Pakistan Army

2/1/23, 8:34 AM Pakistan Army - Wikipedia
Contents
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(Top)
1Mission
2History
2.1Early origins
2.1.1Division of British Indian Army and the first war with India (1947–52)
2.220th Century: Cold war and conflict performances

2.2.1Reorganization under the United States Army (1952–58)
2.2.2Military takeovers in Pakistan and second war with India (1958–1969)
2.2.3Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969–1971)
2.2.4Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971–1977)
2.2.5Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977–1999)
2.321st Century: War performances

2.3.1Religious insurgency and War on terror (2001 – present)
3Organization
3.1Command and control structure
4Personnel
4.1Commissioned officers
4.2Warrant officers
4.3Enlisted personnel
4.4Recruitment and training
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army 1/45
4.5Women and religion in the Pakistan Army
5Equipment
5.1Uniforms
6Components and structure
6.1Army components and branches
6.2Command structure
6.3Combat maneuvering organizations
6.4Infantry branch
6.5Special operations forces
7Military philosophy
7.1Combat doctrine (1947–2007)

7.2Threat Matrix (2010 – present)
8Education and training
8.1Schooling, teachings, and institutions
8.2Civil engineering and construction
9UN peacekeeping missions
10Involvement in Pakistani society
11Corporate and business activities
12Awards and Honors
12.1Wartime Gallantry Awards
12.2Nishan-e-Haider
12.3Recipient of the foreign awards
13Sports
14See also
15References
16Further reading
17External links
Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army (Urdu: ‫پاکستان فوج‬, romanized: Pākistān Fãuj, pronounced [ˈpaːkɪstaːn faːɔːdʒ]) is the land
Pakistan Army
service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The roots of its modern existence trace back to the British Indian
Army that ceased to exist following the Partition of British India, which occurred as a result of the 1947 Indian ‫پاکستان فوج‬
Independence Act of the United Kingdom.[6]: 1–2 According to statistics provided by the International Institute
for Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2021, the Pakistan Army has approximately 560,000 active duty personnel,
supported by the Army Reserve, the National Guard and the Civil Armed Forces.[1][7] Pakistani citizens can
enlist for voluntary military service upon reaching 16 years of age, but cannot be deployed for combat until the
age of 18 in accordance with the Constitution of Pakistan.[8]
The primary objective and constitutional mission of the Pakistan Army is to ensure the national security and
national unity of Pakistan by defending it against any form of external aggression or the threat of war. It can
also be requisitioned by the Pakistani federal government to respond to internal threats within its borders.[9]
During events of national and international calamities and emergencies, it conducts humanitarian rescue
operations at home and is an active participant in peacekeeping missions mandated by the United Nations
Emblem of the Pakistan Army
(UN)—most notably playing a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers who had requested for a quick
reaction force during Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia. Troops from the Pakistan Army also had a Founded 14 August 1947
relatively strong presence as part of a larger UN and NATO coalition during the Bosnian War and larger (75 years, 5 months ago)
Yugoslav Wars.: 70 [10] Country Pakistan
The Pakistan Army, a major component of the Pakistani military alongside the Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Air Type Army
Force, is a volunteer force that has seen extensive combat during three major wars with India, several border Role Land warfare
skirmishes with Afghanistan at the Durand Line as well as a long-running insurgency in the Balochistan region
Size 560,000 active-duty personnel[1]
which it has been combatting alongside Iranian security forces since 1948.[11][12]: 31 Since the 1960s, elements
550,000 reserve force
of the army have been repeatedly deployed to act in an advisory capacity in the Arab states during the events of
the Arab–Israeli wars as well as to aid the United States-led coalition against Iraq during the First Gulf War. 185,000 National Guard[2]
Other notable military operations during the global war on terrorism in the 21st century included: Zarb-e-Azb, 6,500 civilian personnel[3]
Black Thunderstorm, and Rah-e-Nijat.[13] ~560+ manned aircraft
Part of Pakistan Armed Forces
In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has repeatedly overthrown elected civilian governments,
overreaching its protected constitutional mandate to "act in the aid of civilian federal governments when called Garrison General Headquarters (GHQ),
upon to do so".[14] The army has been involved in enforcing martial law against the federal government with Rawalpindi Cantonment, Punjab
the claim of restoring law and order in the country by dismissing the legislative branch and parliament on Motto(s) Iman, taqwa, jihad fi sabilillah[4]
multiple occasions in past decades—while maintaining a wider commercial, foreign and political interest in the
Colours
country. This has led it facing allegations of acting as a state within a state.[15][16][17]
Anniversaries Defence Day: 6 September
The Pakistan Army has a regimental system but is operationally and geographically divided into command Engagements See list:
zones, with its most basic fields being its various corps.[18] The Pakistani constitution mandates the role of the Indo-Pakistani Wars and
president of Pakistan as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistani military.[19] The Pakistan Army is Conflicts
commanded by the Chief of Army Staff, who is by statute a four-star ranking general and a senior member of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee appointed by the prime minister and subsequently affirmed by the Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
president.[20] As of December 2022, the current Chief of Army Staff is General Asim Munir, who was Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
appointed to the position on 29 November 2022.[21][22]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Mission Bangladesh Liberation War
Operation Searchlight
Its existence and constitutional role are protected by the Constitution of Pakistan, where its role is to serve as
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
the land-based uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The Constitution of Pakistan establishes
the principal land warfare uniform branch in the Pakistan Armed Forces as its states: Siachen conflict (1984–2003)
1999 Kargil War

The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government, defend Pakistan against
2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff
external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon
to do so. 2008 India–Pakistan standoff
2011 India–Pakistan border

— Constitution of Pakistan[23] skirmishes

History skirmishes
2014–2015 India–Pakistan
Early origins border skirmishes
2016–2018 India–Pakistan
border skirmishes
Division of British Indian Army and the first war with India (1947–52)
The Pakistan Army came into its modern birth from the division of the British Indian Army that ceased to exist skirmishes
as a result of the partition of India that resulted in the creation of Pakistan on 14 August 1947.: 1–2 [6] Before 2020–2021 India–Pakistan
even the partition took place, there were plans ahead of dividing the British Indian Army into different parts
border skirmishes
based on the religious and ethnic influence on the areas of India.: 1–2 [6]
Conflicts in the Middle East
On 30 June 1947, the War Department of the British administration in India began planning the dividing of
Omani Civil War
the ~400,000 men strong British Indian Army, but that only began few weeks before the partition of India that
resulted in violent religious violence in India.: 1–2 [6] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) Jordanian–Palestinian conflict
under the chairmanship of British Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck had devised the formula to divide the 1967 Arab–Israeli War
military assets between India and Pakistan with ratio of 2:1, respectively.: conts. [24]
1973 Arab–Israeli War
A major division of the army was overseen by Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi, an Indian civil servant who was 1979 Grand Mosque seizure
influential in making sure that ~260,000 men would be transferred into forming the Indian Army whilst the Lebanese Civil War
remaining balance going to Pakistan after the independence act was enacted by the United Kingdom on the
night of 14/15 August 1947.: 2–3 [6] Gulf War
Afghanistan Conflict (1978–

Command and control at all levels of the new army was extremely difficult, as Pakistan had received six
present)
armoured, eight artillery and eight infantry regiments compared to the twelve armoured, forty artillery and
twenty-one infantry regiments that went to India.: 155–156 [25] In total, the size of the new army was about Soviet–Afghan War
~150,000 men strong.: 155–156 [25] To fill the vacancy in the command positions of the new army, around
13,500: 2 [6] military officers from the British Army had to be employed in the Pakistan Army, which was quite a Operation Cyclone
large number, under the command of Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy, the first commander-in-chief of the First Afghan Civil War (1989–
Pakistan Army.: 70 [26] 1992)
Eminent fears of India's seizing the control over the state of Kashmir, the armed tribes and the irregular militia Second Afghan Civil War (1992–
entered in the Muslim-majority valley of Kashmir to oppose the rule of Hari Singh, a Hindu and the ruling 1996)
Maharaja of Kashmir, in October 1947.: conts. [27] Attempting to maintain his control over the princely state, Third Afghan Civil War (1996–
Hari Singh deployed his troops to check on the tribal advances but his troops failed to halt the advancing tribes
2001)
towards the valley.: 40 [28] Eventually, Hari Singh appealed to Louis Mountbatten, the Governor-General of
India, requesting for the deployment of the Indian Armed Forces but Indian government maintained that the U.S.-led War on Terror
troops could be committed if Hari Singh acceded to India.: 40 [28] Hari Singh eventually agreed to concede to War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
the Indian government terms which eventually led to the deployment of the Indian Army in Kashmir– this
War in North-West Pakistan
agreement, however, was contested by Pakistan since the agreement did not include the consent of the
Kashmiri people.: 40 [28] Sporadic fighting between militia and Indian Army broke out, and units of the
Operation Black
Pakistan Army under Maj-Gen. Akbar Khan, eventually joined the militia in their fight against the Indian
Thunderstorm
Army.: 40 [28]
Operation Rah-e-Nijat
Although, it was Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy who opposed the tribal invasion in a cabinet meeting Operation Zarb-e-Azb
with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1947, later leaving the command of the army in 1947,: 447 [29] in a view
of that British officers in the Indian and Pakistan Army would be fighting with each other in the war Pakistan–United States
front.: 417 [30] It was Lt-Gen. Douglas Gracey who reportedly disobeyed the direct orders from Muhammad Ali skirmishes
Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan, for the deployment of the army units and ultimately issued standing
2011 NATO attack in
orders that refrained the units of Pakistan Army to further participate in the conflict.: 59 [31]
Pakistan
By 1948, when it became imperative in Pakistan that India was about to mount a large-scale operation against United Nations Missions
Pakistan, Gen. Gracey did not object to the deployment of the army units in the conflict against the Indian
Army.: 59 [31] Somali Civil War
Battle of Mogadishu
This earlier insubordination of Gen. Gracey eventually forced India and Pakistan to reach a compromise
through the United Nations' intervention, with Pakistan controlling the Western Kashmir and India Yugoslav Wars
controlling the Eastern Kashmir.: 417 [30]
Bosnian War
1999 East Timorese crisis

20th Century: Cold war and conflict performances
UNSM Haiti
Sri Lankan Civil War

Reorganization under the United States Army (1952–58)
Military aid to Sri Lankan security
forces
At the time of the partition of British India, British Field Marshal (United Kingdom) Sir Claude Auchinleck Miscellaneous Conflicts
favored the transfer of the infantry divisions to the Pakistan Army including the 7th, 8th and 9th.: 55 [32] In
Nagorno−Karabakh conflict
1948, the British army officers in the Pakistan Army established and raised the 10th, 12th, and the 14th
infantry divisions— with the 14th being established in East Bengal.: 55 [32] In 1950, the 15th Infantry Division (alleged)
was raised with the help from the United States Army, followed by the establishment of the 15th Lancers in Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
Sialkot.: 36 [33] Dependence on the United States grew furthermore by the Pakistan Army despite it had Internal Conflicts
worrisome concerns to the country's politicians.: 36 [33] Between 1950 and 1954, Pakistan Army raised six more
armoured regiments under the U.S. Army's guidance: including, 4th Cavalry, 12th Cavalry, 15th Lancers, and Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–
20th Lancers.: 36 [33] present)
Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan

After the incident involving Gracey's disobedience, there was a strong belief that a native commander of the
Pakistan army should be appointed, which resulted in the Government of Pakistan rejecting the British Army Military Coups &
Board's replacement of Gen. Gracey upon his replacement, in 1951.: 34 [34] Eventually, Prime Minister Liaquat Dictatorships
Ali Khan approved the promotion paper of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar Khan as the first native commander-in-chief, a
1951 coup d'état attempt
graduate of the Imperial Defence College in England, but died in an aviation accident en route to Pakistan
from the United Kingdom.[35] 1958 coup d'état
1969 coup d'état

After the death of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar, there were four senior major-generals in the army in the race of
promotion but the most junior, Maj-Gen. Ayub Khan, whose name was not included in the promotion list was 1977 coup d'état
elevated to the promotion that resulted in a lobbying provided by Iskandar Mirza, the Defense Secretary in Ali 1995 coup d'état attempt
Khan administration.[36] A tradition of appointment based on favoritism and qualification that is still in 1999 coup d'état
practice by the civilian Prime Ministers in Pakistan.[36] Ayub was promoted to the acting rank of full general to
command the army as his predecessors Frank Messervy and Douglas Gracey were performing the duty of Website pakistanarmy.gov.pk (https://ww
commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army in the acting rank of general, the neighbouring country India's first w.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/)
commanders-in-chief were same in this context.
Commanders
The department of the army under General Ayub Khan steered the army's needs towards heavy focus and Commander- President Arif Alvi
dependence towards the imported hardware acquired from the United States, in spite of acquiring it from the in-Chief
domestic industry, under the Military Assistance Advisory Group attached to Pakistan in 1954–56.: 36 [33] In Chairman General Sahir Shamshad
1953, the 6th Infantry Division was raised and disbanded the 6th Division in 1956 followed by the
Joint Chiefs Mirza
disbandment of the 9th Infantry Division as the American assistance was available only for one armored and
of Staff
six infantry divisions.: 36 [33] During this time, an army combat brigade team was readily made available by
Gen. Ayub Khan to deploy to support the American Army's fighting troops in the Korean war.: 270 [37] Chief of Army Gen. Asim Munir
Staff
Working as cabinet minister in Bogra administration, Gen. Ayub's impartiality was greatly questioned by Chief of Lt. Gen. Muhammad
country's politicians and drove Pakistan's defence policy towards the dependence on the United States when
General Staff Saeed[5]
the country becoming the party of the CENTO and the SEATO, the U.S. active measures against the expansion
of the global communism.: 60 [38][39] Insignia
In 1956, the 1st Armored Division in Multan was established, followed by the Special Forces in Cherat under
the supervision of the U.S Army's Special Forces.: 55 [32]: 133 [40] Under Gen. Ayub's control, the army had
eradicated the British influence but invited the American expansion and had reorganized the East Bengal
Regiment in East Bengal, the Frontier Force Regiment in Northern Pakistan, Kashmir Regiment in Kashmir,
and Frontier Corps in the Western Pakistan.[6]

The order of precedence change from Navy–Army–Air Force to War Flag
Army–Navy-Air Force, with army being the most senior service branch in the structure of the Pakistani
military.: 98 [38]
In 1957, the I Corps was established and headquarter was located in Punjab.: 55 [32] Between 1956 and 1958, the
schools of infantry and tactics,[41] artillery,[42] ordnance,[43] armoured,[44] medical, engineering, services,
aviation,[45] and several other schools and training centers were established with or without U.S.
participation.: 60 [38] Aircraft flown
Attack Mil Mi-35M Hind, Bell AH-1F,
Military takeovers in Pakistan and second war with India (1958–1969) Eurocopter AS550 C3 Fennec,
NESCOM Burraq, CASC
As early as 1953, the Pakistan Army became involved in national politics in a view of restoring the law and Rainbow
order situation when Governor-General Malik Ghulam, with approval from Prime Minister Khawaja
Nazimuddin, dismissed the popularly-mandated state government of Chief Minister Mumtaz Daultana in Helicopter Mil Mi-17, Mil Mi-8, Bell UH-1
Punjab in Pakistan, and declared martial law under Lt-Gen. Azam Khan and Col. Rahimuddin Khan who Iroquois, Bell 412, Bell 407, Bell
successfully quelled the religious agitation in Lahore.: 17–18 [47]: 158 In 1954, the Pakistan Army's Military 206, Aérospatiale Alouette III,
Intelligence Corps reportedly sent the intelligence report indicating the rise of communism in East Pakistan Aérospatiale Lama, Enstrom F-
during the legislative election held in East-Bengal.: 75 [46] Within two months of the elections, Prime Minister 28, Schweizer 300
Mohammad Ali Bogra, with approval from Governor-General Malik Ghulam, dismissed another popularly- Transport Harbin Y-12, Cessna Citation
mandated state government of Chief Minister Fazlul Huq in East Bengal in Pakistan, and declared governor's Bravo, Cessna 206 PAC MFI-17
rule under Iskandar Mirza who relied in the Pakistan Army to manage the control and security of the East
Mushshak
Bengal at all levels of command.: 75 [46] With General Ayub Khan becoming the Defense Minister under
Ministry of Talents led by Prime Minister Bogra, the involvement of the army
in the national politics grew further with the implementation of the controversial One
Unit program, abolishing the status of Four Provinces, despite the strong protests by
the public and the West Pakistan's politicians.: 80 [46] Major defense funding and
spending was solely focused towards Ayub's army department and the air force
department led by Air Marshal Asghar Khan, giving less priority to the national needs
for the Navy.[48]
From 1954 to 1958, Ayub Khan was made subjected with receiving multiple service
extensions by the civilian Prime Ministers first receiving in 1954 that extended his
commission to last till 1958.: contents [49]: 232 [50]
The Pakistan Army under Ayub Khan had been less supportive towards the
implementation of the first set of Constitution of Pakistan that had established the
civilian control of the military, and the army went on to completely endorse and The 6th Frontier Force Regiment of the British
support the first martial law in the country imposed by President Iskander Mirza– the Indian Army in the fronts of World War II in Italy
in 1943–44
The Map of Kashmir, showing the tri- army later took control of the power from President Mirza in mere two weeks and
national control from China, Pakistan, installed Ayub Khan as the second President. :
8 1
[ 46] The subsequent change of
and India, ca. 2005
command resulted in Gen. Musa Khan becoming the army commander with Ayub
Khan promoting himself as controversial rank of field marshal.: 22 [51] In 1969, the Supreme Court reversed its decision and
overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958.: 60 [52]
The army held the referendum and tightly control the political situation through the intelligence agencies, and banned the
political activities in the country.[53]
From 1961 to 1962, military aid continued to Pakistan from the United States and they established the 25th Cavalry, followed
by the 24th Cavalry, 22nd, and 23rd Cavalry.: 36 [33] In 1960–61, the Army Special Forces was reportedly involved in taking
over the control of the administration of Dir from the Nawab of Dir in Chitral in North-West Frontier Province over the
concerns of Afghan meddling in the region.[54] In 1964–65, the border fighting and tensions flared with the Indian Army with
a serious incident taking place near the Rann of Kutch, followed by the failed covert action to take control of the Indian-side of
Kashmir resulted in a massive retaliation by the Indian Army on 5 August 1965.[55] On the night of 6 September 1965, India
opened the front against Pakistan when the Indian Army's mechanized corps charged forwards taking over the control of the
Pakistan-side of Punjab, almost reaching Lahore.: 294 [56] At the time of the conflict in 1965, Pakistan's armory and mechanized
units' hardware was imported from the United States including the M4 Sherman, M24 Chaffee, M36 Jackson, and the M47
and M48 Patton tanks, equipped with 90 mm guns.[57] In contrast, the Indian Army's armor had outdated in technology with
Korean war-usage American M4 Sherman and World War II manufactured British Centurion Tank, fitted with the French-
made CN-75 guns.[58]
In spite of Pakistan enjoying the numerical advantage in tanks and artillery, as well as better equipment overall,: 69 [59][60] the
Indian Army successfully penetrated the defences of Pakistan's borderline and successfully conquered around 360 to 500 General Ayub Khan arriving to take
square kilometres (140 to 190 square miles)[56][61] of Pakistani Punjab territory on the outskirts of Lahore.[62] A major tank over command of the Pakistan Army at
battle took place in Chawinda, at which the newly established 1st Armoured Division was able to halt the Indian the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi, Punjab
in Pakistan on 17 January 1951: 34
invasion.: 35 [63] Eventually, the Indian invasion of Pakistan came to halt when the Indian Army concluded the battle near
Burki.[62][64][65][66] With diplomatic efforts and involvement by the Soviet Union to bring two nation to end the war, the Ayub
administration reached a compromise with Shastri ministry in India when both governments signed and ratified the
Tashkent Declaration.[65][66] According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research
Division of the United States:
The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other.
Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's
army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to
further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial
prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were,
instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the
ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government.[67]
The protest march in East Pakistan in 1954. The
martial law was imposed through the army in
At the time of ceasefire declared, per neutral sources, Indian casualties stood at 3,000 whilst the Pakistani casualties
East by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra to
were 3800.[68][69][70] Pakistan lost between 200 and 300 tanks during the conflict and India lost approximately 150- control the law and order situation.: 75 [46]
190 tanks.[71][72]
However, most neutral assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared,[73][74][75][76][77] but the propaganda in
Pakistan about the war continued in favor of Pakistan Army.[78] The war was not rationally analysed in Pakistan with most of the blame being heaped on the
leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the third war with India in 1971.[79] The Indian Army's action
was restricted to Punjab region of both sides with Indian Army mainly in fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir
sectors,[80][81] while Pakistani land gains were primarily in southern deserts opposite Sindh and in the Chumb sector
near Kashmir in the north.[80]
With the United States' arms embargo on Pakistan over the issue of the war, the army instead turned to the Soviet
Union and China for hardware acquisition, and correctly assessed that a lack of infantry played a major role in the
failure of Pakistani armour to translate its convincing material and technical superiority into a major operational or
strategic success against the Indian Army.[82] Ultimately, the army's high command established the 9th, 16th, and 17th
infantry divisions in 1966–68.[82] In 1966, the IV Corps was formed and its headquarter was established, and
permanently stationed in Lahore, Punjab in Pakistan.[83]
The army remained involved in the nation's civic affairs, and ultimately imposed the second martial law in 1969 when The public society in Pakistan rallying in support
of the Pakistan Army in 1965
the writ of the constitution was abrogated by then-army commander, Gen. Yahya Khan, who took control of the
nation's civic affairs after the resignation of President Ayub Khan, resulted in a massive labor strikes instigated by the
Pakistan Peoples Party in West and Awami League in East Pakistan.[84]
In a lawsuit settled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the legality of the martial law was deemed questionable as the Supreme Court settled the suit by
retroactively invalidated the martial law that suspended the Constitution and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal
usurpation".: 59–60 [52] In light of the Supreme Court's judgement, the army held the publicly televised conference when President Yahya Khan announced to
hold the nationwide general elections in 1969–70.: 59–60 [52]
Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969–1971)
In 1969, President Yahya Khan decided to make administrative changes in the army by appointing the Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan as the Army Chief of Staff
(ACOS) of the Pakistan Army, who centralized the chain of command in Rawalpindi in a headquarters known as "High Command".: 32 [85] From 1967 to 1969, a
series of major military exercises was conducted by infantry units on East Pakistan's border with India.: 114–119 [86] In 1970, the Pakistan army's military mission
in Jordan was reportedly involved in tackling and curbing down the Palestinian infiltration in Jordan.[87] In June 1971, the enlistment in the army had allowed
the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi to raise and established the 18th infantry division, stationed in Hyderabad, Sindh, for the defence of 900 kilometres (560 mi)
from Rahimyar Khan to Rann of Kutch, and reestationed the 23rd infantry division for defending the Chhamb-Dewa Sector.[82]
In 1971, the II Corps was established and headquartered in Multan, driven towards defending the mass incursion from the Indian Army.[83] In December 1971,
the 33rd infantry division was established from the army reserves of the II Corps, followed by raising the 37th Infantry Division.[82] The Pakistan Army
reportedly helped the Pakistan Navy to toward establishing the amphibious branch, the Pakistan Marines, whose battalion was airlifted to East Pakistan along
with the 9th Infantry Division.[88][82] The other battalions of marines were stationed with the army troops in the skirts of Punjab to support the defence in the
events of the war with India.[88]
The intervention in East Pakistan further grew when the Operation Searchlight resulted in the overtaking of the government buildings, communication centers,
and restricting the politicians opposed to military rule.: 263 [89] Within a month, Pakistani national security strategists realized their failure of implementing the
plan which had not anticipated civil resistance in East, and the real nature of Indian strategy behind their support of the resistance.: 2–3 [90]
The Yahya administration is widely accused of permitting the army to commit the war crimes against the civilians in East and curbing civil liberties and human
rights in Pakistan. The Eastern Command under Lt-Gen. A. A. K. Niazi, who had area responsibility of the defending the Eastern Front and had the
responsibility to protect, was leveled with accusations of escalating the political violence in the East by the serving military officers, politicians, and journalists
in Pakistan.[91][92] Since the general elections in 1970, the army had detained several key politicians, journalists, peace activists, student unionists, and other
members of civil society while curbing the freedoms of movement and speech in Pakistan.: 112 [93] In East Pakistan, the unified Eastern Military Command
under Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, began its engagement with the armed militia that had the direct terror support from India in April 1971, and eventually fought
against the Indian Army in December 1971.: 596 [94]: 596 The army, together with marines, launched ground offensives on both fronts but the Indian Army
successfully held its ground and initiated well-coordinated ground operations on both fronts, initially capturing 15,010 square kilometres (5,795 sq mi): 239 [40]
of Pakistan's territory; this land gained by India in Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Sindh sectors.: 239 [40]
Responding to the ultimatum issued on 16 December 1971 by the Indian Army in East, Lt-Gen. Niazi agreed to concede defeat and move towards signing the
documented surrender with the Indian Army which effectively and unilaterally ended the armed resistance and led the creation of Bangladesh, only after
India's official engagement that lasted 13 days.[95] It was reported that the Eastern Command had surrendered ~93,000–97,000 uniform personnel to Indian
Army– the largest surrender in a war by any country after the World War II.[96] Casualties inflicted to army's I Corps, II Corps, and Marines did not sit well
with President Yahya Khan who turned over control of the civic government to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto through an executive decree.[97]
Commenting on the defeat, the military observer in the Pakistan Army, Major A.H. Amin, reported that the war strategists in the army had not seriously
considered a full-fledged invasion from India until December 1971, because it was presumed that the Indian military would not risk intervention by China or
the United States, and the high command failed to realize that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of November to December,
due to snowbound Himalayan passes, and the Americans had not made any real effort to persuade India against attacking East Pakistan.[98]
Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971–1977)
In January 1972, the Bhutto administration formed the POW Commission to

investigate the numbers of war prisoners held by the Indian Army while
requesting the Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war
failure with India in 1971.: 7–10 [100] The Supreme Court formed the famed War
Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures, fractures, and
faults within the institution of the department of the army and submitted
recommendations to strengthen the armed forces overall.[6] Under the Yahya
administration, the army was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed
reports of mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps
The army officers in the 9th Battalion of the garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.: 5 [100]
Frontier Force Regiment on 23 March 1974
Upon returning from the quick visit in the United States in 1971, President
Bhutto forcefully dishonorably discharge the commission of seven senior
army generals, which he called the "army waderas" (lit. Warlords).: 71 [101] In 1972, the army leadership under Lt-Gen.
Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto administration's order to tackle the labor strikes in Karachi and to
detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising the federal government to use the Police Department to
take the actions.: 7 [100] In the 1970s, the Corps of Engineers built many
secretive weapon-testing laboratories and sites in
On 2 March 1972, President Bhutto dismissed the commission of Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan as the army commander, the graphite mountain ranges of
replacing with Lt-Gen. Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first Chief of Army Pakistan.: 144–145 [99] The footage is provided as an
Staff (COAS). :
8
[ 100] The army under Bhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure, improving its fighting example by the CEIP.
ability, and reorganized with the establishment of the X Corps in Punjab in 1974, followed by the V Corps in Sindh
and XI Corps in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan in 1975.[102] The trilateral agreement in India, the Bhutto
administration transferred all the war prisoners back to the country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and employments due to some suffering
from the PTSD and other mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted to serve in the military any longer.: 19–20 [100] Under Bhutto
administration, the army engage in self-reliance production and eventually reached to China for establishing the material and metal industries to overcome the
material shortage and manufacturing of weapons industry in the country.[103]
In 1973, the Bhutto administration dismissed the state government in Balochistan that resulting in another separatist movement, culminating the series of
army actions in largest province of the country that ended in 1977.: 319 [104] With the military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of the Bell AH-1
Cobra to Aviation Corps,: 319 [104] the conflict came to end with the Pakistani government offering the general amnesties to separatists in the
1980s.: 151 [105]: 319 : 319 [104] Over the issue of Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage in Omani civil war in favor of Omani government until the
rebels were defeated in 1979.[106] The War Enquiry Commission noted the lack of joint grand strategy between the four-branches of the military during the
first, the second, and the third wars with India, recommending the establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to maintain strategic military
communication between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired by the appointed Chairman joint chiefs as the government's
principal military adviser.: 145 [107] In 1976, the first Chairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen. Muhammad Shariff taking over the
chairmanship, but resigned a year later.: 145 [107] In 1975, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals to
promote Lt-Gen. Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing him the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army recommendations forwarded to the federal
government.: 24 [100]
In the 1970s, the army's engineering formations, notable the Corps of Engineers, played a crucial role in supporting the clandestine atomic bomb program to
reach its parity and feasibility, including the constructions of iron-steel tunnels in the secretive nuclear weapons-testing sites in 1977–78.: 144–145 [99]
PAF and Navy fighter pilots voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973). In the 1973 war one of the PAF pilots,
Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government.[108][109][110]
Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977–1999)
The political instability increased in the country when the conservative alliance refused to accept the voting turnout in
favor of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after the general elections held in 1977.: 25–26 [100] The army, under Gen. Zia-ul-
Haq–the army chief, began planning the military takeover of the federal government under Prime Minister Zulfikar
Bhutto, eventually leading the coup d'état that suspended the writ of the Constitution amid responding to the call from
one of the opposition leader of threatening to call for another civil war.: 27 [100] The military interference in civic matters
grew further when the martial law was extended for an infinite period despite maintaining that the elections to be held
in 90-days prior.: 30–31 [100] At the request from the Saudi monarchy, the Zia administration deployed the company of
the special forces to end seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca from Islamists.: 265–280 [111]
The army under President Zia weakened due to the army officers were needed in running the affairs of civic
Transferred from Iranian Ground Force in 1973–
government and the controversial military courts that held trials of the communists, dissidents, and the oppositions of
75, the Pakistan Army acquired additional the
Zia's administration.: 31–32 [100] In 1984–85, Pakistan lost the control of her northern glaciers due to the successful AH-1S Cobra attack helicopters from the United
expedition and penetration by the Indian Army, and army had to engage in years long difficult battles with Indian States under the Foreign Military Sales to
Army to regain their areas from the Indian Army.: 45 [100] Concerns over the military officers and army personnel improve the Pakistan's defences in the
needed to counter the further advances by the Indian Army in Northern fronts in 1984, the martial law was lifted 1980s.: 45–46 [100]
following the referendum that approved Zia's presidency and provided a way of holding the general elections in
1985.: 45 [100] The military control the under army administration had successfully stabilized the law and order in
Balochistan despite the massive illegal immigration from Afghanistan, and issued the general amnesties to separatists and rebels.[112] To address the Afghan
containment and security, the army established the XII Corps in 1985 that is permanently headquartered in Quetta, that is designed to provide defence against
the infiltration by the Afghan National Army from Afghanistan.[113]
In 1985, the United States approved the military aid package, worth $4.02 billion, to Pakistan when the mujaheddin
fighting with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan increased and intensified, with Soviet Army began violating and attacking
the insurgents in the tribal areas in Pakistan.: 45–46 [100] In 1986, the tensions with India increased when the Indian
Army's standing troops mobilized in combat position in Pakistan's southern frontier with India failing to give
notification of exercise to Pakistan prior.: 46 [100] In 1987–88, the XXX Corps, headquartered in North of Punjab, and
the XXXI Corps, headquartered in South of Punjab, was raised and established to provide defence against the Indian
army's mass infiltration.[83]
After the aviation accident that resulted in passing of President Zia in 1988, the army organized the massive military
The Pakistan Army's troops, as part of their exercise with the Pakistan Air Force to evaluate the technological assessment of the weapon systems and operational
deployment in Somalia, patrolling off their readiness.: 57 [100][115] In the 1980s, Pakistan Army remained engage in the affairs of Middle East, first being deployed
mission in the Mogadishu in Somalia in 1993[114] in Saudi Arabia during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980–1988, and later overseeing operational support measures and
combat actions during the Gulf War in 1990–91.[6]
The period from 1991 to 1998 saw the army engaged in professionalism and proved its fighting skills in the Somalian theater (1991–94), Bosnian-Serb War (on
Bosnian side from 1994 to 1998[116]), and the other theaters of the Yugoslav Wars, as part of the United Nation's deployment.: 69–73 [117][118] In 1998, the army's
Corps of Engineers played a crucial role in providing the military administration of preparing the atomic weapon-testing in Balochistan when the air force's
bombers flown and airlifted the atomic devices.[119] The controversial relief of Gen. Jehangir Karamat by the Sharif administration reportedly disturbed the
balance of the civil-military relations with the junior most Lt-Gen. Pervez Musharraf replacing it as chairman joint chiefs and the army chief in 1999.[120]
In May 1999, the Northern Light Infantry, a paramilitary unit based in Gilgit, slipped into Kargil that resulted in heavy border fighting with the Indian Army,
inflicted with heavy casualties on both sides.[121] The ill-devised plan without meaningful consideration of the outcomes of the border war with India, the army
under Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Pervez Musharraf (also army chief at that time) failed to its combat performance and suffered with similar outcomes as the
previous plan in 1965, with the American military observers in the Pakistan military famously commenting to news channels in Pakistan: Kargil was yet
another example of Pakistan's (lack of) grand strategy, repeating the follies of the previous wars with India.": 200 [122][123][124]
After its commendable performance, the President of Pakistan commissioned the Northern Light Infantry as a regular army regiment. Its personnel eventually
became officers and enlisted personnel in the army in 1999.[125]
21st Century: War performances
Religious insurgency and War on terror (2001 – present)
In October 1999, the army engaged in another military takeover of the federal government from the Sharif administration when the Army GHQ refused to
accept the relief of commission of Gen. Pervez Musharraf over his failure in succeeding the control of Kargil sector from India.: 142 [126] This controversial
takeover of the federal government was subjected to a lengthy and an expensive lawsuit fought between the lawyers of the department of army and the former
Sharif administration at the Supreme Court, with the landmark verdict rendered in 2009 ultimately sided and favored the Sharif administration's arguments as
the Justices of the Supreme Court accepted the fact that the army's takeover was in fact a direct violation of the constitution and breach of its given
constitutional mandate.: 119–120 : 112–115 [127][128]
Responding to the terror attacks in New York in the United States, the army joined the combat actions in Afghanistan
with the United States and simultaneously engage in military standoff with Indian Army in 2001–02. In 2004–06, the
military observers from the army were deployed to guide the Sri Lankan army to end the civil war with the Tamil
fighters.[129]
To overcome the governance crises in 2004–07, the Musharraf administration appointed several army officers in the
civilian institutions with some receiving extensions while others were deployed from their combat service– thus
affecting the fighting capabilities and weakening the army.: 37 [130] Under Gen. Musharraf's leadership, the army's
capabilities fighting the fanatic Talibans and Afghan Arab fighters in Pakistan further weakened and suffered serious
The Pakistan Army's paratroopers watching the
setbacks in gaining control of the tribal belt that fell under the control of the Afghan Arabs and Uzbek fighters.: 37 [130]
Swat Valley from its highest point after the
From 2006 to 2009, the army fought the series of bloody battles with the fanatic Afghan Arabs and other foreign
intense battle with Taliban fighters in 2009
fighters including the army action in a Red Mosque in Islamabad to control the religious fanaticism.: 37 [130] With the
controversial assassination of Baloch politician in 2006, the army had to engage in battles with the Baloch separatists
fighting for the Balochistan's autonomy.: 37 [130]
In April 2007, the major reorganization of the commands of the army was taken place under Gen. Ahsan S. Hyatt, the vice army chief under Gen. Musharraf,
establishing the Southern, Central, and the Northern Commands to "improve the operational efficiency and working of its land forces."[131] With Gen.
Musharraf's resignation and Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani becoming the army chief, the army realigned itself to review its combat policies and withdrew officers
in civilian institutions to focus on its primary constitutional mission to protect and responsible in 2009–14.: 37 [130][128] In 2012, there was a serious accident
involving the entire battalion from the Northern Light Infantry when the avalanche struck the battalion base in Siachen, entrapping 135 soldiers and including
several army officers.[132]
In 2013–16, the homegrown far-right guerrilla war with the Taliban, Afghan Arabs, and the Central Asian fighters took the
decisive turn in favor of the army under Sharif administration, eventually gaining the control of the entire country and
established the writ of the constitution in the affected lawless regions.[133] As of its current deployment as of 2019, the army
remained engage in border fighting with the Indian Army while deploying its combat strike brigade teams in Saudi Arabia
in a response of Saudi intervention in Yemen.[134]
Organization Pakistan army destroying an Indian

army outpost on the LoC during
tensions in 2017
Command and control structure
Leadership in the army is provided by the Minister of Defense, usually leading and controlling the direction of the department of the army from the Army
Secretariat-I at the Ministry of Defense, with the Defense Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[135] The
Constitution empowers the President of Pakistan, an elected civilian official, to act as the Commander-in-Chief while the Prime Minister, an elected civilian, to
act as the Chief Executive.[136] The Chief of Army Staff, an appointed four-star rank army general, is the highest general officer, under Chairman Joint Chiefs of
Staff Committee and Secretary Defense, who acts as the principal military adviser on the expeditionary and land/ground warfare affairs, and a senior member
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee– a military body that advises and briefs the elected Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national security affairs
and operational military matters under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[2]
The single combat headquarter, the Army GHQ, is located in Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan, in the vicinity
of the Joint Staff Headquarters.[2] The Chief of Army Staff controls and commands the army at all levels of operational
command, and is assisted the number of Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) who are commissioned at the three-star rank
generals.[2]
The military administration under the army chief operating at the Army GHQ including the appointed Principal Staff
Officers:
Pakistan army destroying an Indian
Chief of General Staff, under whom the Military Operations and Intelligence Directorates function.[2] army bunker on the line of control in
Chief of Logistics Staff.[2] 2017
Quartermaster General (QMG).[2]

Master General of Ordnance (MGO).[2]
Engineer-in-Chief, the chief army engineer and topographer.[2]
Judge Advocate General.[2]
Military Secretary.[2]
Comptroller of Civilian Personnel.[2]
In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military bureaucracy at the Army GHQ under Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were
introduced: the Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General Communications and IT.[137]
Personnel
Commissioned officers
The commissioned army ranks and insignia authorized in the Pakistan Army are modified and patterned on the British Army's officer ranks and insignia
system.[138] There are several paths of becoming the commissioned officer in the army including the admission and required graduation from the Pakistan
Military Academy in Kakul. To become an officer in the army, the academic four-year college degree is required for the candidates to become officers in the
army, and therefore they are designated by insignia unique to their staff community.
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with ~320–700 individuals are allowed to enter in the Pakistan Military Academy annually, with a
small number of already graduated physicians, specialists, veterinaries and the engineers from the civilian universities are directly recruited in the
administrative staff corps such as Medical Corps, Veterinary Corps, Engineering Corps, Dental Corps— and these graduated individuals are the heart of the
administrative corps.: 293 [139] The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in
their respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities), and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided
about equally between military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes English-language skills.: 293 [139]
The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction, and administration, and has
currently employed 6,500 civilians.[140]
The military officers in the Pakistani military seek retirement between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their ranks, and often seeks employment
in the federal government or the private sector where the pay scales are higher as well as the opportunity for gain considerably greater.: 294 [139]
Estimations by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) the Pakistan Army's combined strength of the standing army is ~815,000 including the
active duty personnels from the Regular Army, Army Reserve, Army National Guard, and is additionally supported by the ~70,000 personnel from the Frontier
Corps–the military provost under the command of the Pakistan Army as of 2018.[103]
Rank O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 O-1
Insignia
Field Lieutenant- Major- Lieutenant- Second

Title General Brigadier Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant
Marshal General General Colonel Lieutenant
Abbreviation FM Gen. Lt-Gen. Maj-Gen. Brig. Col. Lt-Col. Maj. Capt. Lt. 2nd-Lt.
NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF-1
Rank
Four-
Hierarchy Three-star Two-star One-star
Five-star star
Warrant officers
The Pakistan Army uniquely uses the junior commissioned officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of the Warrant officers or the Limited duty officers in the United
States military, inherited from the former British Indian Army introduced by the British Army in India between the enlisted and officer ranks. The JCOs are
single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen from their enlisted ranks,
receiving the promotion (SM3) from the commanding officer.
The usage of the junior commissioned officer is the continuation of the former Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the
army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947. Over the
several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and the army has more
comfortably adopted the U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[39] Promotion to the JCOs/WO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for
that enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredited four-year college.
Junior Commissioned Officer/Warrant Officer ranks
Insignia
Infantry/other title Subedar-Major Subedar Naib Subedar
Cavalry/armor title Risaldar Major Risaldar Naib Risaldar
Enlisted personnel
The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are
encourage to join the either the Marines or the Air Force.: 292 [139] Most enlisted personnel had come from the poor and rural families with many had only
rudimentary literacy skills in the past, but with the increase in the affordable education have risen to the matriculation level (12th Grade).: 292 [139] In the past,
the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching
the official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.: 292 [139]
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a
sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.: 292 [139] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before
retiring or gaining a commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help
them advance.: 292 [139]
The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.: 292 [139] Center point of the uppermost chevron must
remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.: 292 [139] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.: 292 [139] Pay
scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and
universities.: 294 [139] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.: 294 [139]
Structure of enlisted ranks of the Pakistan Army

Pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1
No
Insignia No insignia
insignia
Battalion Company
Company
Battalion Havildar Quartermaster Quartermaster Lance
Havildar Naik/Lance No
Title Major/Regimental Havildar/Regimental Havildar/Squadron Havildar/Daffadar Naik/Acting Sepoy/Sowar
Major/Squadron Daffadar Equivalent
Daffadar Major Quartermaster Quartermaster Lance Daffadar
Daffadar Major
Daffadar Daffadar
Abbreviation BHM/RDM BQMH/RQD CHM/SDM CQMH/SQD Hav/Dfdr Nk/L Dfdr L/Nk/Actg L/Dfdr Sep/Swr NE
NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
U.S. Code SGM MSG SFC SSG SGT CPL PFC PVT –
Recruitment and training
Prior to August 1947, the British Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of the
Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.[6] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army
was predominantly favored to recruit from Punjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of
heavy recruiting interests coming from the rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most
populous province of Pakistan.: 149 [142][143]
Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military
from the urban areas (i.e. Karachi and Peshawar) where the preference of the college education is quite popular
(especially attending post-graduate schools in the United States and the English-speaking countries) as well as working
in the settled private industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most
The passing out (graduation) of cadets
rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in the metropolitan
from the Pakistan Military Academy in
cities.: 31 [11]
Kakul in 2007. The education and boot
camp training last for two years before
After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the Quota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from
Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy cadets becomes officers.[141]
continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.: 163 [144] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage
to join the Marines Corps or the Air Force.[6]
In 1991, the department of the army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable
medical waivers interested enlists while encouraging citizens of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh. This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of
Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.[145] By 2003–
05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43–70%.[145][146]
The Department of Army has relaxed its recruitment and medical standards in Sindh and Balochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is
considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eighth grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters take responsibility of
providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.: 31 [11] In Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is
popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.[11]
The army has only one bootcamp that is located in Kakul at the Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two
years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the Academy.[141] All the recruits, enlists, and officer candidates have to attend and
be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.[141]
Duration wise, it is one of the longest boot camps in the country, and the boot camp training continues for two years until the cadet is being able pass out from
the academy, before selecting the college to start the career of their choice in the military.[141]
Women and religion in the Pakistan Army
Women have been part of the Pakistan Army since 1947, and currently there are approximately 4,000 women serving in the
military.[147] In the years of 1947, '48 and '49, women were inducted into the Women's Guard Section of the National Guard
and trained in medical work, welfare, and clerical positions (this was later disbanded).[148] Pakistan Army has a separate
cadet course for women which is known as 'Lady Cadet Course', female cadets are trained in Pakistan Military
Academy.[149] After induction, women army officers go through a six-month military training at the Pakistan Military
Academy like their male counterparts. The comprehensive training includes military education and development of
physical efficiency skills.[150] Women wear regular military khaki uniforms.[150]
Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority nation which appoints women to general officer ranks, such as Major-General
Shahida Malik, the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to a two-star rank.[151]
In July 2013, the Army trained female paratrooper officers for the first time.[152][153][154] In 2020 Nigar Johar became the
first Lieutenant General in the army, she was from the Pakistan Army Medical Corps.[155]
The Army recruits from all religions in Pakistan including Hindus, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Christians who have held
command-level positions.[156] Religious services are provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians,
Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[83] Woman soldier of the Pakistan Army
In 1993, Major-General Julian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position while Hercharn Singh
became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army. Between 1947 and 2000, a policy of restricting Hindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in
practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.[157] In 2006, army recruiters began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or
no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in the army.[158][159]
Equipment
The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is developed and manufactured by the local weapons industry and modern arms have been imported
from China, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, France and other countries in the European Union.[6]
The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Defense Science and Technology

Organization (DESTO), Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF), and the
National Development Complex (NDC), Pakistan Aeronautical
Complex (PAC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) are the one of
the major defense contractor for the Department of the Pakistan
Army.[160]
The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main battle

tanks (MBT) in cooperation with the China and the Ukraine, while
The ordnance and explosives The al-Khalid MBT designed and built The Anza MANPAD designed and built
the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are licensed
produced by the Metal Lab at Wah by the HIT in Taxila by the KRL
manufactured by the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF).[160] The
Cantt
Chinese cooperation and further assistance with the Pakistan Army
is vital in designing, vehicular construction, and material Weapon system of Pakistan Army
manufacturing of the main battle tanks.: xxxv [161] The standard rifle
for the army is the German designed and POF manufactured Koch
G3P4.[160]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion’s share", however, in light of CPEC's security demanding to secure the
seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-funded department of the navy.[162]
Uniforms
From 1947 to 1971, the army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army, but the uniform changed in
preference of Sherwani. The army service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of the Sherwani with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers
with two pockets, with Golden Khaki colors.: 222 [163]
In the 1970s, the Ministry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in the army combat uniform, resembling the British-styled DPM but this was
changed in 1990 in favor of adopting the U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[164] In winter front such as in the Siachen and near the Wakhan Corridor,
the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.[165]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black BDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.[166]
The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage patterns in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn
along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on the chest.[166] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by
Pakistan Army.[167]
Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,[166]
decorations and awards[168] and the ranks.[167]
Military Uniforms in the Pakistan Army
The COAS, Gen. Q.J. Bajwa: The standard army service The former COAS, Gen. R. The army service uniform of
the standard Sherwani-based uniform of the Pakistan Army, Sharif: The standard battle the Pakistan Army closely
ceremonial uniform of the worn by officers and enlisted dress uniform of the Pakistan resembled to the army uniform
Pakistan Army personnel Army of the British Army as seen
and active from 1947–1970s
Components and structure
Army components and branches
Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative
Services.: 46 [38]: 570 [169] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of maintaining the British-built Forts, till the new and modern garrisons were
built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.[6]
Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty personnel and reservists that operate as members of either Reserves, the National Guard and the
Civil Armed Forces.[2] In addition, the workforce of the army is supported by the Frontier Corps (a paramilitary) and Rangers that performs military police
duty within the state governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.[2]
The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, also consist of several branches and functional areas that include the army
officers, junior commissioned (or warrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.[2] In
Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative
branches of the army.[3]
Pakistan Army branches and functional areas

Combat Arms Insignia Administrative Services Insignia
Armoured Corps (AC) Army Services Corps (ASC)
Air Defence Corps (AD) Military Police (MP)

Army Aviation Corps (AVN) Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME)
Artillery Corps (ARTY) Medical Corps (AMC)
Signals Corps (Sigs) Education Corps (AEC)

Engineers Corps (Engrs) Remount Veterinary and Farms (RVFC)
Infantry Regiments (Inf) Ordnance Corps (Ord)
Special Forces (SSG) Military Intelligence Corps (CMI)
Coast Guards (CG) Coastal
Command structure
The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each
commanded by the GOC-in-C, with a holding three-star rank: Lieutenant-General.[102] The each of the six tactical
commands directly reports to the office of Chief of Army Staff, operating directly at the Army GHQ.[102] Each command
consists of two or more Corps– an army field formation responsible for zone within a command theater.[2]
The command and control structure
There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, of the six tactical operational
while the Air Defense, Aviation, and the Aviation and Special Forces are organized and maintained in the separate level of commands in the Pakistan Army
their commands.[2]
Established and organized in March 2000, the Army Strategic Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible training in safety, weapons
deployments, and activation of the atomic missile systems.[170][171][172][173][174]
Combat maneuvering organizations
In events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by the Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side Punjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains
the "Pakistan Army Reserves" as a strategic reserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[175]
Infantry branch
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed the British regimental system and culture, and
currently there are six organized infantry regiments.[176]
In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not
combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments including assisting the
federal government in civic administration.[177]
In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and
such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being
part of the brigade combat team (under a Brigadier), division, or a being part of much larger corps.[178]
The map of Five Rivers. The strategic
reserves of Pakistan including the desert After the independence from the Great Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow the U.S. Army's standing
and forest.[175] formation of their Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone
before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[178]
Infantry branch[179]
The Infantry Regiments by seniority Insignia Activation Date Commanding Regimental Center Motto War Cry
Urdu: ‫حیدری یا علی‬-‫یا‬-‫نارا‬

Punjab Regiment 1759 Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
(English lit. Ali the Great)
‫غازی یا شہید‬ ‫کی کی بلوچ‬
Baloch Regiment 1798 Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
(English lit. Honored or Martyr) (English lit. Of the Baloch)
‫لّبیک‬
Frontier Force Regiment 1843 Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
(English lit. Lucky)
‫سبط قدم‬
Northern Light Infantry Regiment 1913 Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan
(English lit. Consistent)
Azad Kashmir Regiment 1947 Mansar, Punjab
Sind Regiment 1980 Hyderabad, Sindh
Other type of Regiments Insignia Activation Date Regimental Center Motto War Cry
Regiment of Artillery 1826 Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mujahid Force Regiment 1963 Bhimber, Azad Kashmir
Regiment of Air Defense 1989 Malir, Karachi
Special operations forces
The Pakistan Army has a military division dedicated towards conducting the unconventional and asymmetric warfare operations, established with the guidance
provided by the United States Army in 1956.[180] This competitive special operation force is known as the Special Services Group (Army SSG, distinguishing
the Navy SSG), and is assembled in eight battalions, commanded by the Lieutenant-Colonel, with addition of three companies commanded by the Major or a
Captain, depending on the availability.[181]
The special operation forces training school is located in Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where the training
and education on the philosophy of military arts and tactics take place by the army instructors.[181]
Each battalion in the Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each
battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[181] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the
Army SSG is colloquially known as the Maroon Berets.[181] In 2000, the Pakistan Army established the Army
Strategic Forces Command that is charged with overseeing the operational readiness and various deployment of the
Army SSG, Special Forces, Special Support Group, Army Rangers, and the Strategic Plans Division Force— the CBRN
defense component of the department of army.[181]
Besides the Army SSG and the Special Forces (SF), the Pakistan Army has trained a specific Rangers team that is
The logo of the Army SSG where the Special especially trained in counter tactics, and is trained for carrying out the difficult counter-terrorism operation involving
Forces and Army Rangers are trained together the civilian hostages in Karachi, and helping the state governments in Sindh and Punjab maintaining the law and order
situation intact.[182]
Implementing the counterterrorism tactics in 2004, the Army has been training the specific Army Ranger company, known as the Rangers Anti-terrorist Force
(ATF), along with the Army SSG company, often conduct training with the U.S. Army Ranger in terror and infantry tactics.[182]
Military philosophy
Combat doctrine (1947–2007)
In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "The
Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".: 310 [183][184] In 1989, the first and official
implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise, Exercise Zab-e-
Momin, organized under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul[185]– this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging
towards its primary adversary, Indian Army.: 310 [183]
In 1989–99, the JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large The U.S.-Pakistan military relations: The group photo of the United
conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, the Indian Army, States Army and the Pakistan Army after coordinating the joint
derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of population operation in 2010.
centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the international border with India.[186]
The national security strategists explored the controversial idea of strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations with Afghanistan and Iran
while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the Cold Start Doctrine.[186] Due to the numerical advantage of Indian
Army over its small adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be
very tricky and miscalculated– the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing the battle-ranged Hatf-
IA/Hatf-IB missiles.[186] The Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by the National Guard and the Civil Armed Forces, and India's Territorial Army would
eventually forward towards the defensive positions and fortifications in less than 24 hours.[187] However, the Corps in both nation's commands with large
stockpiles of ordnance will take between 24 and 72 hours to logistically mobilize its combat assets after the orders are authorized; therefore, both nation's
armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.[187]
The war doctrine of "offensive-defense" entailed Pakistan not waiting to be attacked but instead launching an offense of
its own, with an offense being a limited advance along with narrow fronts aiming towards occupying enemy territory
near the border to a depth of 40–50 km.[187] Pakistani national security calculated that since Indian forces will not
reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical
superiority against India.[187] Earlier studies in "Offensive-defense" doctrine validated results of finding and keeping
the enemy forces off-balance as the Indian Army engage in containing the Pakistan Army forces into its territory rather
than concentrating towards launching an attack onto Pakistan's territory.[187] The strategic calculations by Pakistan
Army's war strategists hoped that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army soldiers engage in fighting
on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army at most.[187] An important
The Pakistan Army's special forces soldiers in a aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate
drill conducting jointly with the Russian special with India in the aftermath of a ceasefire brought about by international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.[187]
forces in 2016
Due to fortification of LoC in Kashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created the Pakistan Army
Reserves in the 1990s that is concentrated in the desert terrain of Sindh-Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of
the Pakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian
Army.[187]
Threat Matrix (2010 – present)
After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged in critical thinking to
evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensive grand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and
development began 2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.[188] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, the Threat Matrix,
was unveiled by the ISPR, that was the first time in its history that the army's national security analysts realized that
Pakistan faces a real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[188] The Threat
Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively
describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.[188]
Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a four-tier joint military exercise, code-named: Urban warfare near Afghanistan: Pakistan Army
Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex infantry troops engage in door-to-door clearance
security threat environment."[189] The objective of such exercises is to assess tactics, procedures, and techniques, and during N. Waziristan offense in 2016.
explore joint operations strategies involving all three branches of the military: the Army, Air Force, and Navy.[189] In
successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the branch-level exercises into joint warfare exercises, in which all
four branches now participate, regardless of the terrain, platforms, and control of command.[189]
Education and training
Schooling, teachings, and institutions
The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon
enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.[190] The overall directions and management of the army
training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by the Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in
modern education with combat training.[191]
At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, the Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited
to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the colonial period in India in 1905.[192] The British officers in
the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in
order to raise the dedicated and professional army.[193] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military
were sent to attend the staff colleges in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada who were trained
and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.: 293 [139] The Pakistan Army Music band's conductor
saluting after the performance in Russia
The United States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under the International
Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of
the military relations between two countries.: 12 [194] In the 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend
schooling in the United States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of the IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to
choose the schooling in the United Kingdom.: 294 [139]
After the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, the IMET cooperation was again activated with army officers begin attending the schooling in the
United States but the training program was again suspended in 2018 by the Trump administration, leveling accusations on supporting armed Jihadi groups in
Afghanistan.[195]
During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools as below:
School and
Army schools and Year of
college principal Website
colleges establishment
locations
"School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210256/https://www.pakistana
School of Armour and Nowshera in Khyber- rmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5e00.html?pId=268&rnd=475). Archived from the original (https://www.pakista
1947
Mechanized Warfare Pakhtunkhwa narmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5e00.html?pId=268&rnd=475) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January
2019.
"School of Artillery" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110324/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/T
Kakul in Khyber-
School of Artillery 1948 extContent0bf6.html?pId=269&rnd=476). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRevie
Pakhtunkhwa
w/TextContent0bf6.html?pId=269&rnd=476) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
"School of Army Air Defence" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010824/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AW
School of Army Air
1941 Karachi in Sindh PReview/TextContente72e.html?pId=270&rnd=477). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/
Defense
AWPReview/TextContente72e.html?pId=270&rnd=477) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Military College of Engineering" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010856/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/
Military College of Risalpur in Khyber-
1947 AWPReview/TextContenta68d.html?pId=271&rnd=478). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.
Engineering Pakhtunkhwa
pk/AWPReview/TextContenta68d.html?pId=271&rnd=478) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Military College of Signals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010737/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWP
Military College of
1947 Rawalpindi in Punjab Review/TextContentd4d5.html?pId=272&rnd=479). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
Signals
WPReview/TextContentd4d5.html?pId=272&rnd=479) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"School of Infantry and Tactics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110551/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
School of Infantry and
1947 Quetta in Balochistan WPReview/TextContentb1b1.html?pId=273&rnd=480). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.p
Tactics
k/AWPReview/TextContentb1b1.html?pId=273&rnd=480) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
Aviation School 1964 Gujranwala in Punjab "Army Aviation School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110540/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRevi
ew/TextContent16a0.html?pId=274&rnd=481). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPR
eview/TextContent16a0.html?pId=274&rnd=481) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.

"Army Service Corps School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194605/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AW
Nowshera in Khyber
Service Corps School 1947 PReview/TextContentc845.html?pId=275&rnd=482). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
Pakhtunkhwa
WPReview/TextContentc845.html?pId=275&rnd=482) on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Army Medical College" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010845/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRevi
Army Desert
1977 Rawalpindi in Punjab ew/TextContent7bef.html?pId=276&rnd=483). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRe
Warfare School
view/TextContent7bef.html?pId=276&rnd=483) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Ordnance College" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110602/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/
Ordnance College 1980 Karachi in Sindh TextContenta7e1.html?pId=277&rnd=484). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRevie
w/TextContenta7e1.html?pId=277&rnd=484) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
"College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010834/https://www.pak
College of Electrical and istanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0862.html?pId=278&rnd=485). Archived from the original (https://www.p
1957 Rawalpindi in Punjab
Mechanical Engineering akistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent0862.html?pId=278&rnd=485) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved
20 January 2019.
School and
Special warfare Year of
college principal Website
and skills schools establishment
locations
Special Operations Cherat in Khyber- "Special Operations School" (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent4265.html?pId=279&rnd=
1956
School Pakhtunkhwa 486).
"Parachute Training School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194554/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWP
Parachute Training Kakul in Khyber-
1964 Review/TextContentd78b.html?pId=280&rnd=487). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
School Pakhtunkhwa
WPReview/TextContentd78b.html?pId=280&rnd=487) on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Corps of Military Police School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010907/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/
Corps of Military Police D.I. Khan in Khyber-
1949 AWPReview/TextContente885.html?pId=284&rnd=488). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.
School Pakhtunkhwa
pk/AWPReview/TextContente885.html?pId=284&rnd=488) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Army School of Logistics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190802012128/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPR
School of Logistics 1974 Murree in Punjab eview/TextContent6be9.html?pId=285&rnd=489). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AW
PReview/TextContent6be9.html?pId=285&rnd=489) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Army School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010748/https://w
School of Mountain
Kakul in Khyber- ww.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentc8da.html?pId=286&rnd=490). Archived from the original (http
Warfare and Physical 1978
Pakhtunkhwa s://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentc8da.html?pId=286&rnd=490) on 21 January 2019.
Training
Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Army High Altitude School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010809/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWP
High Altitude School 1987 Rattu in Gilgit-Baltistan Review/TextContent3e4c.html?pId=287&rnd=491). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
WPReview/TextContent3e4c.html?pId=287&rnd=491) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
Army Desert "Army Desert Warfare School" (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContentbf18.html?pId=288&rnd
1987 Chor in Sindh
Warfare School =492).
"Army School of Music" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010824/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPRevi
Abbottabad in Khyber
School of Music 1970 ew/TextContentb102.html?pId=289&rnd=493). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPR
Pakhtunkhwa
eview/TextContentb102.html?pId=289&rnd=493) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"Army Dog Breeding Training Centre and School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010759/https://www.paki
Dog Breeding Training stanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5ef4.html?pId=290&rnd=494). Archived from the original (https://www.pa
1952 Rawalpindi in Punjab
Center and School kistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent5ef4.html?pId=290&rnd=494) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved
20 January 2019.
"Army Veterinary School" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010814/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/UserFil

es/File/New%20PDF/army%20veterinary%20school.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanar
Veterinary School 1947 Sargodha in Punjab
my.gov.pk/UserFiles/File/New%20PDF/army%20veterinary%20school.pdf) (PDF) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved
20 January 2019.
Higher education Year of
Locations Website
institutions establishment
"Command and Staff College" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121011027/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AW
Pakistan Command and
1905 Quetta in Balochistan PReview/TextContent8df9.html?pId=291&rnd=495). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/A
Staff College
WPReview/TextContent8df9.html?pId=291&rnd=495) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
"National Defense University" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010854/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AW
National Defense
1971 Islamabad PReview/TextContent4882.html?pId=292&rnd=496). Archived from the original (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/
University
AWPReview/TextContent4882.html?pId=292&rnd=496) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
National University of "National University of Sciences and Technology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201023052641/http://www.nust.e
Sciences and 1991 Multiple campuses du.pk/Pages/Default.aspx). Archived from the original (http://nust.edu.pk/Pages/Default.aspx) on 23 October 2020.
Technology Retrieved 20 January 2019.
Sources: Army Schools (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8213.html?pId=109&rnd=470) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/

20190803053758/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8213.html?pId=109&rnd=470) 3 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine and
Skills Schools (https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent2d5f.html?pId=279&rnd=471) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201901210
10835/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent2d5f.html?pId=279&rnd=471) 21 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine of Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of the army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and
educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.[190] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education to Pakistan
Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualified psc from the Command and Staff College in
Quetta.[190] Officers holding the ranks of captains, majors, lieutenants and lieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the
Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as psc.: 9 [46]
Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advance
critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[196] The NDU in Islamabad is a
significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning
platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.: 8 [46] Without
securing their graduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in
the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.: 8–9 [46]
Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks
are imposed as a qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given
admission in a broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.: 8–9 [46] In this sense, the
NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about
the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian
governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.: 9–10 [197] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges and NDU is not restricted to military
officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.: 8–9 [46]
Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing military engineering colleges
of engineering, signals, aeronautical, and medicines, and is a counterpart institution in science and technology to that of the National Defense University
(NDU) in Islamabad.[198]
The foreign military officials and students, including from the United States, have attended the Command and Staff
College in Quetta and the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad but the American instructors and observers
have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow
focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as
logistics.: 293 [139]: 518 [199]
Civil engineering and construction

The M60 AVLB, the engineering vehicle
Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations have been involved in civil engineering of the important
landmarks in the country, hydroelectricity, power generation, dams, and national freeways.[140] currently inventory in Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in the country, including the Karakoram Highway, Skardu
Airport, and the national security sites in Kahuta.[140] The Frontier Works Organization of the army, has built several infrastructures with the Corps of
Engineers all over the country, and has built the communications lines in Northern Pakistan through its Special Communications Organization (SCO).[140]
The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by the federal government, advising on construction
management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.[200]
The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included the Lyari Expressway in Karachi, Makran Coastal Highway in Balochistan, and the Khanpur
Dam in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[200] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other parts
of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[200]
UN peacekeeping missions
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterized by growing national power politics
UN Operation in Congo (ONUC) 1960–1964 UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia UN Transitional Administration for Eastern
UN Security Force in New Guinea, West Irian (UNTAC) 1992–1993 Slavonia (UNTAES) 1996–1997
(UNSF) 1962–1963 (14 Punjab Regiment) UN Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM) 1992– UN Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP)
UN Yemen Observer Mission Yemen (UNYOM) 1995 1996–2002
1963–1964 UN Protection Forces in Bosnia (UNPROFOR) UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone
UN Transition Assistance Group in Namibia 1992–1995 (UNAMSIL) 2001–2005
(UNTAG) 1989–1990 UN Observer Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) UN Transitional Administration in East Timor
UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) 1993–1996 (UNTAET) 1999-to-date
1991–2003 UN Verification Mission in Angola (UNAVEM III) UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) 1993–1996 1995–1997 (UNMIK) 1999-to-date
Current deployment in UN Peacekeeping missions

Start of
Name of operation Location Conflict Contribution
operation
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Second Congo 3,556
1999
Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) Republic of Congo War troops[201]
Second Liberian 2,741

2003 United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) Liberia
Civil War troops[201]
1,185
2004 United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUB Burundi Burundi Civil War
troops[201]
Civil war in Côte 1,145

2004 United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) Côte d'Ivoire
d'Ivoire troops[201]
Second Sudanese 1,542

2005 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan
Civil War Troops.[201]
191
Staff/observers
observers[201]
The total number of Pakistani troops serving in peacekeeping missions is 7,533, as of August 2015, which is one of
the biggest number among rest of participants.[202]
Pakistani soldiers deployed as MONUSCO's
Involvement in Pakistani society female engagement team
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost
since its inception.[203] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed
forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand

that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own
position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a
The Pakistan Army soldiers distributing
mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
the military rations to the affectees of
The RVF Corps moving animals and livestock to the national calamities. The Army often
a safer location after the flood warning issues by
— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations[203] involves in the civil society to relief
the NDMA in 2017 activities and national-building to the
In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastating local population of affected areas.
earthquake in 2005 or the great floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical,
logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role in area rehabilitation and reconstruction of
cities and towns while distributing the relief goods and military rations to the affected civilians.[204] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power
generation to affected areas, building dams, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and
animals from endangerment.[204]
To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations, reconstructions, and rehabilitation, the federal government appoints the active-duty officers, as an
external billets appointments, to lead federal agencies such as ERRA and the NDMA.[205] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan Army has also
engaged in other parts of the world such as coordinating and leading the relief efforts in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka after these countries were
affected by the underwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in 2004.[206]
Corporate and business activities

According to international news agencies and investigations by international financial regulators, the department of the army controls, manages, and runs a
large number of business enterprises and conglomerates; their total revenue was estimated to be US$ 20 billion in 2007–08.[207] One of the largest real estate
conglomerates that is run by the army is known as the Defense Housing Authority (DHA), as well as the Army Welfare Trust (AWT), and out 46 housing
schemes directly built by the armed forces, none of the schemes is for ordinary soldiers, civilian officers, or personnel employed by the army.[208]
The Fauji Foundation (lit. Military Foundation) has shares in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and is involved in manufacturing and selling processed meat,
stud, and dairy farms meant for the military's own use while there are enterprises that perform functions in the local civilian economy such as bakeries,
security, and banking services.[207] The army factories managed by the Fauji Foundation produce such goods such as sugar, Fauji Fertilizer, brass castings, and
it sells its products to civilian consumers albeit at prices higher than those charged from military personnel.[145] The Pakistani military has the largest shares in
the PSX and has financial stakes in commercial banking, airlines, steel businesses, cement, telecoms, petroleum and energy, education, sports, health care, and
even chains of grocery shops and bakeries.[209]
Awards and Honors
Wartime Gallantry Awards
Nishan-e-Haider (Order of the Lion)
Hilal-e-Jurat (Crescent of Courage)
Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage)
Tamgha-e-Jurat (Medal of Courage)
Imtiazi Sanad (Mentioned in Despatches)[210]
Order of Wear
Nishan-e-Haider Nishan-e-Imtiaz Nishan-e-Imtiaz Hilal-e-Jurat
(Order of the Lion) (Civilian) (Military) (Crescent of Courage)
Hilal-e-Shujaat Hilal-e-Imtiaz Hilal-e-Imtiaz Sitara-e-Jurat
(Crescent of Bravery) (Civilian) (Military) (Star of Courage)
Sitara-e-Shujaat Sitara-e-Imtiaz President's Award for Sitara-e-Basalat
(Star of Bravery) (Military) Pride of Performance (Star of Good Conduct)
Sitara-e-Eisaar Tamgha-e-Jurat Tamgha-e-Shujaat Tamgha-e-Imtiaz
(Star of Sacrifice) (Medal of Courage) (Medal of Bravery) (Military)
Tamgha-e-Basalat Tamgha-e-Eisaar Imtiazi Sanad Tamgha-e-Diffa
(Medal of Good Conduct) (Medal of Sacrifice) (Mentioned in Despatches) (General Service Medal)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War
(War Star 1965) (War Star 1971) (War Medal 1965) (War Medal 1971)
Tamgha-e-Baqa Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan Tamgha-e-Azm Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-I)
(Nuclear Test Medal) (Escalation with India Medal) (Medal of Conviction) (Medal of Service Class I)
Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-II) Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-III)

10 Years Service Medal 20 Years Service Medal
(Medal of Service Class I) (Medal of Service Class I)
Pakistan Tamgha
30 Years Service Medal 35 Years Service Medal 40 Years Service Medal
(Pakistan Medal)
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Tamgha-e-Jamhuria Hijri Tamgha Jamhuriat Tamgha
Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (Republic Commemoration Medal) (Hijri Medal) (Democracy Medal)
Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan
Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Command & Staff College Quetta Command & Staff College Quetta
(Independence Day
(Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) Instructor's Medal Student Medal
Golden Jubilee Medal)
Nishan-e-Haider
In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-e-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: ‫ )نشان حیدر‬is the highest and most prestigious honor awarded posthumously for
bravery and actions of valor in event of war.: 220 [211] The honor is a namesake of Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed
meaning martyr.: 4 [212]
Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honored with this prestigious medal— out of which,
nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[213]
Regiment/Corps of the War and Gallantry

Order Recipients Rank Year of conflict
recipient Ribbon
Raja Muhammad
1 Captain Punjab Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1947
Sarwar
2 Saif Ali Janjua Naik (Corporal) Azad Kashmir Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1947
1958 India-East Pakistan border
3 Tufail Mohammad Major Punjab Regiment
skirmishes
4 Raja Aziz Bhatti Major Punjab Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
5 Shabbir Sharif Major Frontier Force Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

Muhammad Hussain Nishan-e-Haider
6 Sepoy (Pvt.) Armoured Corps Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Janjua (lit. Order of Lion)
Nine out of ten
7 Muhammad Akram Major Frontier Force Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Army personnel
Lance Naik (Lance have been
8 Muhammad Mahfuz Punjab Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Corporal) posthumously
9 Karnal Sher Captain Sindh Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1999 honored
10 Lalak Jan Havildar (Sgt.) Northern Light Infantry Regiment Indo-Pakistani war of 1999
Recipient of the foreign awards
The Pakistan Army has been conferred with the foreign awards for its services provided to the foreign nations, including the honoring of two army pilots from
the Aviation Corps who conducted a difficult operation in extracting the Slovenian mountaineer, Tomaz Humar, who got stranded on the western end of the
8,125-metre-high (26,657 ft) Nanga Parbat and the Slovenian President presented Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir with the Golden Order for
Services in the country's capital, Ljubljana, for risking their lives during the rescue mission, a Pakistan Army statement said.[214]
In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honored multiple times with the United States's Legion of Merit for cooperation and
strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980s–2015.: 261 [215] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with a gold medal at the Exercise Cambrian
Patrol held in Wales in the United Kingdom.[216][217]
Sports
The Army offers programs in many sports including boxing, field hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, karate, basketball, soccer, and other sports.[218]
The Army basketball program regularly provides the Pakistan national basketball team with players.[219]
See also
National Guard (Pakistan) Military history of Pakistan
Civil Armed Forces Pakistan Army Retribution (video game)
Comparative military ranks Pakistan Military Academy
Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition Special Service Group (SSG)
List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army Structure of the Pakistan Army
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Pakistan Army

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2/1/23, 8:34 AM Pakistan Army - Wikipedia

2.220th Century: Cold war and conflict performances

2.2.3Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969–1971)

2.2.4Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971–1977)

2.2.5Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977–1999)

2.321st Century: War performances

3.1Command and control structure

4.4Recruitment and training

4.5Women and religion in the Pakistan Army

6Components and structure

6.1Army components and branches

6.3Combat maneuvering organizations

6.5Special operations forces

7.1Combat doctrine (1947–2007)

8Education and training

8.1Schooling, teachings, and institutions

8.2Civil engineering and construction

9UN peacekeeping missions

10Involvement in Pakistani society

11Corporate and business activities

12Awards and Honors

12.1Wartime Gallantry Awards

12.3Recipient of the foreign awards

Mission Bangladesh Liberation War

1999 Kargil War

2011 India–Pakistan border

2013 India–Pakistan border

Early origins border skirmishes

night of 14/15 August 1947.: 2–3 [6] Gulf War

Afghanistan Conflict (1978–

1999 East Timorese crisis

Sri Lankan Civil War

Sectarian conflicts in Pakistan

1969 coup d'état

and Frontier Corps in the Western Pakistan.[6]

Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian invasion (1969–1971)

Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration (1971–1977)

In January 1972, the Bhutto administration formed the POW Commission to

Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and covert actions (1977–1999)

21st Century: War performances

Religious insurgency and War on terror (2001 – present)

Organization Pakistan army destroying an Indian

Quartermaster General (QMG).[2]

Field Lieutenant- Major- Lieutenant- Second

Junior Commissioned Officer/Warrant Officer ranks

Infantry/other title Subedar-Major Subedar Naib Subedar

Cavalry/armor title Risaldar Major Risaldar Naib Risaldar

Structure of enlisted ranks of the Pakistan Army

Recruitment and training

Women and religion in the Pakistan Army

The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Defense Science and Technology

The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main battle

Military Uniforms in the Pakistan Army

Components and structure

Army components and branches

Pakistan Army branches and functional areas

Armoured Corps (AC) Army Services Corps (ASC)

Air Defence Corps (AD) Military Police (MP)

Artillery Corps (ARTY) Medical Corps (AMC)

Signals Corps (Sigs) Education Corps (AEC)

Infantry Regiments (Inf) Ordnance Corps (Ord)

Special Forces (SSG) Military Intelligence Corps (CMI)

Coast Guards (CG) Coastal