Valance bond theory and hybrid orbitals

Valence Bond Theory

 Is an approximate theory to explain the electron pair or covalent bond by

quantum mechanics.
 VSEPR theory for predicting, Valance bond theory for understanding.
 States that in order to a covalent bonding occur, an orbital on one atom
comes to occupy a portion of the same region of space as an orbital on the
other atom.
 The two orbitals are said to overlap.
 The strength of the bond depends on the extent of the overlapping.
 Orbitals other than s overlap in a specific direction to maximize the extent
of the overlap.
 Orbitals bond in the directions in which they protrude or point, to obtain
maximum overlap.

HYBRID ORBITALS
 Are a set of orbitals adopted by an atom in a molecule different from
those of the atom in the free state.
 They have a specific shape that is responsible for the molecular geometry
of the molecule.
 The geometric arrangements of hybrid orbitals are the same as those for
electron pairs in the VSEPR model.
 One hybrid orbital is needed for each electron pair.
 To obtain the bonding description about any atom in a molecule, you
proceed as follows:
1. Write the Lewis electron-dot formula of the molecule.
2. Form the Lewis formula, use the VSEPR model to obtain the
arrangement of electron pairs about the central atom.
3. From the geometric arrangement of the electron pairs, deduce the
type of hybrid orbitals on the central atom required for the bonding
description.
4. Assign electrons to the hybrid orbitals of the central atom one at a
time, pairing them only when necessary.
5. Form bonds to this central atom by overlapping singly occupied of
other atoms with the singly occupied hybrid orbitals of the central
atom.
 Sigma (σ) bond: when the orbitals overlap along their axis.
 Pi (π) bond: when the orbitals overlap above or below the bond axis.

Amazon tutorials
0930633777
Valance bond theory and hybrid orbitals

Note:
 Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds.
 π bonds occurs when two orbitals are still available after strong
σ bonds have formed.

Exercise
1. The actual angle between O-H bonds in H2O has been
experimentally determined to be 104.5°.Which is less than the
predicted for a tetrahedral structure (109). What is the reason
behind this???
2. Describe the hybrid orbitals used by each nitrogen atom in the
following molecules:

A. H-N(H)-N(H)-H
B. N≡C-≡N
C. H-O-N═O
3. Each of the following compounds has a nitrogen-nitrogen bond:
N2, N2H4, N2F2.
a) Match each compound with one of the following bond
lengths: 110 pm, 122 pm, 145 pm.
b) Describe the geometry about of one the N atoms in each
compound.
c) What hybrid orbitals are needed to describe the bonding in
VBT.
4. A molecular compound is composed of 60.4% Xe, 22.1% O,
17.5% F, by mass. If the molecular weight is 217.3 amu,
a) What is the molecular formula?
b) What is the Lewis formula?
c) Predict the molecular geometry using the VSEPR?
d) Describe the bonding, using valance bond theory.

Amazon tutorials
0930633777