HEALTH CARE ETHICS PRELIM REVIEWER
(RIGHT TO INFORMED
(COMPILED QUIZZES & NOTES)
By: Cervantes Veejay A.
QUIZ 1:
• It the personal sense of right and wrong
(MORAL)
• It is either the social or professional
sense of right or wrong. (ETHICS)
• It dictates and sanctioned wrong
actions of society (LAW)
• Ethics which states that the rightness of
an act is determined by its end.
(THEOLOGICAL)
• Ethics which holds that the most ethical
choice is the one that will produce the
greatest good for the greatest number.
(UTILITARIANISM)
• Ethics focuses on the character of
human beings. (VIRTUE)
• These are sets of basic beliefs, ideals, or
practices that inform the person how to
conduct life, both personally and
professionally. (CORE VALUES)
• It is the nurse’s ability to understand, be
aware of, be sensitive to, and
vicariously experience the feelings,
thoughts, and experiences of the
patient and their family. (EMPHATY
AND CARING)
• These are best learned through practice
after achieving an understanding of the
basic principles of skills as part of a
nurse’s education. (PSYCHOMOTOR
SKILLS)
• These characteristics involve behaviors
with regard to self, patients, others, and
the public as they reflect the values of
the nursing profession.
(PROFESSIONALISM)
QUIZ 2:
• It is the individual's right to self-
determination. (AUTONOMY)
• Every patient has a right to a clear,
truthful and substantial explanation, in
a manner and language understandable
to the patient.
CONSENT)
• The patient has the right to refuse
medical treatment or procedures which
may be contrary to his beliefs, subject
to the limitations described (RIGHT TO
SELF DETERMINATION)
• The patient has to right to reproduction
of the content of his medical history
whether or not he had paid his account
in full. (RIGHT TO MEDICAL RECORDS)
• The patient has the right to terminate
admission from a hospital or healthcare
institution anytime provided that his
condition is well explained to him and
he releases the healthcare team and
institution any obligation thereafter.
(RIGHT TO LEAVE)
• The patient has the right to
communicate with relatives and other
persons subject to reasonable limits
prescribed by the rules and regulations
of the health care institution. (RIGHT
TO CORRESPONDENCE AND RECEIVE
VISITORS)
• It is a set of rules that limitation on
access to information which the nurse
discussed between a person and their
healthcare practitioners.
(CONFIDENTIALITY)
• It is based on respect which we owe to
others. (VERACITY)
• It is the obligation of a person to be
faithful to agreements, responsibilities
and commitments. (FIDELITY)
• It is doing what is best for the patient.
(BENEFICENCE)
QUIZ 3:
• What principles is used when the
decision to carry out an action which, as
a consequence, has unintended bad
results may be made only when the
good effect. (PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE
EFFECT)
 • If the act, intention, and circumstance
are good, but good and bad things still
result. (PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT)
• Conditions of PDE includes the
following except, (THE BAD EFFECT
MUST BE PROPORTIONAL TO THE
INTENDED EFFECT)
• The principle which differentiates the
action of the wrongdoer from the
action of the cooperator. (PRINCIPLE OF
LEGITIMATE COOPERATION)
• When cooperation is a willing
participation on the part of the
cooperative agent in the sinful act of
the principal agent. (PRINCIPLE OF
FORMAL COOPERATION)
• The will of a doctor to perform
hysterectomy to a young woman.
(PRINCIPLE OF FORMAL
COOPERATION)
• A nurse who takes care of post abortion
patient who does not have a choice
because caring is done as part of her
duty. (PRINCIPLE OF MATERIAL
COOPERATION)
• The principles which guide people the
value of allowing people from smaller
or lower group to perform within
capacity. (PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY)
• This principle is grounded in the
presupposition that God has absolute
dominion over creation. (PRINCIPLE OF
STEWARDSHIP)
• In health care practice, it refers to the
execution of responsibility of the health
care practitioners to look after, provide
necessary health care services, and
promote the health and life of those
entrusted to their care. (STEWARDSHIP)
• Nurses' roles as stewards include all of
the following except, (MATERIAL)
Lesson 1: Theories of Health Ethics
(Ethics Theory)
Why Nursing Ethics Are Important?
• Having a code of ethics helps guide nurses
through tricky situations and serves as a
common reference point for everyone on the
health care team.
• The primary goal of nursing ethics is to protect
patients. Veering from the code of ethics can
lead to a breakdown in team communication
and physical consequences for a patient.
• A nurse in any setting must rely on and refer
back to the nursing code of ethics throughout
his or her career.
What is Ethics?
The field of ethics, also called moral philosophy,
involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong
behavior.
Morals, Ethics & Law
"What's the Difference?"
• Morals Personal Sense of Right and Wrong
• Ethics Professional/Social Sense of Right and
Wrong
• Law When wrong actions are punished by
society
WHAT IS DEONTOLOGY?
Deontology is an ethical theory that
says actions are good or bad according to a
clear set of rules. Its name comes from the
Greek word deon, meaning duty. Actions that
align with these rules are ethical, while actions
that don’t aren’t. This ethical theory is most
closely associated with German philosopher,
Immanuel Kant. Most deontologists say there
are two different kinds of ethical duties, perfect
duties and imperfect duties.
➢ A perfect duty is inflexible.
“Do not kill innocent people” is an example of a
perfect duty. You can’t obey it a little bit –
either you kill innocent people or you don’t.
There’s no middle-ground.
➢ Imperfect duties do allow for some middle
ground.
“Learn about the world around you” is an
imperfect duty because we can all spend
different amounts of time on education and
each be fulfilling our obligation. How much we
commit to imperfect duties is up to us.
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
- Belief that an action is right or wrong based on
its outcomes/consequences.
- “telos” end or purpose
- Basis the morality of the action on the value
that it brings into a person.
For example, stealing by peter pan. He steals
from the bad people, but his purpose is the
focus of teleological ethics.
UTILITARIANISM
Focuses on the most ethical choice, is the one
that will produce the greatest good for the
greatest number.
• The greatest happiness principle.
What is a real-life example of utilitarianism?
For example, if you are choosing ice cream for
yourself, the utilitarian view is that you should
choose the flavor that will give you the most
pleasure. If you enjoy chocolate but hate
vanilla, you should choose chocolate for the
pleasure it will bring and avoid vanilla because it
will bring displeasure.
VIRTUE ETHICS
- Focuses on the character of the human beings.
- Virtue theories came that, in order to be a
moral person, one must develop or cultivate its
virtues. And by doing so this person manages to
flourish as a human being. And if one flourishes
as a human being meaning this person is a
morally good person.
Core Values, set of basic beliefs ideas practices
on how to conduct our lives.
3 Main Core Values in Life
• Wisdom
• Performance
• Love
1. Empathy and Caring
2. Communication – exchange of thoughts and
messages. Nurses uses communication skills.
This will enhance the speech signals writing.
Planning implementation and evaluation of
patient care.
3. Teaching – one of the most important roles
of nurses. This is to teach the patient or families
with information based on the assessed
learning needs.
4. Critical Thinking – Nurses reflect on past
experiences.
5. Psychomotor Skills – Maximizing the client’s
comfortability.
6. Applied Therapeutics – about drugs,
medications, nutritional etc.
7. Ethical and Legal considerations – nurses
have code ethics
➢ Ethical behavior accountability
confidentiality, responsibility, truthfulness,
fidelity and justice.
➢ Issues like, negligence, malpractice,
abandonment, assault and informed consent.
Lesson 2: Ethical Principles
• AUTONOMY - (“AUTOS NOMOS”)
comes from Greek word which means
autos(self)nomos (self-governance)
(rule or law)
• Personal liberty to determine one’s own
action also pertains self-governance,
individual of choice and freedom of will
• Also causing one’s behavior
• There is freedom of individuals to have
a right to self-determination. To make
decisions without interference or
hindrance.
 • The person has the capacity to decide
for themselves.
• Individuals have a right to self
determination
The principle of autonomy does not extend
to persons who lack the capacity (competence)
to act autonomously.
Example ng mga hindi kasama sa autonomy:
*Baby, children, infants because they cannot
decide by themselves.
To govern oneself, one must have the capacity
to the ff :
1. The person must be able to understand
the issue and what the situation is all
about.
2. Reason out and give one's own opinion.
3. The person must be able to deliberate
by weighing the pros and cons of the
issues and kaya din makapag come up
ng independent choice.
IN MEDICAL PRACTICE
• Autonomy expresses the right of
competent adults to make informed
decisions about their own medical care.
• The principles underline the
requirement to seek the consent or
informed agreement of the patient
before investigation takes place.
UNDER AUTONOMY R.A. or known as the
patient bill of rights
- an act declaring the rights and obligations of
patients and establishing grievance mechanisms
for violations thereof and other purposes.
PATIENT BILLS OF RIGHTS
1. Right to appropriate medical care and
humane treatment
Every person has a right to health and medical
care corresponding to his state of health,
without any discrimination and within the limits
of the resources, manpowerand competence
available for health and medical care at the
relevant time. The patient has the right to
appropriate health and medical care of good
quality.
2. Right to informed consent
The patient has a right to a clear, truthful
and substantial explanation, in a manner and
language understandable to the patient, of all
proposed procedures, whether diagnostic,
preventive, curative, rehabilitative or
therapeutic. Wherein the person who will
perform the said procedure shall provide his
name and credentials to the patient,
possibilities of any risk of mortality or serious
side effects, problems related to recuperation,
and probability of success and reasonable risks
involved: that the patient will not be subjected
to any procedure without his written informed
consent, except in the following cases:
a) in emergency cases, when there is
pandemic and health of population is
dependent on mass health program, when law
makes it compulsory and minor, when the law
makes it compulsory
3. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
The privacy of the patients must be
assured at all stages of his treatment.
Except :
a.) When his mental or physical
condition is in controversy and the appropriate
court, in its discretion, order him to submit to a
physical or mental examination by a physician;
b) When the public health and safety so
demand;
4. Right to Information
The patient or his/her legal guardian has a
right to be informed of the result of the
evaluation of the nature and extent of his/her
disease, any other additional or further
contemplated medical treatment on surgical
procedure or procedures, including any other
additional medicines to be administered and
their generic counterpart including the possible
complications and other pertinent facts,
statistics or studies, regarding his/her illness,
any change in the plan of care before the
change is made, the person's participation in
the plan of care and necessary changes
before its implementation, the extent to which
payment maybe expected from Philhealth or
any payor and any charges for which the patient
could be liable, the disciplines of health care
practitioners who will fumish the care and the
frequency of services that are proposed to be
furnished.
5. The Right to Choose Health Care Provider
and Facility
The patient is free to choose the health care
provider to serve him as well as the facility
except when he is under the care of a service
facility or when public health and safety so
demands or when the patient expressly waives
this right in writing.
6. Right to self-determination
Patient has the right to avail himself/herself
of any recommended diagnostic and treatment
procedures. Any person of legal age and of
sound mind may make an advance written
directive for physicians to administer terminal
care when he/she suffers from the terminal
phase of a terminal illness:
Provided That:
a) he is informed of the medical consequences
of his choice;
b) he releases those involved in his care from
any obligation relative to the consequences of
his decision;
c) his decision will not prejudice public health
and safety.
7. Right to Religious Belief
The patient has the right to refuse medical
treatment or procedures which may be contrary
to his religious beliefs, subject to the limitations
described in the preceding subsection:
Provided, that such a right shall not be imposed
by parents upon their children who have not
reached the legal age in a life-threatening
situation as determined by the attending
physician or the medical director of the facility.
8. Right to medical record
The patient is entitled to a summary of his
medical history and condition. He has the right
to view the contents of his medical records,
except psychiatric notes and other
incriminatory information obtained about third
parties, with the attending physician explaining
contents thereof. At his expense and upon
discharge of the patient, he may obtain from
the health care institution a reproduction of the
same record whether or not he has fully settled
his financial obligation with the physician or
institution concerned.
SOCIETAL RIGHTS
1. Right to Health
➢ the patient has right to regain or
acquired the highest attainable
standard of health in non-
discriminatory, gender sensitivity and
equal manner which help authority and
practitioner must progressively
contribute.
2. Right to access to quality public health care
➢ the patient has the right to function
public healthcare facilities. Good and
services and programs needed and
sufficient quantity
3. Right to healthy and safe work place
➢ the patient has right to healthy work
place environment with adequate
supply of water and basic sanitation,
industrial hygiene, prevention and
deduction of exposure substances.
Preventive measures for occupational
accidence and diseases and an
environment that discourage the abuse
 of alcohol, drugs and harmful
substances that may harmful
4. Right to prevention and education programs
on immunization, prevention treatment and
control of diseases for behavior related
concern for disaster relief and emergency
situation during epidemics and similar health
hazards.
5. Right to participate in policy decision
➢ relating to patients right to help at the
community and national level. This is a
right a patient may participate or not.
Dependent the decision of the patient.
➢ The 2nd ethical principle is what we call
confidentiality “privacy and respecting
someone's wish” Professional secrecy.
Privacy and respect to a person's wish. Sets of
rules which limit access to information.
Anything you discuss by other health care team
members should keep private with the
institution you work for.
Additional:
Veracity
- is based on respect owed to others, has a
close connection to obligations of fidelity and
keep promising
Fidelity
- keeping one's promises, obligation of a person
to be faithful to agreements, responsibilities
and commitments main principle that support
the concept of accountability fiduciary
responsibility
Justice
- every human a fundamental right to health
individuals have the right to promote their own
health as a independent social beings, people
have a right to seek the help of others in
fulfilling responsibility. Reciprocally, people
have the duty to give the same help to others
Beneficence
- moral obligation to act for the benefits of
others, doing what is best for the patient
- the term “best may be based on the judgment
of the physician on the condition of the patients
wish(autonomy) acts or personal qualities of
mercy, kindness, generosity and charity.
Non-maleficence (negligence)
An intention to avoid unnecessary harm.
LESSON 3: Principles of Double Effect
• WHAT TO DO??
• What do I do if, no matter what I do, good
and bad will result?
• Ex: A woman has life-threatening uterine
cancer. She is also pregnant. The doctor says a
hysterectomy is the only way to save the
mother's life. It will also kill the child. What is
morally permissible to do??
THE PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
• Catholic Morality has a principle to help
determine the right course of action to take in
tricky situations like these.
• If the act, intention, and circumstance are
GOOD, but GOOD AND BAD things still result,
we can use the principle of double effect.
• The decision to carry out an action which, as a
consequence, has unintended bad results may
be made only when the good effect cannot
reasonably be brought about any other way and
when certain conditions have been met.
4 Conditions or the Principle of Double
Effect
1. The action must be good in itself, or at least
indifferent.
2. The agent must have the right intention.
3. Good action must be the means of the good
effect.
4. The good effect must be proportional to the
evil effect.
So..
• A pregnant woman with uterine cancer needs
a hysterectomy in order to live. According to
the principle of double effect, what is the
morally good action to take?
• Why is a hysterectomy permissible according
to the principle of double effect, but an
abortion is not?
The Principle of Legitimate Cooperation
Cooperation comes from the Latin word cum
which means "with" and "operari" which means
"to work"
COOPERATION is working with another in the
performance of an action.
1. FORMAL AND MATERIAL
• FORMAL COOPERATION - consists of an
explicit intention and willingness for the evil act
• MATERIAL COOPERATION - consists of an act
other than the evil act itself but facilitates and
contributes to its achievement.
2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT
• DIRECT COOPERATION - consists of direct
participation in the performance of an evil act.
• INDIRECT COOPERATION - consists of an act
that is not intimately connected with the
performance of an evil act as in formal and
direct cooperation but whose effect may have
an indirect bearing upon it.
3. PROXIMATE AND REMOTE
• PROXIMATE COOPERATION - consists of an act
that is intimately linked with the performance
of an evil action due to its close bearing
• REMOTE COOPERATION - consists of an act
with a distant bearing upon or connection with
the execution of an evil act.
Principle Agent
- The one who actually does the act.
Cooperator - The one who assists the evil doer
in some way.
Formal - Intends the immoral act to occur.
Equally guilty of the immoral act
Immediate - Providing the material that is
necessary for the immoral act to occur. Guilty of
the immoral act.
Material - Does not intend the immoral act to
occur. May be guilty of the immoral act.
Mediate - Providing the material not necessary
for the immoral at to occur. May be guilty of the
immoral act.
Proximate - Makes a contribution to the act
that leads to the commission of the act. May be
guilty of the immoral net if there is no
proportionately grave reason to do so.
Remote - Makes a contribution to the act that
does not lead to the commission of the act. Not
guilty when there is a seriously proportionate to
do so.
PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
• means that what an individual, lower or
smaller group can achieve within his/her or its
capacity should not be taken away and
transmitted to the custody and performance of
a higher or bigger group.
PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
STEWARDSHIP refers to the expression of one's
responsibility to take care of, nurture and
cultivate what has been entrusted to him.
Roles of Nurses and Stewards
• Self - to answer the call for lifelong learning
nurse leaders or stewards need to be open in
the concept of mentoring to improve skills and
competencies. A good steward is the one who
serves as model in maintaining balance
between self and professional fulfillment.
• Social - work closely with local communities
to drive meaningful poverty alleviation and
improve quality of life.
• Ecological - or environmental. Emphasis on
protecting and preserving environment
• Biomedical - beginning and end of human life.
LESSON 4: PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY AND ITS
INTEGRITY
ETHICO- MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES
ETHOS - comes from the greek word which
means character /culture
- Branch of philosophy which determines right
and wrong
MORAL - Personal/private interpretation from
what is good and bad.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE
Autonomy -the right or freedom to decide. The
patient has the right to refuse despite the
explanation of the nurse determination
freedom of choice
Nonmaleficence -The duty to do no harm. This
principle imposes the duty to avoid harming the
patient based on the Hippocratic Oath of “do no
harm”
Beneficence - for the goodness and welfare of
others. The actions one takes should be done in
an effort to promote good.
Justice - equality and fairness in terms of
resourcees.it signifies fairness which also to give
to each one what he deserves. refers to what is
owed or due to the individual members of
society.
Veracity - act of truthfulness
Fidelity - faithfulness to your client
MORAL PRINCIPLES
1. THE GOLDEN RULE • God said “do unto
others what you would like others do unto
you.”
2. EPIKIA “exception to the general rule”. It is a
reasonable presumption that the authority
making the law will not wish to bind a person in
some particular case, even though the case is
covered by the letter of the law.
3. One who acts through an agent is himself
responsible
4. No one is obliged to betray himself/herself
5. The end doesn't justify the means
6. Defects of nature may be corrected
7. If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no
injustice is done to him/her
8. A little more or less does not change the
substance of an act
9. No one is held to the impossible. To promise
that a patient with heart transplant will live may
be an impossibility. Yet, such procedures are
done in the hope of saving or prolonging a
patient’s life.
OTHER DEFINITION
1. LAW - these are rule commanding what is
right and wrong. It is derived from anglosaxon
term which means that which is late down or
fix.
2. COURT - Body or agency of government
where in the administration of justice being
dedicated.
3. PLAINTIFF - Person who files the case. The
one is accusing
4. DEFENDANT - Accuse respondent or the
person who is the subject of complaint
5. WITNESS - Individual help upon to testify in to
reference a case either for the accuse or against
the accuse
WRITTEN ORDERS OF COURT
Writ-legal notes from the court
1. Subpoena - subpoena is a writ ordering a
person to attend a court.
• Hearing - a subpoena maybe issued to
compel their attendance.
UNDER SUBPOENA
• Subpoena testificandum - a writ notice
to an individual ordering him to appear
in court at a specific time and date as
witness.
• Subpoena Duces Tecum - a notice given
to a witness to appear in court to testify
including all important document.
• Summon - notice to a defendant
ordering to court answering the
complaint against him.
• Warrant of Arrest - court order to arrest
or detained a person.
• Search of warrant - court order to
search of a property. Without search
warrant hindi pwedeng pasukin ang pag
aari nyo.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAW
PUBLIC LAW - body of law deals with
relationship to individual and state or indi to
gov and gov to agency. Laws for the welfare
general public is called the public law.
PRIVATE/CIVIL LAW - body of law deals with
relationship among private individual. This
private handle legal issues between individual.
CONTRACT LAW - body of laws that governs the
right and resp of people to enter the contract.
Involved of enforcement of agreements among
private individuals or the payment of
compensation that failure to fulfill the
agreements.
Types of Contracts
EXPRESS - discussed/agree orally or in writing
the terms of during the creation of contract.
IMPLIED - one not has explicit agreed by the
parties but the law consider to exist.
Feature/Characteristics/elements of a lawful
contract
• Promise or agreement between 2 or more
persons for the performance of an action
or restraints from a certain action.
• Mutual understanding of the terms and
meaning of the contract by all.
• A lawful purpose - activity must be legal
• Compensation in the form of something of
value monetary
Persons who may not enter into a contract;
minor, insane, deaf, mute and ignorant.
TORT LAW
- is a civil wrong committed against a person or
a person’s property
Person/persons responsible for the tort are
sued for damages is based on
• Act of commission - something that was
done incorrectly
• Act of omission - something that should
have been done but was not.
Classification of Tort
• Unintentional tort
• Negligence - misconduct or practice that is
below the standard expected of ordinary,
reasonable and prudent person.
• Failure to do something due to lack of
foresight or prudence.
• Failure of an individual to provide care
that a reasonable person would ordinarily
use in a similar circumstances.
An act of commission or omission where in a
nurse fail to act in accordance with the standard
of care.
Doctrines of Negligence
Res ipsa loquitur - the things speak for itself- the
injury is enough proof of negligence
Respondent superior - let the master answer
command responsibility
Force majeure - unforeseen events, irresistible
force.
Malpractice – stepping’s beyond ones authority
(nagprescibed ng medication)
6 Elements of Nursing Malpractice
• Duty - the nurse must have relationship to a
client that involves providing care
• Breach of duty - standard of care expected
in a situation that was not observed or
failure to act as a reasonable prudent nurse
under circumstances. This was something
which was done that should not be dapat.
• Foreseeabilty -must be a link which exist
between action of the nurse and injury of
the patient.
• Causation - must be proof that the harm
occurred as a direct result of the nurses’
failure to follow the standard of care and
the nurse could or should have known that
the failure to follow the standard of care
could result in such harm.
• Harm/injury - this may be in form of
physical, financial, emotional, as a result of
breach of duty to the client
• Damages - could be in a form or amount of
money in amount of damage.
INTENTIONAL TORT
- The act was done on purpose or with INTENT
- No harm/injury/damage needed to be liable
- No expert witnesses are needed
• Assault -attempt or threat to touch a person
unjustifiably.
• Battery - real full touching of a person or
person’s clothes or something that a person
is carrying that may / may not cause harm
but the touching was done without
permission, without consent or
embarrassing.
• False Imprisonment - an unjustifiable
detention of a person without legal warrant
to confine a person or it occurs when the
client made to wrongful belief that they
cannot leave the place.
• Invasion of privacy - Intrusion in to the
client’s private domain
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INVASIONS
• Use clients name for profit without consent.
• Unreasonable intrusion-taking photos.
• Public disclosure of private facts -private
info given to others.
• Putting a person in a false/bad light -
Publishing info that is offensive but which is
not true.
o Defamation - communication that is false or
careless that is regard for the truth that
ends with injury.
o Libel - by means of print, writing or picture.
o Slander - spoken words starting.
unprivileged which reputation is damaged.
o Ethico - moral responsibility of nurses in
surgery.
o Formal External Responsibility - to control
that everything was check before surgery
o Personal Ethical Value - needed to
preserved patient’s dignity.
o Erik Erikson - having an ethical attitude
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES DURING
SURGERY
Ensure that the patient is not exposed to risks -
it come from anybody. We have to make sure
that all material and equipment and controlled
in the surgery. The data are collected in the
patient prior to planning the pre-operative
preparation.
➢ Protect patient’s body - expose and
vulnerable situation requires that a patient
or nurse that nurse is vigilant responsibility
also like hypothermia.
➢ Systematically plan and organize work in
the surgical team - patients positioning is
not optimal there is a risk that sterility is
compromised.
➢ Confirm the patient as a person - see a
person a human being not an object.
Showing humanity
➢ To feel in and be responsive in the
situation - understanding the personal
ethical value includes being present in the
patients care
➢ To preserve patient’s dignity -personal • Proportionate to the state of the patient..
ethical value, the conversation is
• Extraordinary Means - no reasonable hope of
professionally.
benefit/success; overly burdensome; excessive
PRINCIPLE OF STERILISATION OR MUTILATION risk and are not financially manageable.
❖ Sterilization - procedure done to make a • No obligation to use it/morally optional.
person or animal incapable of producing
offspring PERSONALIZED SEXUALITY
❖ Mutilation - disfigure or injury by removal - Is based on the understanding of sexuality as
or destruction of any conspicuous or one of the basic traits of the human person and
essential part of the body. must be developed in ways consistent with
❖ Ra 10354 responsible for parenthood. enhancing human dignity.
❖ Female genital mutilation - from infancy to
15 yrs. Old. Teleology - explanation of phenomena in terms
of purpose itself.
THE PRINCIPLES OF BODILY INTEGRITY
▪ right of each human being, including
children, to autonomy and self-
determination over their own body
▪ bodily integrity has the potential to apply to
wide range of human rights violations
▪ integrity include all forms of physical
violence, ranging from corporal punishment
to forced medical treatment
▪ include practices such as 'corrective' genital
surgery performed on intersex children,
gender reassignment surgery, female
genital mutilation, routine circumcision of
male infants and boys, and the sterilization
of people with learning disabilities.

PRINCIPLES ON ORGAN DONATION

• Beneficence: act in the best interest of the
patient.
• Non-maleficence: first, do not harm.
• Autonomy: respect for a person's choice.
• Justice: fairness and equality.

• IT should be voluntary and altruistic

• Respect for donor
PRINCIPLES OF ORDINARY AND
EXTRAORDINARY MEANS
• Ordinary Means - reasonable hope of
benefit/success; not overly burdensome; does
not present an excessive risk and are financially
manageable.