Durrani Empire

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1Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772)
1.1Foundation of the Afghan state

1.2Early victories
1.3Relations with China
1.4Third Battle of Panipat
1.5Final years
2Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)
2.1Humayun Mirza (1772)

2.2Timur Shah (1772–1793)
2.3Zaman Shah (1793–1801)

2.4Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803)
2.5Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)
2.6Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)

2.7Abbas Mirza (1810)
2.8Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)

2.9Ayub Shah (1819–1823)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire 1/13
3Durrani Herat (1793–1863)

4Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842)
5Military
6See also
7Notes
8References
9Sources
10External links
Durrani Empire
The Durrani Empire (Pashto: ‫ ;د درانيانو ټولواکمني‬Persian: ‫ )امپراتوری درانیان‬or the Durrani Empire
Afghan Empire (‫)امپراتوری افغان ;د افغانان ټولواکمني‬,[7] also known as the Sadozai ‫د درانیانو ټولواکمني‬ (Pashto)
Kingdom (‫)دولت سدوزایی ;سدوزي ټولواکمني‬,[8] was an Afghan empire that was
‫امپراتوری درانیان‬ (Persian)
founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 and spanned parts of Central Asia, the
Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its largest territorial extent, it 1747–1823 (Empire)
ruled over the present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of northeastern and 1793–1863 (Herat)
southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India.[9][8]: 190 Next 1839–1842 (Shuja's Kingdom)
to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most
impactful Muslim empires of the latter half of the 18th century.[10]
Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan chieftain of the
Abdali tribe) and the commander of Nader Shah Afshar. Following Afshar's death
in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul,
and Peshawar. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal Flag (Herat 1818–1842)
name from Abdali to Durrani. In 1749, the Mughal Empire had ceded
sovereignty over much of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out
westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by the Afsharid
dynasty under Shahrokh Shah, who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty.[11]
Subsequently, Ahmad sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush
down to the Amu Darya, and in short order, all of the different Afghan tribes
began to join his cause. Under Ahmad, the Afghans invaded India on four
occasions, subjugating parts of Kashmir and the majority of Punjab. In early

1757, he sacked Delhi, but permitted Mughal emperor Alamgir II to remain in
nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty over the regions
south of the Indus River.
Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son Timur Shah Durrani became the next
ruler of the Durrani dynasty. Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new
capital of the Durrani Empire while Peshawar served as its winter capital;
however, the empire had begun to crumble by this time.[12] The dynasty would
become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until Dost Muhammad Khan
and the Barakzai dynasty deposed the Durrani dynasty in Kabul, leading to its
supersession by the Emirate of Afghanistan. The Durrani Empire is considered to
be the foundational polity of the modern nation-state of Afghanistan, with Map of the Afghan Empire and its vassals
Ahmad being credited as its Father of the Nation.[13] under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1761.
Status 1747–1823 (Empire)
Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772) 1793–1863 (Herat)
1839–1842 (Kabul)
Foundation of the Afghan state Capital Kandahar (1747–1776)

Kabul (1776–1823,
In 1709 Mirwais Hotak, chief of the Ghilji tribe of Kandahar Province, gained 1839–1842)
independence from the Safavid Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son Mahmud Peshawar (1776–1823;
Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and declared himself as Shah of Persia. winter capital)[1][2]
However, the Hotak dynasty came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled Herat (1793–1863)[3]
and banished by the Afsharids who were led by Nader Shah Afshar of Persia.
Common languages Pashto (poetry, initially
The year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity used in bureaucracy)[a][4][5]
independent of both the Persian and Mughal empires.[14] In July of that year a Persian (chancery, chief
loya jirga (grand council) was called into session. The jirga lasted for nine days
court language)[5]
and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai
lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Sadozai. Mohammad Sabir Khan, a noted Religion Sunni Islam
darwish (holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be the
leader of the Afghans, rose in the jirga and said Government Elective Monarchy
Shah
• 1747–1772 Ahmad Shah Durrani
Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much • 1772 Humayun Mirza
greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the (Disputed with Timur
Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will Shah)
weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it. • 1772–1793 Timur Shah Durrani
• 1793–1801 Zaman Shah Durrani
• 1801–1803 Mahmud Shah Durrani
Ahmad Khan reputedly hesitated to accept the open decision of the jirga, so • 1803–1809 Shujah Shah Durrani
Sabir Khan again intervened. He placed some wheat or barley sheaves in Ahmad • 1809–1818 Mahmud Shah Durrani
Khan's turban, and crowned him Badshah, Durr-i-Dauran (Shah, Pearl of the (Disputed in 1810)
Age).[15] The jirga concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah • 1810–1810 (Disputed) Abbas Mirza Durrani
Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani • 1818–1819 Ali Shah Durrani
dynasty was founded. Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad • 1819–1823 Ayub Shah Durrani
Shah had several overriding factors in his favor. He belonged to a respectable • 1839–1842 Shujah Shah Durrani
family of political background, especially since his father had served as Governor
of Herat who died in a battle defending the Afghans. Historical era Early modern period
• Dynasty established by July 1747
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Early victories • Shah Shujah Durrani 1839
• Disestablished 1863
One of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture Qalati Ghilji and
Ghazni from the Ghilji, and wrest Kabul and Peshawar from Mughal-appointed Area
governor Nasir Khan. In 1749, the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was 1761 2,020,190 km2
induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important trans Indus River to (780,000 sq mi)
Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.[16]: 69 Population
Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad • 1761 14 million[6]
Shah turned westward to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Nader
Shah Afshar's grandson, Shahrukh Afshar. Ahmad Shah next sent an army to Preceded by Succeeded by
subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains. In short order, the
Afsharid Iran Emirate of Afghanistan
powerful army brought under its control the Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, and
Mughal Empire Sikh Empire
other tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the
Maratha Empire Emirate of Herat
Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the
Bukhara Khanate Principality of Qandahar
Kashmir and Punjab regions, with Lahore being governed by Afghans. He sacked
Maimana Khanate
Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of
the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab,
Today part of Afghanistan
Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son Timur Shah to safeguard his Iran
interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. Pakistan
India
Relations with China
Alarmed by the expansion of China's Qing Dynasty up to the eastern border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad
Shah attempted to rally neighboring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China,
ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects.[17] Ahmad Shah halted trade with Qing China and
dispatched troops to Kokand.[18] However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state
treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient
resources to do anything except to send envoys to Beijing for unsuccessful talks.
Third Battle of Panipat
The Mughal power in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, who
died in 1707. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when
Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa.[20] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of
India from their capital at Pune and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals
remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control
towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the
City of Kandahar, its principal
booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. He defeated the
bazaar and citadel, as seen from the
Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from Nakkara Khauna
India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under
Maratha rule.[21] Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India
and face the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy.
Ahmad Shah declared a jihad (or Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various
Afghan tribes joined his army, including the Baloch people under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir
Nasir I of Kalat. Suba Khan Tanoli (Zabardast Khan) was selected as army chief of all military forces.
Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons
in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to
confront the Marathas. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his
army. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of
Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a confrontation between two warring
Ahmad Shah Durrani and his
contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought
coalition decisively defeat the
between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Despite
Maratha Confederacy, during the
decisively defeating the Marathas, what might have been Ahmad Shah's peaceful control of his
Third Battle of Panipat and restored
domains was disrupted by many challenges. As far as losses are concerned, Afghans too suffered
the Mughal Empire to Shah Alam
heavily in the Third Battle of Panipat. This weakened his grasp over Punjab which fell to the rising
II.[19]
Sikh misls. There were rebellions in the north in the region of Bukhara. The Durranis decisively
defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761.[22] The defeat at Panipat
resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the news of the defeat of Panipat
on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa, while leading a reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son
Vishwasrao in the Battle of Panipat. He died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I.[23]
Final years
The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even
prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from
Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the Sikhs. From this time and on, the domination and
control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had lost parts of Punjab
to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a
compromise with them.[16]: 71
The Bala Hissar fort in Peshawar
He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of Amritsar, massacred thousands of Sikh was one of the royal residences of
inhabitants, destroyed their revered Golden Temple.[24] Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again the Durrani kings.
and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs
permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā when they killed
thousands of Sikhs in the Punjab in 1762.[25]: 144–45 [26][27][25]: 154 Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he
and the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in
the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died in 1772.[28] He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and
hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of
Afghanistan.[2]
The Durrani Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[29]
Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)

Ahmad Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire
per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others in this
half century. By 1818, the Sadozai rulers who succeeded Ahmad Shah controlled little more than Kabul and the surrounding territory
within a 160-kilometer radius. They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among the Durrani
Pashtuns.
Humayun Mirza (1772)
A few months before his death, Ahmad Shah summoned Timur Shah from Herat and publicly declared him heir to the Durrani Empire.
Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into
question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported
Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's brother, Sulaiman, the governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the
Sulaiman faction were Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to
reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should ascend to the throne. Ahmad had ignored this, and quoted:
"Timur Shah was infinitely more capable of governing you than his brother". As well as accusing Sulaiman of being "Violent without
clemency", and out of favour with the Kandahari Durranis. Ahmad Shah's decision could have been influenced by his illness, which had
affected his brain and his mental state. However, choosing Timur Shah as a successor was likely to restrict power of the Senior Generals
and the Durrani Tribal Council, which he deemed as a threat to his dynasty in the future.[30]
When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with him ruling over Herat,
and poisoned the ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur
Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled, however, as a
rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed
this revolt quickly and Darwish Khan was imprisoned; however, he later escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into Herat, offering
pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place.[31]
During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness in 1772. Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan kept the Shah's death
a secret by placing the body on a palanquin covered by thick curtains.[31] They had then left the King's mountain, taking as much
treasure as they could and marched to Kandahar. Shah Wali Khan had also announced to everyone that the king was ill and had given
orders to not disturb him except his trusted officials. To make the deception more believable, Ahmad Shah's chief eunuch, Yaqut Khan
had brought food for the "Sick" Ruler. Shah wali Khan had then notified Sulaiman that Ahmad Shah was dead and proclaimed Sulaiman
as king. However, many of the Amirs including Mahadad Khan had disliked Shah Wali's ambitions, and thus had fled to Timur's side,
also notifying him of the ongoing situation at Kandahar.[32] Timur Shah had then marched toward Kandahar to face Shah Humayun.[33]
Shah Wali, fearing of Timur's march had consulted with Shah Humayun, and had agreed on him marching out to Prince Timur Shah to
welcome him. He left Kandahar with over 150 horsemen and had arrived at Prince Timur's force at Farah. Having not sent word, once
Shah Wali had dismounted, Timur Shah ordered the killing of Shah Wali. Angu Khan Bamiza'i assassinated Shah Wali Khan and his two
sons, including 2 of his sisters children.[34] Shah Sulayman surrendered the throne to Timur Shah following this, and became a loyal
follower of him according to the depiction of Amir Habibullah Khan.[34] Timur Shah ascended the throne in November 1772.[35]
Timur Shah (1772–1793)
After his father, Ahmad Shah Durrani's death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for the throne, with Humayun supported by Shah
Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then
marched to Kandahar, forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began
consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more toward the growing influential Qizilbash
and Mongol guards consisted in his army. Timur Shah would also move the capital of the Durrani Realm from Kandahar to Kabul, as a
better base of operation to combat any threat arriving from anywhere, as Kabul was essentially the heart of the empire. After
consolidating his power, Timur Shah marched against the Sikh's in 1780 in a Jihad, and decisively defeated the Sikhs, forcing them to
return Multan toward Durrani Suzerainty after it was seized after the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Timur Shah, having secured
Punjab, also faced recurring rebellions against him, including an assassination attempt early in his reign at Peshawar. Timur Shah
would encounter harsh resistance and rebellion, prominently those of Fayz Allah Khan, Azad Khan, and Arsalan Khan. Timur Shah in
his reign also fought against Shah Murad, the ruler of Bukhara who attempted raids into Afghan Turkestan and Khorasan, often
harassing the Durrani vassal of the Afsharid dynasty centred in Mashhad. In conclusion, Timur Shah spent most of his reign
consolidating the empire, while also fighting off rebellion, he prove himself as a competent leader from holding the unstable empire
apart. Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793, succeeded by his son, Zaman Shah Durrani
Zaman Shah (1793–1801)
After the death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar, Herat and Kabul,
contended for the succession. Zaman Shah, governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in
control of the capital, and became shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were
imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The
quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided the pretext
for the interventions of outside forces.
The efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes,
and their efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders,
The main street in the bazaar at
were ultimately unsuccessful. The Sikhs started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, Ranjit
Kabul, 1842 James Atkinson
Singh, who succeeded in wresting power from Zaman's forces. Later, when Zaman was blinded by
watercolour painting.
his brother, Ranjit Singh gave him asylum in Punjab.
Zaman's downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through
the support of the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove prominent
Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai. This upset the delicate balance of
Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against
the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan.
Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's
younger brother, Mahmud Shah. The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took Kandahar
without bloodshed. Mahmud Shah had then proceeded to march to Kabul, where he met Zaman Shah and his army on the way from
Ghanzi to Kabul, Zaman Shah was decisively defeated, including portions of his army fleeing to Mahmud Shah's cause. Mahmud Shah
ordered the lancing of Zaman Shah's eyes, and had succeeded Zaman Shah on the throne of the Durrani Empire.[36]
Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803)
Zaman Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud
Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah.
Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)
Yet another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. On June 7, 1809, Shuja Shah signed a treaty with
the British, which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign troops through his territories. This agreement,
the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of Franco-Persian aggression against Afghan or British
dominions. Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud. Much later, he was
reinstated by the British, ruling during 1839–1842. Two of his sons also ruled for a brief period in 1842.
Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)
Mahmud's second reign lasted 9 years, where he had further attempted to consolidate power, but was deposed by his brother in 1818,
Mahmud's reign was also disputed in 1810, while he was campaigning, another one of Timur Shah Durrani's sons had seized the throne,
but was defeated by Shah Mahmud in 1810.
Abbas Mirza (1810)
While Mahmud Shah was campaigning in 1810, another one of Timur Shah's sons placed himself in rule at Kabul. Abbas Mirza ruled for
a short period of time before being defeated by Mahmud Shah once he returned from campaign.
Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)
Ali Shah was another son of Timur Shah. He seized power for a brief period in 1818–1819. in 1818 or 1819, He was strangled by his
brother, Isma'il.[37]
Ayub Shah (1819–1823)
Ayub Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who took control of the Durrani Empire after the death of Ali Shah Durrani. The Durrani
Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[29] Ayub Shah was himself later deposed, and
presumably killed in 1823.
Durrani Herat (1793–1863)
Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842)
Military
The Durrani military was based on cavalry armed with flintlocks who performed hit-and-run attacks, combining new technology in
firearms with Turco-Mongol tactics.[38] The core of the Durrani army were the 10,000 sher-bacha (blunderbuss)-carrying mounted
ghulams (slave-soldiers) of which a third were previously Shia soldiers (Qizilbash) of Nader Shah. Many others were also former troops
of Nader Shah. The bulk of the army were Afghan irregular tribal cavalry armed with lance and broadsword. Mounted archers were still
used but were uncommon due to the difficulty of training them. Infantry played a very small role in the Durrani army and, with the
exception of light swivel guns mounted on camels, the Zamburak, so did artillery.[39]
See also
Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
List of Pashtun empires and dynasties
Deoni
Notes
a. Ahmad Shah Durrani wrote poetry in Pashto.[4]
References
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tps://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC). Stanford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780804777773. Archived (https://web.
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w.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf) (PDF). Asia Publishing House. Archived from the original (http://www.khyber.org/boo
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2/1/23, 9:08 AM Durrani Empire - Wikipedia

1.1Foundation of the Afghan state

1.4Third Battle of Panipat

2Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)

2.1Humayun Mirza (1772)

2.3Zaman Shah (1793–1801)

2.5Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)

2.6Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)

2.8Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)

3Durrani Herat (1793–1863)

occasions, subjugating parts of Kashmir and the majority of Punjab. In early

Foundation of the Afghan state Capital Kandahar (1747–1776)

Relations with China

Third Battle of Panipat

Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)

Humayun Mirza (1772)

Timur Shah (1772–1793)

Zaman Shah (1793–1801)

Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803)

Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)

Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)

Abbas Mirza (1810)

Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)

Ayub Shah (1819–1823)

Durrani Herat (1793–1863)

Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842)

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