nclu des the possi bil ity for en erg y recovery. The beneficiary of
th e energ y recovered m ay be a differen t system th an th at u n der consi deration .

NOTE I n th i s case bou nd ary sh ou l d be ch ang ed.

Energ y efficiency im provem en t i nclu des also energ y efficiency en abli n g products an d
tech nolog i es (e. g . process optim i zation throu g h au tom ation an d control) .
 – 20 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

An n e x C

(informative)

I n c l u s i o n o f e n e rg y e ffi c i e n c y a s p e c ts i n I E C p u b l i c a t i o n s

Ann ex C com plem ents 5. 3 by g i ving som e exam ples of energ y efficiency aspects i ncl usi on in
pu blications. For th is reason , Tabl e 1 i n 5. 3 is reproduced below as Table C. 1 ; a th ird col um n
has been added, listi n g exam ples of pu bl ications th at address on e or m ore energ y effici ency
aspects presented i n 5. 3.

Tabl e C . 1 – E n e rg y eff i c i en c y a s p ect s a n d

exam pl es of th ei r i n c l u si o n in pu bl i cati on s

E n erg y e ffi ci en c y E n e rg y e ffi c i e n c y as p e c t E xam pl es o f i n cl u si o n in pu b l i cati on s

aspect

categ ori es

Defi n e en erg y Defi n e term i n ol og y • I SO/I EC 1 3273-1 ,Energy efficiency and

effi ci en cy
Defi n e system boun dari es
Defi n e EE KPI s (en erg y effi ci ency
key perform ance i nd i cators)
Defi n e en erg y basel i n e
renewable energy sources – Common
international terminology – Part 1: Energy
efficiency
• I EC 61 800-9-1 , Adjustable speed electrical power
drive systems – Part 9-1: Ecodesign of power
drive systems, motor starters, power electronics
and their driven applications – General
requirements for setting energy efficiency
standards for power driven equipment using the
extended product approach (EPA) and semi
analytic model (SAM)
• I EC TR 62837, Energy efficiency through
automation systems
• I EC 60364-8-1 , Low-vol tag e el ectri cal
i n stal l ati ons – Part 8-1 : En erg y effi ci en cy
• I EC 60034-30-1 , Rotating electrical machines –
Part 30-1: Efficiency classes of line operated AC
motors (IE-code)
• I EC TS 60034-30-2, Rotating electrical machines
– Part 30-2: Efficiency classes of variable speed
AC motors (IE-code)
• I EC TS 60076-20, Power transformers – Part 20:
Energy efficiency
• I SO/I EC 301 34 (al l parts) , Information technology
– Data centres – Key performance indicators
• I EC 61 800-9-2, Adjustable speed electrical power
drive systems – Part 9-2: Ecodesign for power
drive systems, motor starters, power electronics &
their driven applications – Energy efficiency
indicators for power drive systems and motor
starters
• I EC TR 62837, Energy efficiency through
automation systems
• I SO 22400-2, Automation systems and integration
– Key performance indicators (KPIs) for
manufacturing operations management – Part 2:
Definitions and descriptions
• I SO 50006: 201 4, Energy management systems –
Measuring energy performance using energy
baselines (EnB) and energy performance
indicators (EnPI) – General principles and
guidance
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7
Energ y effi ciency Energ y effi ciency aspect
aspect
categories
Defi n e d ri vi n g param eters
(ad j ustm ent factors, stati c factors)
Defi n e reference appl i cati on s
Defi n e reference l oad profi l es
Defi n e reference control strateg i es
Measu re en erg y Defi n e test m ethods
effi ci en cy
Defi n e m easu rem ent m eth ods
Defi n e m easu rem ent pl ans
Defi n e cal cul ati on m eth ods
Defi n e cl asses
Assess en erg y En erg y au di ts
effi ci en cy
Benchm arki ng m ethods
– 21 –
Examples of inclusion in publications
• (to be com pl eted)
• I EC 60456,Clothes washing machines for
household use – Methods for measuring the
performance
• (to be com pl eted)
• EN 1 5232, Energy performance of buildings –
Impact of Building Automation, Controls and
Building Management
• I EC TR 62837, Energy efficiency through
automation systems
• I EC 60034-2-1 , Rotating electrical machines –
Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining
losses and efficiency from tests (excluding
machines for traction vehicles)
• I EC 62442-1 , Energy performance of lamp
controlgear – Part 1: Controlgear for fluorescent
lamps – Method of measurement to determine the
total input power of controlgear circuits and the
efficiency of the controlgear
• I EC 62301 , Household electrical appliances –
Measurement of standby power
• I EC 6201 8, Power consumption of information
technology equipment – Measurement methods
• I EC 60034-2-1 , Rotating electrical machines –
Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining
losses and efficiency from tests (excluding
machines for traction vehicles)
• I EC 62888 (al l parts) , Railway applications –
Energy measurement on board trains
• EN 1 51 93, Energy performance of buildings –
Energy requirements for lighting
• I EC 60034-30-1 , Rotating electrical machines –
Part 30-1: Efficiency classes of line operated AC
motors (IE-code)
• I EC 60034-30-2, Rotating electrical machines –
Part 30-2: Efficiency classes of variable speed AC
motors (IE-code)
• I EC 61 800-9-2, Adjustable speed electrical power
drive systems – Part 9-2: Ecodesign for power
drive systems, motor starters, power electronics &
their driven applications – Energy efficiency
indicators for power drive systems and motor
starters
• I EC TS 60076-20, Power transformers – Part 20:
Energy efficiency
• I SO 50002:201 4, Energy audits – Requirements
with guidance for use
• I SO 1 1 01 1 :201 3, Compressed air – Energy
efficiency – Assessment
• EN 1 6247-5:201 5, Energy audits – Part 5:
Competence of energy auditors
• EN 1 6231 :201 2, Energy efficiency benchmarking
methodology
 – 22 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

Energ y effi ciency Energ y effi ciency aspect Examples of inclusion in publications
aspect
categories
En erg y effi ci en cy eval u ati on • I SO 201 40-1 :201 3, Automation systems and
integration – Evaluating energy efficiency and
other factors of manufacturing systems that
influence the environment – Part 1: Overview and
general principles
En erg y effi ci en cy i nvestm ent • I SO 50044, Energy Savings Evaluation –
eval u ati on Economics and financial evaluation of energy
saving projects
I m prove en erg y En erg y m an ag em en t system • I SO 50001 : 201 1 , Energy management systems –
effi ci en cy Requirements with guidance for use
• I SO 50004:201 4, Energy management systems –
Guidance for the implementation, maintenance
and improvement of an energy management
system
Desi g n cri teri a g u i d el i n es • I EC TS 60034-31 – Rotating electrical machines –
Part 31: Selection of energy-efficient motors
including variable speed applications –
Application guide
Appl i cati on g ui del i n es • I SO 50004: 201 4, Energy management systems –
Guidance for the implementation, maintenance
and improvement of an energy management
system
• I EC 60364-8-1 , Low-voltage electrical
installations – Part 8-1: Energy efficiency
• I EC TR 62837, Energy efficiency through
automation systems
Best practi ces • I S 399, Energy Efficient Design Management
• CLC/TR 50600-99-1 , Information technology –
Data centre facilities and infrastructures –
Part 99-1: Recommended practices for energy
management
Losses red ucti on • CLC/TR 50600-99-1 , Information technology –
Data centre facilities and infrastructures –
Part 99-1: Recommended practices for energy
management
(Stand by l osses) • (to be com pl eted)
Enabl e en erg y I n teroperabi l i ty • (to be com pl eted)
effi ci en cy
Com m u ni cati on • I SO/I EC 1 5067-3, Information technology – Home
electronic system (HES) application model –
Part 3: Model of a demand-response energy
management system for HES
Stan dardi zed d ata form at • (to be com pl eted)
Qu al i fi cati on of en erg y effi ci en cy • EN 1 5900:201 0, Energy efficiency services –
servi ces Definitions and requirements
Measu rem en t i nfrastructu re • I EC 62974-1 , Monitoring and measuring systems
used for data collection, gathering and analysis –
Part 1: Device requirements
NOTE 1 A si n g l e pu bl i cati on cou l d add ress m ore th an on e energ y effi ci ency aspect.

NOTE 2 N ot al l en erg y effi ci en cy aspects even tu al l y add ressed by ci ted pu bl i cati on s have been h i g hl i g h ted.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 23 –

Bibliograph y

I SO/I EC Directi ves, Part 1 , Procedures for the technical work

I SO/I EC Directi ves, Part 2, Principles and rules for the structure and drafting of ISO and IEC
documents
I SO/I EC Directi ves Supplem ent, Procedures specific to IEC
I EC Gu ide 1 09, Environmental aspects – Inclusion in electrotechnical product standards
ISO 50006:201 4, Energy management systems – Measuring energy performance using
energy baselines (EnB) and energy performance indicators (EnPI) – General principles and
guidance
IEC 60034-2-1 , Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining
losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
IEC 60034-30-1 ,Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-1: Efficiency classes of line operated
AC motors (IE-code)
IEC 60034-30-2, Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-2: Efficiency classes of variable
speed AC motors (IE-code)
IEC TS 60034-31 , Rotating electrical machines – Part 31: Selection of energy-efficient motors
including variable speed applications – Application guide
I EC TS 60076-20, Power transformers – Part 20: Energy efficiency
IEC 60364-8-1 , Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 8-1: Energy efficiency
IEC 60456, Clothes washing machines for household use – Methods for measuring the
performance
IEC 61 800-9-1 , Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems – Part 9-1: Ecodesign for
power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics and their driven applications – General
requirements for setting energy efficiency standards for power driven equipment using the
extended product approach (EPA) and semi analytic model (SAM)
IEC 61 800-9-2, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems – Part 9-2: Ecodesign for
power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications – Energy
efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor starters
IEC 6201 8, Power consumption of information technology equipment – Measurement methods
IEC 62301 , Household electrical appliances – Measurement of standby power
I EC 62442-1 , Energy performance of lamp controlgear – Part 1: Controlgear for fluorescent
lamps – Method of measurement to determine the total input power of controlgear circuits and
the efficiency of the controlgear
 – 24 – I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7

I EC TR 62837, Energy efficiency through automation systems

I EC 62888 (all parts) , Railway applications – Energy measurement on board trains
IEC 62974-1 , Monitoring and measuring systems used for data collection, gathering and
analysis2
I SO/I EC Gu ide 51 , Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards
ISO/I EC 1 5067-3, Information technology – Home electronic system (HES) application
model – Part 3: Model of a demand-response energy management system for HES
ISO/I EC 301 34 (al l parts) , Information technology – Data centres – Key performance
indicators
ISO 1 1 01 1 :201 3, Compressed air – Energy efficiency – Assessment
Automation systems and integration – Evaluating energy efficiency and
I SO 201 40-1 :201 3,
other factors of manufacturing systems that influence the environment – Part 1: Overview and
general principles
ISO 50044, Energy Savings Evaluation – Economics and financial evaluation of energy saving
projects 3
I SO 22400-2,Automation systems and integration – Key performance indicators (KPIs) for
manufacturing operations management – Part 2: Definitions and descriptions
I SO 50001 , Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use
I SO 50002, Energy audits – Requirements with guidance for use
I SO 50004:201 4, Energy management systems – Guidance for the implementation,
maintenance and improvement of an energy management system
EN 1 51 93, Energy performance of buildings – Energy requirements for lighting
EN 1 5232, Energy performance of buildings – Impact of Building Automation, Controls and
Building Management
EN 1 5900: 201 0, Energy efficiency services – Definitions and requirements
EN 1 6231 : 201 2, Energy efficiency benchmarking methodology
EN 1 6247-5:201 5, Energy audits – Part 5: Competence of energy auditors
EN 50598-1 , Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics and their
driven applications – Part 1: General requirements for setting energy efficiency standards for
power driven equipment using the extended product approach (EPA), and semi analytic model
(SAM)
___________
2 U n der preparati on. Stag e at th e ti m e of pu bl i cati on: I EC FDI S 62974-1 : 201 7.
3 U n der preparati on. Stag e at th e ti m e of pu bl i cati on: I SO/CD 50044:201 7.
I EC GU I DE 1 1 8:201 7 © I EC 201 7 – 25 –

EN 50629, Energy performance of large power transformers (Um > 36 kV or Sr ≥ 40 MVA)

CLC/TR 50600-99-1 , Information technology – Data centre facilities and infrastructures –
Part 99-1: Recommended practices for energy management
I S 399, Energy Efficient Design Management

___________
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