Kabul

2/1/23, 9:08 AM Kabul - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E
Contents
move to sidebar hide
(Top)
1Toponymy and etymology
2History "2003 National Geographic Population Map" (htt
p://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/featur
e2/images/mp_download.2.pdf) (PDF). Thomas
2.1Antiquity
Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University
2.2Islamisation and Mongol invasion of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor.
National Geographic Society. November 2003. Archived
2.3Timurid and Mughal era (https://web.archive.org/web/20170912083622/http://
2.4Durrani and Barakzai dynasties ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/image
s/mp_download.2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12
2.520th century September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
2.5.1Occupations wars and Taliban Regime (1996–2001)
2.621st century
3Geography
3.1Climate
3.2Environment
3.3Districts
4Demographics
5Sports
6Government and politics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul 1/55
7Economy and infrastructure
7.1Development planning
7.2Communications
7.3Hotels and other lodging
8Culture and landmarks
8.1Architecture
9Transportation
9.1Air
9.2Road
9.3Public transport
9.4Internet-based participatory planning
10Education
10.1Universities
11Health care
12Notable people
13Twin towns – sister cities
14See also
15References
16Further reading
17External links
Kabul
Kabul (/ˈkɑːbʊl, kəˈbʊl/; ‫ ;کابل‬Pashto: [kɑˈbəl]; Dari: [kɑːˈbʊl]) is the capital and largest
city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, Kabul
forming part of the Kabul Province; it is administratively divided into 22 municipal ‫کابل‬
districts. According to late 2022 estimates, the population of Kabul was 13.5 million
people.[5][6][7] In contemporary times, the city has served as Afghanistan's political, Municipality
cultural, and economical centre,[8] and rapid urbanisation has made Kabul the 75th-
largest city in the world[9] and the country's primate city.
The modern-day city of Kabul is located high up in a narrow valley between the Hindu
Kush, and is bounded by the Kabul River. At an elevation of 1,790 metres (5,873 ft), it is
one of the highest capital cities in the world. Kabul is said to be over 3,500 years old,
mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Located at a
crossroads in Asia—roughly halfway between Istanbul, Turkey, in the west and Hanoi,
Vietnam, in the east—it is situated in a strategic location along the trade routes of Central
Asia and South Asia, and was a key destination on the ancient Silk Road;[10] It was
traditionally seen as the meeting point between Tartary, India, and Persia.[11] Kabul has
also been under the rule of various other dynasties and empires, including the Seleucids,
the Kushans, the Hindu Shahis, Western Turks, the Turk Shahis, the Samanids, the
Khwarazmians, the Timurids, and the Mongols, among others. In the 16th century, the
Mughal Empire used Kabul as a summer capital, during which time it prospered and
increased in significance.[11] It briefly came under the control of the Afsharids following
Nader Shah's invasion of India, until finally becoming coming under local rule by the
Afghan Empire in 1747;[12] Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan in 1776, during the
reign of Timur Shah Durrani (a son of Ahmad Shah Durrani).[3] In the 19th century, the
city was occupied by the British, but after establishing foreign relations and agreements,
they were compelled to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan and returned to British
India. Left-to-right from top:
Kabul River and Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque,
Kabul is known for its historical gardens, bazaars, and palaces;[13][14][15] well-known Zarnegar Park Mausoleum housing Abdur
examples are the Gardens of Babur and Darul Aman Palace, as well as the Arg. In the Rahman Khan, Sakhi Shrine, Bagh-e Bala
second half of the 20th century, it became a stop on the hippie trail undertaken by many Palace, city skyline of Kabul in 2020
Europeans,[16][17][18] and the city also gained the nickname "Paris of Central Asia" during
this time.[1][2][19] However, this period of tranquility ended in 1978 with the Saur
Revolution and subsequent Soviet military intervention in 1979, which sparked the
protracted Soviet–Afghan War until 1989. The 1990s were marked by continuous civil
wars between various splinter factions of the disbanded Afghan mujahideen, which
destroyed much of the city.[20] In 1996, Kabul was captured by the Taliban after four
years of intermittent fighting with other Afghan factions. However, the Taliban-ruled city Seal
soon fell to the United States after the American-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. In Flag
2021, Kabul was re-captured by the Taliban following the withdrawal of American-led
Nickname: Paris of Central Asia[1][2]
military forces from Afghanistan.
Toponymy and etymology

Kabul (/ˈkɑːbuːl/,[21] /ˈkɑːbəl/; Pashto: ‫ کابل‬Kâbəl, IPA: [kɑˈbəl]; Dari: ‫ کابل‬Kābol,
Kabul
IPA: [kɒːˈbol])[22] is also spelled as Cabool, Cabol, Kabol, or Cabul.
Kabul was known by different names throughout history.[23] Its meaning is unknown,
but "certainly pre-dates the advent of Islam when it was an important centre on the route
between India and the Hellenic world".[24] In Sanskrit, it was known as Kubha, whereas
Greek authors of classical antiquity referred to it as Kophen, Kophes or Koa.[23] The
Chinese traveler Xuanzang (fl. 7th century CE) recorded the city as Kaofu（高附）.[23]
The name "Kabul" was first applied to the Kabul river before being applied to the area Show map of Afghanistan
Show map of Asia
situated between the Hindu Kush and Sindh (present-day Pakistan).[23][24] This area was Show all
also known as Kabulistan.[23] Alexander Cunningham (died 1893) noted in the 19th Coordinates: 34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E
century that Kaofu as recorded by the Chinese was in all likelihood the name of "one of
the five Yuchi or Tukhari tribes".[23] Cunningam added that this tribe gave its name to Country Afghanistan
the city after it was occupied by them in the 2nd century BCE.[23] This "supposition Province Kabul
seems likely" as the Afghan historian Mir Ghulam Mohammad Ghobar (1898–1978) No. of 22
wrote that in the Avesta (sacred book of Zoroastrianism), Kabul was known as districts
Vaekereta, whereas the Greeks of antiquity referred to it as Ortospana ("High Place"), No. of 630
Gozars
which corresponds to the Sanskrit word Urddhastana, which was applied to Kabul.[23]
The Greek geographer Ptolemy (died c. 170 CE) recorded Kabul as Καβουρα Capital 1776[3]
(Kabura).[23] formation
Government
According to a legend, one could find a lake in Kabul, in the middle of which the so- • Type Municipality
called "Island of Happiness" could be found, where a joyous family of musicians lived.[23] • Mayor Hamdullah Nomani
According to this same legend, the island became accessible by the order of a king • Deputy Maulvi Abdul Rashid[4]
through the construction of a bridge (i.e. "pul" in Persian) made out of straw (i.e. "kah" Mayor
in Persian).[23] According to this legend the name Kabul was thus formed as a result of
Area
these two words combined, i.e. kah + pul.[23] The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World • Total 1,028.24 km2 (397.01 sq mi)
Place Names argues that the "suggestion that the name is derived from the Arabic root • Land 1,028.24 km2 (397.01 sq mi)
qbl ‘meeting’ or ‘receiving’ is unlikely".[24] • Water 0 km2 (0 sq mi)
Elevation 1,791 m (5,876 ft)
It remains unknown when the name "Kabul" was first applied to the city.[23] However, it
"came into prominence" following the destruction of Kapisa and other cities in what is Population (2022)
present-day Afghanistan by Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227) in the thirteenth century.[23] • Total 13 million "Estimated Population
Due to the centrality of the city within the region, as well as its cultural importance as a of Afghanistan 2,021–22" (PDF).
nexus of ethnic groups in the region, Kabul became known as the Paris of Central Asia in National Statistic and
Information Authority. April
the late 20th century.
2,021. Archived (PDF) from the
original on 24 June 2,021.
History Retrieved 21 June 2,021
Demonyms Kabuli
Time zone UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan
Antiquity Standard Time)
Postal code 100X, 101X, 105X, 106X
The origin of Kabul, who built it and when, is largely unknown.[25] The Hindu Rigveda,
composed between 2000 and 1500 BC and one of the four canonical texts of Hinduism, Area code (+93) 20
and the Avesta, the primary canon of texts of Zoroastrianism, refer to the Kabul River Climate BSk
and to a settlement called Kubha.[25][26] Website km.gov.af (http://km.gov.af/)
The Kabul valley was part of the Median Empire (c. 678–549 BC).[27] In 549 BC, the
Median Empire was annexed by Cyrus The Great and Kabul became part the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC).[28] During that
period, Kabul became a center of learning for Zoroastrianism, followed by Buddhism and Hinduism.[29] An inscription on Darius the
Great's tombstone lists Kabul as one of the 29 countries of the Achaemenid Empire.[26]
When Alexander annexed the Achaemenid Empire, the Kabul region came under his control.[30] After his death, his empire was seized
by his general Seleucus, becoming part of the Seleucid Empire. In 305 BCE, the Seleucid Empire was extended to the Indus River which
led to friction with the neighbouring Mauryan Empire.[31]
During the Mauryan period, trade flourished because of uniform weights and measures. Irrigation facilities for public use were
developed leading to an increased harvest of crops. People were also employed as artisans, jewellers, and carpenters.[32]
The Greco-Bactrians took control of Kabul from the Mauryans in the early 2nd century BC, then lost the city to their subordinates in the
Indo-Greek Kingdom around the mid-2nd century BC. Buddhism was greatly patronised by these rulers and the majority of people of
the city were adherents of the religion.[33] Indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BC, but lost the city to the
Kushan Empire about 100 years later.[34][35]
It is mentioned as Kophes or Kophene in some classical writings.

Hsuan Tsang refers to the city as Kaofu[36] in the 7th century AD,
which is the appellation of one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi
who had migrated from across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul
valley around the beginning of the Christian era.[37] It was
conquered by Kushan Emperor Kujula Kadphises in about 45 AD
and remained Kushan territory until at least the 3rd century
AD.[38][39] The Kushans were Indo-European-speaking peoples
based in Bactria.[40]
Buddha statue at the museum in
Around 230 AD, the Kushans were defeated by the Sassanid Kabul, early 1st millennium
Kushan Empire Empire and replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the Indo-
Sassanids. During the Sassanian period, the city was referred to
as "Kapul" in Pahlavi scripts.[26] Kapol in the Persian language means Royal (ka) Bridge (pol), which
is due to the main bridge on the Kabul River that connected the east and west of the city. In 420 AD, the Indo-Sassanids were driven out
of Afghanistan by the Xionite tribe known as the Kidarites, who were then replaced in the 460s by the Hephthalites. It became part of
the surviving Turk Shahi Kingdom of Kapisa, also known as Kabul-Shahan.[41] According to Táríkhu-l Hind by Al-Biruni, Kabul was
governed by princes of Turkic lineage.[41]|Abu Rayhan Biruni|978–1048 AD}} It was briefly held by the Tibetan Empire between 801
and 815.
Islamisation and Mongol invasion
The Islamic conquest reached modern-day Afghanistan in 642 AD, at a time when Kabul was
independent.[42] A number of failed expeditions were made to Islamise the region. In one of them,
Abdur Rahman bin Samara arrived in Kabul from Zaranj in the late 600s and converted 12,000
inhabitants to Islam before abandoning the city. Muslims were a minority until Ya'qub bin Laith as-
Saffar of Zaranj conquered Kabul in 870 and established the first Islamic dynasty in the region. It
was reported that the rulers of Kabul were Muslims with non-Muslims living close by. Iranian
traveller and geographer Istakhri described it in 921:
Kábul has a castle celebrated for its strength, accessible only by one road. In it there are
Musulmáns, and it has a town, in which are infidels from Hind.[43] Map showing names of the regions
during the 7th century.
Over the following centuries, the city was successively controlled by the Samanids, Ghaznavids,
Ghurids, Khwarazmshahs, Qarlughids, and Khaljis. In the 13th century, the invading Mongols caused major destruction in the region.
Report of a massacre in the close by Bamiyan is recorded around this period, where the entire population of the valley was annihilated
by the Mongol troops as revenge for the death of Genghis Khan's grandson. As a result, many natives of Afghanistan fled south toward
the Indian subcontinent where some established dynasties in Delhi. The Chagatai Khanate and Kartids were vassals of Ilkhanate until
the dissolution of the latter in 1335.
Following the era of the Khalji dynasty in 1333, the famous Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta was visiting Kabul and wrote:
We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians
called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their
principal mountain is called Kuh Sulayman.[44]
Timurid and Mughal era
In the 14th century, Kabul became a major trading centre under

the kingdom of Timur (Tamerlane). In 1504, the city fell to
Babur from the north and made into his headquarters, which
became one of the principal cities of his later Mughal Empire. In
1525, Babur described Kabulistan in his memoirs by writing that:
There are many differing tribes in the Kābul country;

in its dales and plains are Turks and clansmen and
'Arabs; and in its town and in many villages, Sārts; Old painting showing the Great Wall
Humayun with his father Babur, out in the districts and also in villages are the Pashāi, of Kabul
emperors of the Mughal Empire Parājī, Tājik, Bīrkī and Afghān tribes. In the western
mountains are the Hazāra and Nikdīrī tribes, some of
whom speak the Mughūlī tongue. In the north-
eastern mountains are the places of the Kāfirs, such
as Kitūr and Gibrik. To the south are the places of the
Afghān tribes.[45]
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a poet from Hindustan who visited at the time wrote: "Dine and drink in Kabul: it is mountain,
desert, city, river and all else." It was from here that Babur began his 1526 conquest of Hindustan, which was ruled by the Afghan Lodi
dynasty and began east of the Indus River in what is present-day Pakistan. Babur loved Kabul due to the fact that he lived in it for 20
years and the people were loyal to him, including the weather that he was used to. His wish to be buried in Kabul was finally granted.
The inscription on his tomb contains the famous Persian couplet, which states:
‫اگرفردوس روی زمین است همین است و همین است و همین است‬
Transliteration:
Agar fardus rui zamayn, ahmain ast', o ahmain ast', o ahmain ast'.
(If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this!)[46]
Kabul remained in Mughal control for the next 200 years.[47] Though Mughal power became centred within the Indian subcontinent,
Kabul retained importance as a frontier city for the empire; Abul Fazl, Emperor Akbar's chronicler, described it as one of the two gates
to Hindustan (the other being Kandahar).[48] As part of administrative reforms under Akbar, the city was made capital of the
eponymous Mughal province, Kabul Subah. Under Mughal governance, Kabul became a prosperous urban centre, endowed with bazaars
such as the non-extant Char Chatta.[47] For the first time in its history, Kabul served as a mint centre, producing gold and silver Mughal
coins up to the reign of Alamgir II.[49] It acted as a military base for Shah Jahan's campaigns in Balkh and Badakhshan. Kabul was also a
recreational retreat for the Mughals, who hunted here and constructed several gardens. Most of the Mughals' architectural contributions
to the city (such as gardens, fortifications, and mosques) have not survived.[47][50] During this time, the population was about
60,000.[11]
Under later Mughal Emperors, Kabul became neglected.[47] The empire lost the city when it was captured in 1738 by Nader Shah, who
was en route to invade the Indian subcontinent.[49]
Durrani and Barakzai dynasties
Nine years after Nader Shah and his forces invaded and occupied
the city as part of the more easternmost parts of his Empire, he
was assassinated by his own officers, causing its rapid
disintegration. Ahmad Shah Durrani, commander of 4,000
Abdali Afghans, asserted Pashtun rule in 1747 and further
expanded his new Afghan Empire. His ascension to power
marked the beginning of Afghanistan. By this time, Kabul had
Chihil Sutun Palace (also known as lost its status as a metropolitan city, and its population had
"Hendaki"), one of numerous decreased to 10,000.[51] Interest in the city was renewed when Shujah Shah Durrani, the last
palaces built by the Emir in the 19th Ahmad Shah's son Timur Shah Durrani, after inheriting power, Durrani King, sitting at his court
century transferred the capital of the Durrani Empire from Kandahar to inside the Bala Hissar
Kabul in 1776.[3][47] Kabul experienced considerable urban
development during the reigns of Timur Shah and his successor
Zaman Shah; several religious and public buildings were constructed, and diverse groups of Sufis, jurists, and literary families were
encouraged to settle the city through land grants and stipends.[52][47] Kabul's first visitor from Europe was Englishman George Forster,
who described 18th-century Kabul as "the best and cleanest city in Asia".[53]
In 1826, the kingdom was claimed by Dost Mohammad Khan, but in 1839 Shujah Shah Durrani was re-installed with the help of the
British Empire during the First Anglo-Afghan War. In 1841 a local uprising resulted in the killing of the British resident and loss of
mission in Kabul and the 1842 retreat from Kabul to Jalalabad. In 1842 the British returned to Kabul, demolishing the city's main
bazaar in revenge before returning to British India (now Pakistan). Akbar Khan took to the throne from 1842 to 1845 and was followed
by Dost Mohammad Khan.
The Second Anglo-Afghan War broke out in 1879 when Kabul was under Sher Ali Khan's rule, as the
Afghan king initially refused to accept British diplomatic missions and later the British residents
were again massacred. During the war, Bala Hissar was partially destroyed by a fire and an
explosion.[54]
20th century
Having become an established bazaar city, leather and textile industries developed by 1916.[55] The
majority of the population was concentrated on the south side of the river.
Kabul modernised throughout the regime of King Habibullah Khan, with the introduction of
electricity, telephone, and a postal service.[56] The first modern high school, Habibia, was
established in 1903. In 1919, after the Third Anglo-Afghan War, King Amanullah Khan announced
Afghanistan's independence in foreign affairs at Eidgah Mosque in Kabul. Amanullah was reform-
minded and he had a plan to build a new capital city on land about 6 km away from Kabul. This area
was named Darulaman and it consisted of the famous Darul Aman Palace, where he later resided.
Many educational institutions were founded in Kabul during the 1920s. In 1929 King Amanullah left Etching of Kabul by an Italian artist,
Kabul due to a local uprising orchestrated by Habibullah Kalakani, but he himself was imprisoned 1885
and executed after nine months in power by King Nader Khan. Three years later, in 1933, the new
king was assassinated during an award ceremony inside a school in Kabul. The throne was left to his
19-year-old son, Zahir Shah, who became the last King of Afghanistan. Unlike Amanullah Khan, Nader Khan and Zahir Shah had no
plans to create a new capital city, and thus Kabul remained the country's seat of government.
During the inter-war period France and Germany helped develop the country and maintained high schools and lycees in the capital,
providing education for the children of the city's elite families.[57] Kabul University opened in 1932 and by the 1960s western educated
Afghans made up the majority of teachers.[58] By the 1960s the majority of instructors at the university had degrees from Western
universities.[58]
Kabul's only railway service, the Kabul–Darulaman Tramway, operated for six years from 1923 to
1929.[59]
When Zahir Shah took power in 1933 Kabul had the only 10 kilometers (6 miles) of rail in the
country and the country had few internal telegraphs, phone lines or roads. Zahir turned to the
Japanese, Germans and Italians for help developing a modern transportation and communication
network.[60] A radio tower built by the Germans in 1937 in Kabul allowed instant communication
with outlying villages.[61] A national bank and state cartels were organised to allow for economic
Dilkusha Palace, built in European modernisation.[62] Textile mills, power plants, carpet and furniture factories were also built in
style in the 1900s Kabul, providing much-needed manufacturing and infrastructure.[62]
During the 1940s and 1950s, urbanisation accelerated and the

built-up area was increased to 68 km2 by 1962, an almost fourteen-fold increase compared to
1925.[55] The Serena Hotel opened in 1945 as the first Western style luxury hotel. Under the
premiership of Mohammad Daoud Khan in the 1950s, foreign investment and development
increased. In 1955, the Soviet Union forwarded $100 million in credit to Afghanistan, which financed
public transportation, airports, a cement factory, mechanised bakery, a five-lane highway from
Kabul to the Soviet border and dams, including the Salang Pass to the north of Kabul.[63] During the
1960s, Soviet-style microrayon housing estates were built, containing sixty blocks. The government
The river bank in the centre of Kabul
also built many ministry buildings in the brutalist architecture style.[64] In the 1960s the first Marks
in the 1960s
& Spencer store in Central Asia was built in the city. Kabul Zoo was inaugurated in 1967, which was
maintained with the help of visiting German zoologists. During this time, Kabul experimented with
liberalisation, notably the loosening of restrictions on speech and assembly which led to student
politics in the capital and various demonstrations by Socialist, Maoist, liberal or Islamist factions.[65]
Foreigners flocked to Kabul and the nation's tourism industry picked up speed. To accompany the
city with newfound tourism, western-style accommodations were opened in the 1960s, notably the
Spinzar Hotel.[66] Western, American and Japanese tourists were visiting the city's attractions[67]
including the "celebrated" Chicken Street[68] and the National Museum that used to have some of
Asia's finest cultural artifacts.[69] Lonely Planet called it an upcoming "tourist trap" in 1973.[70]
Additionally, Pakistanis were also visiting to watch Indian movies in cinemas that were banned in
their own country.[66] During this time, Kabul had been nicknamed the Paris of Central Asia.[1][2]
According to J. Bruce Amstutz, an American diplomat in Kabul:
People and traffic in a part of Kabul,
1976
[Before the 1978 Marxist coup d'etat] Kabul was a pleasant city [..] Though poor
economically, it was spared the eyesore slums so visible in other Asian cities. The
Afghans themselves were an imposing people, the men tall and self-assured and the
women attractive.[68]
Until the late 1970s, Kabul was a major stop on the famous Hippie trail, coming from Bamyan to the west on towards Peshawar.[71] At
the time, Kabul became known for its street sales of hashish and became a major tourist attraction for western hippies.[16]
Occupations wars and Taliban Regime (1996–2001)
On 28 April 1978, President Daoud and most of his family were assassinated in Kabul's
Presidential Palace in what is called the Saur Revolution. Pro-Soviet PDPA under Nur
Muhammad Taraki seized power and slowly began to institute reforms.[72] Private businesses
were nationalised in the Soviet manner.[73] Education was modified into the Soviet model, with
lessons focusing on teaching Russian, Marxism–Leninism and learning of other countries
belonging to the Soviet bloc.[73]
Amid growing internal chaos and heightened cold war tensions, the U.S. Ambassador to
Centre of Kabul in 1979; the Pul-e Khishti Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped on his way to work at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul on
bridge crosses the Kabul River to the old 14 February 1979 and killed during a rescue attempt at the Serena Hotel. There were conflicting
city in the south bank reports of who abducted Dubs and what demands were made for his release. Several senior
Soviet officials were in the lobby of the hotel during a standoff with the kidnappers, who were
holding Dubs in room 117.[74][75] Afghan police, acting on the advice of Soviet advisors and over
the objections of U.S. officials, launched a rescue attempt, during which Dubs was shot in the head from a distance of six inches and
killed.[76] Many questions about the killing remain unanswered.
On 24 December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and Kabul was heavily occupied by Soviet Armed Forces. In Pakistan,
Director-General of the ISI Akhtar Abdur Rahman advocated for the idea of covert operation in Afghanistan by arming Islamic
extremists who formed the mujahideen.[77] General Rahman was heard loudly saying: "Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!",[78] and
mastered the idea of proxy war in Afghanistan.[77] Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq authorised this operation under General Rahman,
which was later merged with Operation Cyclone, a programme funded by the United States and carried out by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
The Soviets turned the city of Kabul into their command centre during the Soviet–Afghan War, and while fighting was mostly taking
place in the countryside, Kabul was widely disturbed. Political crime and guerrilla attacks on military and government targets were
common, and the sound of gunfire became commonplace at night in the outskirts. Large numbers of PDPA party members and Soviet
troops were kidnapped or assassinated, sometimes in broad daylight, with acts of terrorism committed by civilians, anti-regime militias
and also Khalqists. By July 1980, as much as twelve party members were being assassinated on a daily basis, and the Soviet Army
stopped patrolling the city in January 1981. A major uprising against the Soviet presence broke out in Kabul in February 1980 in what is
called the 3 Hut uprising. It led to a night curfew in the city that would remain in place for seven years.[79] The Soviet Embassy also, was
attacked four times with arms fire in the first five years of the war. A Western correspondent
revisiting Kabul in December 1983 after a year, said that the city was "converted into a fortress
bristling with weapons".[80] Contrastingly, that same year American diplomat Charles Dunbar
commented that the Soviet troops' presence was "surprisingly modest",[81] and an author in a 1983
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists article thought that the Soviet soldiers had a "friendly"
atmosphere.[82]
The city's population increased from around 500,000 in 1978 to 1.5 million in 1988.[83] The large
influx were mostly internal refugees who fled other parts of the country for safety in Kabul. During Taj Beg Palace in 1987, the Soviet
this time, women made up 40% of the workforce. [84] Soviet men and women were very common in Army headquarters during the
the city's shopping roads, with the large availability of Western products. [81] Most Soviet civilians Soviet–Afghan War
(numbering between 8,000 and 10,000) lived in the northeastern Soviet-style Mikrorayon
(microraion) housing complex that was surrounded by barbed-wire and armed tanks. They
sometimes received abuse from anti-Soviet civilians on the streets.[85] The mujahideen rebels managed to strike at the city a few times—
on 9 October 1987, a car bomb planted by a mujahideen group killed 27 people, and on 27 April 1988, in celebrations of the 10th
anniversary of the Saur Revolution, a truck bomb killed six people.[86]
After the fall of Mohammad Najibullah's[87] government in April 1992, different mujahideen factions
entered the city and formed a government under the Peshawar Accords, but Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's
party refused to sign the accords and started shelling the city for power, which soon escalated into a
full-scale conflict. This marked the start of a dark period of the city: at least 30,000 civilians were
killed in a period known locally as the "Kabul Wars."[88] About 80 percent of the city was devastated
and destroyed by 1996.[89][90] The old city and western areas were among the worst-hit. A The New
York Times analyst said in 1996 that the city was more devastated than Sarajevo, which was similarly
damaged during the Bosnian War at the time.[91]
Kabul's Jada-e Maiwand in 1993,
The city suffered heavily under a bombardment campaign between rival militias which intensified showing the destruction caused by
during the summer of 1992. Its geographic location in a narrow valley made it an easy target from the civil war.
rockets fired by militias who based themselves in the surrounding mountains. [92] Within two years'
time, the majority of infrastructure was destroyed, a massive exodus of the population left to the
countryside or abroad, and electricity and water was completely out. In late 1994, bombardment of the capital came to a temporary
halt.[93][94][95] These forces took steps to restore law and order. Courts started to work again, convicting individuals inside government
troops who had committed crimes.[96] On 27 September 1996, the hardline Taliban militia seized Kabul and established the Islamic
Emirate of Afghanistan. They imposed a strict form of Sharia (Islamic law), restricting women from work and education,[97] conducting
amputations against common thieves, and hit-squads from the infamous "Ministry for Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice"
watching public beatings of people.[97]
21st century
In November 2001, the Northern Alliance captured Kabul after the Taliban had abandoned it following the American invasion. A month
later a new government under President Hamid Karzai began to assemble. In the meantime, a NATO-led International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF) was deployed in Afghanistan. The war-torn city began to see some positive development as many expatriate
Afghans returned to the country. The city's population grew from about 500,000 in 2001 to over 3 million in recent years. Many foreign
embassies re-opened. In 2008 the process started to gradually hand over security responsibilities from NATO to Afghan forces.[98]
From late 2001 the city has been continuously rebuilt -[99] many of the damaged landmarks were rebuilt or renovated, for example the
Gardens of Babur in 2005,[100] the arch of Paghman, the Mahmoud Khan Bridge clock tower in 2013,[101] and the Taj Beg Palace in
2021.[102] Local community efforts have also managed to restore war-ravaged local homes and dwellings.[103]
The city has experienced rapid urbanisation with an increasing population. Many informal
settlements have been built.[104] Since the late 2000s, numerous modern housing complexes have
been built, many of which are gated and secured, to serve a growing Afghan middle class.[105] Some
of these include the Aria City (in District 10) and Golden City (District 8).[106][107] Some complexes
have been built out-of-town, such as the Omid-e-Sabz township (District 13), Qasaba/Khwaja
Rawash township (District 15), and Sayed Jamaludin township (District 12).[108][109][110]
Throughout the years, a high-security "Green Zone" was formed in the centre of the city.[111] In 2010,
a series of manned checkpoints called the Ring of Steel was put into operation. Concrete blast walls
also appeared throughout Kabul in the 2000s for security reasons.[112] Modern high-rises built in the 2010s
Despite frequent terrorist attacks in the city, mainly by Taliban insurgents, the city continued to
develop and was the fifth fastest-growing city in the world as of 2012.[113][114] Until August 2021, the Afghan National Security Forces
(ANSF) had been in charge of security in and around the city. Kabul was periodically the scene of deadly bombings carried out mostly by
the Taliban and its wing the Haqqani network.[115][116][117][118] Government employees, soldiers and ordinary civilians have all been
targets of attacks.[119][120][121][122][123] The Afghan government called the actions of the terrorists war crimes. The deadliest attack yet
was a truck bombing in May 2017. The city was seized during the 2021 Taliban offensive on August 15, 2021; under Taliban rule the city
and the country has experienced some relative calm,[124] although a number of terrorist attacks have since been committed by the
regional ISIL branch.[125]
Geography
Kabul was situated in the eastern part of the country, 1,791
meters (5,876 feet) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged
between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River.
Immediately to the south of the old city are the ancient city walls
and the Sher Darwaza mountain, with the Shuhadayi Salihin
cemetery behind it. A bit further east is the ancient Bala Hissar
fortress with the Kol-e Hasmat Khan lake behind it.
Night scene in Kabul in 2016 looking
Qargha dam and lake
Its location has been described as a "bowl surrounded by northeast, with Koh-e 'Aliabad on
the left and Koh-e Asamai on the
mountains".[126] Some of the mountains (which are called koh)
right
include: Khair Khana-e Shamali, Khwaja Rawash, Shakhi Baran Tey, Chihil Sutun, Qurugh, Khwaja
Razaq and Sher Darwaza. There are also two mountains in between urban areas to the west: Koh-e
Asamai (locally known as the Television hill) and Ali Abad. Hills within the city (which are called
tapa) include Bibi Mahro and Maranjan.
The Logar River flows into Kabul from the south, joining the Kabul River not far from the city centre.
The city covers an area size of 1,023 square kilometres (395 sq mi), making it by far the largest in the
country. The closest foreign capital cities as the crow flies are Islamabad, Dushanbe, Tashkent, New
Delhi and Bishkek. Kabul is roughly equidistant between Istanbul (western Asia) and Hanoi (eastern
Asia).
Climate
Kabul has a continental, cold semi-arid climate (BSk), with precipitation concentrated in the winter A view of some of the mountains
that surround Kabul
(almost exclusively falling as snow) and spring months. Summers have very low humidity, providing
some relief from the heat. Autumns feature warm afternoons and sharply cooler evenings. Winters
are very cold by South Asian standards, with a subzero January daily average temperature of −2.3 °C
(27.9 °F), mainly due to the high elevation of the city. Spring is the wettest time of the year. Sunny conditions dominate year-round, and
the annual mean temperature is only 12.1 °C (53.8 °F), much lower than that of Afghanistan's other large cities.
Climate data for Kabul (1956–1983)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
18.8 18.4 26.7 28.7 33.5 36.8 37.8 37.3 35.1 31.6 24.4 20.4 37.7
Record high °C (°F)
(65.8) (65.1) (80.1) (83.7) (92.3) (98.2) (100.0) (99.1) (95.2) (88.9) (75.9) (68.7) (99.9)
4.5 5.5 12.5 19.2 24.4 30.2 32.1 32.0 28.5 22.4 15.0 8.3 19.5
Average high °C (°F)
(40.1) (41.9) (54.5) (66.6) (75.9) (86.4) (89.8) (89.6) (83.3) (72.3) (59.0) (46.9) (67.1)
−2.3 −0.7 6.3 12.8 17.3 22.8 25.0 24.1 19.7 13.1 5.9 0.6 12.1
Daily mean °C (°F)
(27.9) (30.7) (43.3) (55.0) (63.1) (73.0) (77.0) (75.4) (67.5) (55.6) (42.6) (33.1) (53.8)
−7.1 −5.7 0.7 6.0 8.8 12.4 15.3 14.3 9.4 3.9 −1.2 −4.7 4.3
Average low °C (°F)
(19.2) (21.7) (33.3) (42.8) (47.8) (54.3) (59.5) (57.7) (48.9) (39.0) (29.8) (23.5) (39.7)
−25.5 −24.8 −12.6 −2.1 0.4 3.1 7.5 6.0 1.0 −3.0 −9.4 −18.9 −25.5
Record low °C (°F)
(−13.9) (−12.6) (9.3) (28.2) (32.7) (37.6) (45.5) (42.8) (33.8) (26.6) (15.1) (−2.0) (−13.9)
34.3 60.1 67.9 71.9 23.4 1.0 6.2 1.6 1.7 3.7 18.6 21.6 312.0
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.35) (2.37) (2.67) (2.83) (0.92) (0.04) (0.24) (0.06) (0.07) (0.15) (0.73) (0.85) (12.28)
Average rainy days 2 3 10 11 8 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 48
Average snowy days 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20
Average relative humidity (%) 68 70 65 61 48 36 37 38 39 42 52 63 52
Mean monthly sunshine hours 177.2 178.6 204.5 232.5 310.3 353.4 356.8 339.7 303.9 282.6 253.2 182.4 3,175.1
Source: NOAA[127]
Environment
The Kabul River flowed through the heart of the city, dividing the central bazaars. There are several bridges (pul) crossing the river, the
major ones being Pul-e Shah-Do Shamshira, Pul-e Bagh-e Omomi, Pul-e Khishti, and Pul-e Mahmoud. Due to climate change, since the
21st century, the river runs dry most of the year, only filling up in the wetter winter and spring seasons.[128]
A large lake and wetland was located just to the southeast from the old city called Kol-e Hashmat Khan.[129] The marsh provides a
critical resting place to thousands of birds who fly between the Indian subcontinent and Siberia. In 2017 the government declared the
lake a protected area.[130] Some rare species of birds have been spotted at the lake, such as the Eastern imperial eagle and the Dalmatian
pelican.[131] Kabul's other large lake is Qargha, located some 9 km northwest from the centre. It is a major attraction for locals as well as
foreigners.[132]
Air pollution is a major problem in the city during the winter season, when many residents burn low-quality fuels.[133][134]
Districts
The city of Kabul located within Kabul District, one of the 15 districts of Kabul Province. As the
provincial capital, it forms a municipality (shārwāli) which is further divided into 22 administrative
districts called municipal districts or city districts (nāhia), which coincide with the official Police
Districts (PD).[135] The number of city districts increased from 11 to 18 in 2005, and then to 22 by
2010 after the incorporation of Districts 14 and 19–22 which were annexed by Kabul Municipality
from surrounding rural districts. The city limits have thus substantially increased. Due to
demarcation disputes with the provincial administration, some of these new districts are more
administered by the provincial districts than the municipality.
District 1 contains most of the old city. Downtown Kabul mostly consist of Districts 2, 4 and 10. In Location of Kabul Municipality within
addition, Districts 3 and 6 house many commercial and governmental points of interests.[136] The Kabul Province
city's north and west are the most urbanised, as opposed to the south and east.
The table below show the 22 city districts and their settlements, with information about its land size and usage, accurate as of 2011.[137]
City districts of Kabul
Urban Agricultural Vacant

Name Location Settlements Area Location map
area area area
Chindawol
Kharabat (street)
District 1 Jadayi Maiwand (street)
Central 4.67 km² 65.3% ~0% 18.9%
۱ ‫ناحیه‬ Mandawi (street)
Rika Khana
Shur Bazar
Andarabi
Baharistan
Deh Afghanan
District 2
Central Karte Ariana 6.76 km² 72.6% 0% 7.3%
۲ ‫ناحیه‬
Karte Parwan (part)
Murad Khane
Shash Darak (part)
Deh Bori
Deh Mazang
Deh Naw
District 3 Jamal Mina
West 9.22 km² 82% 0.6% 8.8%
۳ ‫ناحیه‬ Karte Char
Karte Mamorin (part)
Karte Sakhi
Silo (street, part)
Karte Parwan (part)

Kolola Pushta
District 4 11.63
Northwest Shahrara 83.1% 1% 6%
۴ ‫ناحیه‬ km²
Shahr-e Naw
Taimani
Afshar
Fazel Baig
Karte Mamorin (part)
District 5
West Khushal Khan Mena 29.2 km² 49.6% 14% 30.9%
۵ ‫ناحیه‬
Kote Sangi/Mirwais Maidan
Silo (street, part)
Qala-e Wazir

area area area
Darulaman
District 6
Southwest Karte Seh 49.1 km² 32.5% 13.5% 50.8%
۶ ‫ناحیه‬
Qala-e Shada
Aqa Ali Shams

Chihil Sutun
District 7
South Deh Dana 32.5 km² 46.8% 17% 31.6%
۷ ‫ناحیه‬
Gozar Gah
Wassel Abad
Beni Hisar
Karte Naw
District 8
Southeast Rahman Mina 48.4 km² 33.7% 33.9% 25.1%
۸ ‫ناحیه‬
Qalacha
Shah Shahid
Karte Wali
District 9 Mikrorayon (2nd, 3rd, 4th)
Northeast 24.5 km² 48.4% 29.7% 13.7%
۹ ‫ناحیه‬ Shash Darak (part)
Yaka Tut
Bibi Mahro
Char Qala
District
Qala-e Fathullah
10 North 13.0 km² 75.3% 10.8% 5.6%
Qala-e Musa
۱۰ ‫ناحیه‬
Sherpur
Wazir Akbar Khan
Hazara-e Baghal
District 11
Northwest Khair Khana 17.4 km² 75.4% 0% 21%
۱۱ ‫ناحیه‬
Qala-e Najara

area area area
Ahmad Shah Baba Mina/Arzan

District Qimat
12 East Bagrami 34.8 km² 33.2% 42.8% 21.7%
۱۲ ‫ناحیه‬ But Khak
Shina
District Bist Hazari

13 Southwest Dashte Barchi 46.6 km² 32% 23.5% 40.2%
۱۳ ‫ناحیه‬ Omid-e Sabz (township)
District
120.1
14 Northwest Paghman 8.6% 47% 24.6%
km²
۱۴ ‫ناحیه‬
Hamid Karzai Int'l (airfield)

District
15 North Khwaja Bughra 32.1 km² 32.2% 7.5% 33%
۱۵ ‫ناحیه‬ Khwaja Rawash
Qasaba (township)
District Mikrorayon (1st/Old)

16 East Qala-e Zaman Khan 25.2 km² 37.1% 33.2% 24.1%
۱۶ ‫ناحیه‬ Sement Khana
District
17 Northwest Shakar Dara 56.0 km² 16.7% 9.5% 72%
۱۷ ‫ناحیه‬

area area area
District Bakhtiaran
18 Northeast Deh Sabz 33.9 km² 19.4% 40.2% 29.2%
۱۸ ‫ناحیه‬ Tara Khel
District
141.4
19 Northeast Pul-e Charkhi 8.1% 0.05% 77.4%
km²
۱۹ ‫ناحیه‬
District
143.6
20 South Char Asiab 4.1% 17.7% 71.1%
km²
۲۰ ‫ناحیه‬
District
21 East Hudkhel 63.9 km² 1.5% 2.7% 88.1%
۲۱ ‫ناحیه‬
District
22 Southeast Shewaki 79.0 km² 6.5% 24.6% 62.2%
۲۲ ‫ناحیه‬
Demographics
Kabul's population was estimated in 2020 at about 4.6 million.[5] The city's population has long fluctuated due to the wars. The lack of
an up-to-date census means that there are various estimates of the population.
Kabul's population was estimated to have been about 10,000 in 1700, 65,000 by 1878, and 120,000
by 1940.[55] More recently, the population was around 500,000 in 1979, whilst another source
claims 337,715 as of 1976.[138] This figure rose to about 1.5 million by 1988, before dramatically
dropping in the 1990s. Kabul became one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, with its
population growing fourfold from 2001 to 2014. This was partly due to the return of refugees after
the fall of the Taliban regime, and partly due to Afghans moving from other provinces mainly due to
war between Taliban insurgents and Afghan government forces in their native areas as well as
looking for labor. This resulting rapid urbanisation means that many residents today live in informal
Young Afghan men and women at a settlements.[139] Shanty mud-brick homes on the mountainsides and steep hills have been built by
rock music festival inside the them and these are usually poverty-stricken, not connected to the water and electricity grid.
Gardens of Babur Although the settlements are illegal, they have been tolerated by authorities. In 2017 Kabul
Municipality started a project to paint the homes in these settlements in bright colors in an effort to
"cheer up" residents.[140][141]
Kabul is and has historically been the most ethnically diverse city in the country, with the population
including Afghans from all over the country.[142] About 55% of Kabul's population is Tajik. 25%
Hazara, another 20% is Pashtun, and minority ethnic groups include Baloch, Uzbek, Turkmen, and
Afghan Hindu. Almost three-quarters of the population of Kabul follow Sunni Islam, and around
Twenty-five percent of residents are Shiites. Other religions in the city include Sikhism and
Hinduism.
In 1525, Babur described the region in his memoirs by writing that:

Houses built on mountains
Eleven or twelve tongues are spoken in Kābul,—‘Arabī, Persian, Turkī, Mughūlī, Hindī,
Afghānī, Pashāī, Parājī, Gibrī, Bīrkī, and Lamghānī. If there be another country with so
many differing tribes and such a diversity of tongues, it is not known.[143]
— Baburnama, 1525
Along with Pashtun, Tajik and Hazara communities, who make up the majority of the population of the city, there was a significant
population of Uzbek, Turkmen, Kuchi, Qizilbash, Hindu, Sikh and other groups. The broader province of Kabul however, is dominated
by Pashtun and Tajik groups.[144][145] The Dari (Persian) and Pashto languages are widely used in the region, although Dari serves as the
lingua franca. Multilingualism is common throughout the area, particularly among the Pashtun people.
The term "Kabuli" (‫ )کابلی‬is referred to the urbanites of the city. They were ethnic-neutral, typically speak Dari (Persian), were generally
secularly educated, and favor Western fashion. Many Kabulites (especially elites and the upper class) left the country during the civil
war and are now outnumbered by rural people who moved in from the countryside, mostly refugees but also labor-seekers.[146][147]
About 68% of the city's population follow Sunni Islam while 30% are Shiites (mainly the Hazaras
and Qizilbash). The remaining 2% are followers of Sikhism and Hinduism, as well as one known
Christian resident (First Lady Rula Ghani) and one Jewish resident (Zablon Simintov) in the 2010s.
It is estimated that there were 500–8,000 Afghan Christians in the country as a whole; due to
restrictions on religious freedom, they often worship in secret, rendering it difficult to estimate the
number of Christians in Kabul specifically.[148] Hundreds of non-Muslims still remain after the
Taliban retakeover Afghanistan.[149] Kabul also has small Indian (which the Sikhs and Hindus
belong to) and Turkish communities (mostly business-owners and investors), and in the 1980s had a
Afghan girls in Kabul in 2012 sizable Russian community during the Soviet campaign in the country.
Sports
Cricket has historically been the dominant sport in Kabul, with 2 of 3 sports stadiums reserved for
it.[150]
Professional sports teams from Kabul
Club League Sport Venue Established
Afghanistan Premier
Kabul Zwanan Cricket Sharjah Cricket Stadium 2018
League
Alokozay Kabul International Cricket

Shpageeza Cricket
Kabul Eagles Cricket Ground 2015
League
Ayoubi Cricket Stadium Ghazi Stadium
Shaheen Asmayee
Afghan Premier League Football Ghazi Stadium 2012
F.C.
Sports complexes
Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground
Ghazi Stadium used for football
Olympic Committee Gymnasium
Government and politics
The municipality's administrative structure consisted of 17 departments under a mayor. Like other
provincial municipalities in Afghanistan, the municipality of Kabul dealt with city affairs such as
construction and infrastructure. The city districts (nāhia) collected certain taxes and issued building
licenses. Each city district had a district head appointed by the mayor, and lead six major departments
in the district office. The neighbourhood organisation structure at the nahia level was called a gozar.
Kabul has been Divided in to 630 Gozars. A wakil-e gozar was a person chosen to represent a
community within a city district.
Kabul's Chief of Police was Lt. Gen. Abdul Rahman Rahimi. The police were part of the Afghan National Arg, the Presidential Palace in
Police (ANP) under the Ministry of Interior and were arranged by city districts. The Police Chief was Kabul
selected by the Interior Minister and is responsible for all law enforcement activities throughout the
Kabul province.
Economy and infrastructure

Kabul's main products included fresh and dried fruit, nuts, beverages, Afghan rugs, leather and
sheep skin products, furniture, antique replicas, and domestic clothes. The World Bank authorised
US$25 million for the Kabul Urban Reconstruction Project which closed in 2011.[151] Over the last
decade, the United States has invested approximately $9.1 billion into urban infrastructure in
Afghanistan.[152][153] The wars since 1978 have limited the city's economic productivity but after the
establishment of the Karzai administration since late 2001, local economic developments have
included a number of indoor shopping malls. The first of these was the Kabul City Center, opened
2005. Others have also opened in recent years including Gulbahar Center, City Walk Mall and Majid
Mall.[154]
Marketplace in central Kabul
Mandawi Road on the south side of the river, located between Murad Khani and Shur Bazaar
neighbourhoods, is one of the main bazaars of Kabul. This wholesale market is very popular amongst
locals. Nearby is the Sarai Shahzada money exchange market.[155] Chicken Street is perhaps best known to foreigners.[156]
Kabul's largest industrial hub was located in District 9, on the north banks of the River Kabul and near the airport.[136] About 6 km
(4 mi) from downtown Kabul, in Bagrami, a 9-hectare (22-acre) industrial complex had been completed with modern facilities, which
allowed companies to operate businesses there. The park had professional management for the daily maintenance of public roads,
internal streets, common areas, parking areas, 24 hours perimeter security, access control for vehicles and people.[157] A number of
factories operated there, including the $25 million Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Omaid Bahar juice factory.
According to Transparency International, the government of Afghanistan was the third most-corrupt in the world, as of 2010.[158]
Experts believe that the poor decisions of Afghan politicians contributed to the unrest in the region. This also prevented foreign
investment in Afghanistan, especially by Western countries. In 2012, there were reportedly $3.9 billion paid to public officials in bribes
which contributed to these issues.[159]
Da Afghanistan Bank, the nation's central bank, was headquartered in Kabul. In addition, there are
several commercial banks in the city.[160]
Each year about 20,000 foreign tourists visited Afghanistan.[161]
Development planning Inside an antiquity shop in

Kabul's famous Chicken Street
A US$1 billion contract was signed in 2013 to commence work on the "New Kabul City", which is a (Kochi Murgha)
major residential scheme that would accommodate 1.5 million people.[162][163] In the meantime, many
high rise buildings were being constructed in order to control the overcrowding and also to modernise
the city.[164]
An initial concept design called the City of Light Development, envisioned by Dr. Hisham N. Ashkouri, for the development and the
implementation of a privately based investment enterprise has been proposed for multi-function commercial, historic and cultural
development within the limits of the Old City of Kabul, along the southern side of the Kabul River and along Jade Meywand Avenue,[165]
Communications
As of November 2015, there were more than 24 television stations based out of Kabul.[166] Terrestrial
TV transmitters were located at the summit of the Koh-e Asamai.
In Kabul, Minister Amir Zai Sangin of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
maintained statistics regarding telecommunications in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Afghanistan Information Management Services (AIMS) provided software development, capacity
development, information management, and project management services to the Afghan Government
and other NGOs, thereby supporting their on-the-ground activities.
Studio of Radio Kabul in the
GSM/GPRS mobile phone services in the city were provided by Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, Roshan,
1950s
MTN and Salaam. As of 2012, all of them provided 3G services as well. In November 2006, the Afghan
Ministry of Communications signed a $64.5 million US dollar deal with ZTE on the establishment of a
countrywide fibre optical cable network to help improve telephone, internet, television and radio broadcast services not just in Kabul
but throughout the country.[167] Internet cafes were introduced in 2002 and has been expanding throughout the country. As of 2012, 3G
services were also available.
There were a number of post offices throughout the city. Package delivery services like FedEx, TNT N.V., and DHL were also available.
Hotels and other lodging
Major hotels in Kabul included; the Serena Hotel, the Inter-Continental, and the Safi Landmark Hotel above the Kabul City Center.
Most visitors preferred lodging at guest houses, which were found all over the city. The better and safer ones were in the Wazir Akbar
Khan neighbourhood where the embassies were located.
Serena Hotel
Inter-Continental
Safi Landmark Hotel
Culture and landmarks

The old part of Kabul was filled with bazaars nestled along its narrow, crooked streets, examples
being the Mandawi and the Bird Market (Ka Foroshi). Cultural sites included: the National Museum
of Afghanistan, notably displaying an impressive statue of Surya excavated at Khair Khana, the
ruined Darul Aman Palace, the tomb of Mughal Emperor Babur at Bagh-e Babur, and Chihil Sutun
Park, the Minar-i-Istiqlal (Column of Independence) built in 1919 after the Third Afghan War, the
tomb of Timur Shah Durrani, the Bagh-e Bala Palace and the imposing Id Gah Mosque (founded
1893). Bala Hissar was a fort which was partially destroyed during the Second Anglo-Afghan
War,[54] then restored as a military college. There was also the Kolola Pushta fort, which was
The Kabul Bird Market (Ka Foroshi)
garrisoned by the Afghan Army, and the nearby 19th-century Shahrara Tower fort, which was ruined
in 1928. The Koh-e Asamai mountain had a temple that was considered important to Hinduism.
Other places of interest include Kabul City Center, which was Kabul's first shopping mall, the shops around Flower Street and Chicken
Street, Wazir Akbar Khan district, Kabul Golf Club, Kabul Zoo, Abdul Rahman Mosque, Shah-Do Shamshira and other famous mosques,
the National Gallery of Afghanistan, the National Archives of Afghanistan, Afghan Royal Family Mausoleum, the OMAR Mine Museum,
Bibi Mahro Hill, Kabul Cemetery, and Paghman Gardens best known for the famous Taq-e Zafar arch. The Aga Khan Development
Network (AKDN) was also involved in the restoration of the Bagh-e Babur (Babur Gardens).
Maranjan Hill (Tappe-i-Maranjan) was a nearby hill where Buddhist statues and Graeco-Bactrian coins from the 2nd century BC have
been found. Outside the city proper lied the Buddhist Guldara stupa and another stupa at Shewaki. Paghman and Jalalabad were
interesting valleys west and east of the city. On the latter road, about 16 miles east of the city, was the Tang-e Gharu gorge.
Kabul used to have as many as 23 cinemas, but currently only had four, including the state owned Ariana Cinema. The decline of cinema
of Afghanistan since the 1990s, both due to war and oppressive regimes, had meant many of these have closed.[168] The Nandari, or
Kabul National Theater, was one of the largest theaters in Asia before it was destroyed in the civil war and has not been restored.[169]
The lack of investment meant that the sector did not recover after 2001, and notably the rundown Park Cinema was controversially
demolished in 2020.[168]
Parks
Bagh-e Babur (Gardens of Babur)
Bagh-e Chihil Sutun (Gardens of Chihil Sutun)[170]
Bagh-e Bala Park
Zarnegar Park
Shokouh Zana
Shahr-e Naw Park
Bagh-e Zanana
National Museum of Afghanistan
Chaman-e-Hozori
Bibi Mahro Park
Lake Qargha
Mosques
Abdul Rahman Mosque
Id Gah Mosque
Abul Fazl Shrine
Sakhi Shrine
Pul-e Khishti Mosque
Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque Afghanistan National Archives
Mausoleums
Mausoleum of Timur Shah Durrani
Mausoleum of Abdur Rahman Khan
Mausoleum of Zahir Shah, Nadir Shah and other members of the royal Musahiban family
Mausoleum of Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani
Palaces
Tajbeg Palace
Stor Palace
Darul Aman Palace

Chihil Sutun Palace
Bagh-e Bala Palace
Shah Bobo Jan Palace
Arg (Presidential Palace), including numerous other palaces inside the compound
Char Chenar Palace
Delgusha Palace and its clock tower
Haram Sara Palace
Bibi Mahro Park
Salam Khana Palace
Kuti Baghcha
Museums
National Museum of Afghanistan
National Archives of Afghanistan
National Gallery of Afghanistan
Negaristani Milli
Other landmarks
Clock tower at Mahmoud Khan Bridge
Minaret of Knowledge and Ignorance
Minaret of the Unknown Corps on Jada-e Maiwand
Sherpur Cantonment (British Cemetery)
Mausoleum of emir Abdur

16th-century mosque inside The Taq-e Zafar in Paghman The Minaret of Knowledge Rahman Khan, Zarnegar
the Gardens of Babur and Ignorance,[171] built in Park
the 1920s on a hill in Deh
Mazang, commemorating
king Amanullah's victory
over the Mullah-e Lang in
the Khost rebellion
The Tang-e
Minaret of the Buddhist stupa of Royal Mausoleum Gharu canyon
Unknown Corps, Guldara at Maranjan hill east of Kabul
memorial of the 1880
Battle of Maiwand
Architecture
Kabul's various architectural designs reflected the various links it has had with empires and civilisations, particularly being on the
ancient trade route connecting India and China with Persia and the West.[172]
The Buddhist Chakari minaret was likely built in the Kushan era and had traces of Greco-Bactrian
and Gandhara Art. It had Buddhist swastika and both Mahayana and Theravada qualities. Following
the Islamic conquest, a new age of architectural realms appeared in the Kabul region. The Gardens of
Babur was perhaps the best preserved example of Islamic and Mughal architecture. Emperor Babur
had also built seven other big gardens in Kabul at the time. The present Gardens of Babur also reflect
Afghanistan's traditional architecture by the wooden carving, pressed stucco, decorative stone
masonry and other features. Another fine example of the Babur era is the Id Gah Mosque, using
stones from the Punjab and Sindh and designed by Persians.[172]
Italian baroque style of Shah Do
Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise as the Afghan ruler brought changes Shamshira
to Kabul and the nation, with a more inward-looking and self-
protecting society reflecting the architecture that were no
different between the rich and poor peoples. mausoleum of Timur Shah Durrani, the Afghan ruler
until his death in 1793, was another example of Islamic design, built in an octagonal structure. It
followed Central Asian traditions of decorative brick masonries along with a colorless
appearance.[172] After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the country's emir Abdur Rahman Khan
brought European styles for the first time. The Bagh-e Bala Palace was designed in a mixed Mughal
Tomb of Timur Shah Durrani (early and British Indian style, the first significant change from traditional Afghan and Islamic styles.
19th century rebuilt) However palaces were still built with Central Asian Islamic design at heart. Numerous lavish
buildings were created during this time, combined with large gardens. The Dilkusha Palace within
the Arg was the first created by a British architect.[172] Its accompanying clock tower, circa 1911, was
also a British creation.[173]
Houses in Kabul during this time were generally made up of walled compounds, built around courtyards and having narrow
passageways to places.[174]
In the 1920s, new styles were strongly influenced by European architectural styles due to king Amanullah Khan's visits to Europe,
particularly Berlin and Paris. Darul Aman Palace was the best known example of modern Western design. The Shah-Do Shamshira
Mosque was built in an unusual style for a mosque in Western and Italian style baroque. The Taq-e Zafar in Paghman and other
landmarks there were also based on European designs.[172] Houses also became more open, without having many of the walls.[174] Later
in the century, several Soviet inspired designs made its way into Kabul. Most notable of these were the various microraions built in the
city in the 1960s and afterwards. A different flavor of modern style was seen on the Hotel Inter-Continental Kabul and Serena Hotel.[172]
In the 21st century, modern designs based on glass facades became popular. Examples of this modern Western style were the Kabul City
Center and Golbahar Center. The National Assembly building opened in 2015 had elements of modern Islamic Mughal architecture,
considered to have the largest dome in Asia. The Indian architecture could also be influenced by the fact it was built by the government
of India, but its carving and large porch represent Afghan traditional architectural forms.[172] The new Ministry of Defense building
followed traditional, Islamic and Western designs inspired by the Pentagon. Another mix of these designs appeared on the Paghman Hill
Castle completed in 2014.[172] Increasing numbers of high rises have been built in this period, with the Kabul Markaz tower in 2020
becoming the city's first to break the 100 metres (330 ft) tall barrier.[175] The construction boom with modern high-rises throughout the
2010s had led to a major change in the city's skyline.[174]
Traditional hill dwellings "Old Mikroyan", 1960s Ministry of Finance and Pamir Cinema
built Khyber Restaurant (1966) building Pashtany Bank and the brutalist
(Agricultural Kabul Tower
Development
Bank)
Andarabi Road dwellings on the Apartments built in the

riverbank 2000s with contemporary
Afghan style
Transportation
Kabul has no train service.[59]
Air
Hamid Karzai International Airport (Kabul International Airport) was located 25 km (16 mi) from
the centre of Kabul, which had always served as the country's main airport. It was a hub to Ariana
Afghan Airlines, the national carrier of Afghanistan, as well as private airlines such as Afghan Jet
International, East Horizon Airlines, Kam Air, Pamir Airways, and Safi Airways. Regional airlines Flightline at Hamid Karzai
such as Air India, SpiceJet, flydubai, Emirates, Gulf Air, Mahan Air, Pakistan International Airlines,
International Airport (Kabul
Turkish Airlines and others also had regularly scheduled flights to the airport. A new international International Airport), 2012
terminal was built by the government of Japan and began operation in 2008.
Road
The AH76 highway (or Kabul-Charikar Highway) connected Kabul north towards Charikar, Pol-e
Khomri and Mazar-i-Sharif (310 km (190 mi) away), with leading roads to Kunduz (250 km (160 mi)
away). The AH77 highway went west towards Bamiyan Province (150 km (93 mi) away) and
Chaghcharan in the central mountains of Afghanistan. To the south-west, the Kabul-Ghazni
Highway went to Ghazni (130 km (81 mi) away) and Kandahar (460 km (290 mi) away). To the
south, the Kabul-Gardez Highway connected it to Gardez (100 km (62 mi) away) and Khost. To the
east, the Kabul-Jalalabad Highway went to Jalalabad (120 km (75 mi) away) and across the border to
Peshawar.
Traffic in Kabul city center in 2013
Much of the road network in downtown Kabul consisted of square or circle intersections (char-rahi).
The main square in the city was Pashtunistan Square (named after Pashtunistan), which had a large
fountain in it and was located adjacent to the presidential palace, the Central Bank, and other landmarks.[176] The Massoud Circle was
located by the U.S. Embassy and had the road leading to the airport. In the old city, Sar-e Chawk roundabout was at the center of
Maiwand Road (Jadayi Maiwand). Once all roads led to it, and in the 16th century was called the "navel of Kabul".[177] In the Shahr-e
Naw district there were several major intersections: Ansari, Haji Yaqub, Quwayi Markaz, Sedarat, and Turabaz Khan. The latter, named
after Turabaz Khan, connected Flower Street and Chicken Street. There were also two major intersections in western Kabul: the Deh
Mazang Circle and Kote Sangi. Salang Watt was the main road to the north-west, whereas Asamayi Watt and Seh Aqrab (also called
Sevom Aqrab) was the main road to western Kabul.
The steep population rise in the 21st century had caused major congestion problems for the city's roads.[178] In efforts to tackle this
issue, a 95 km outer ring road costing $110 million was approved in 2017.[179][180] Construction would have taken five years and it will
run from Char Asiab via Ahmad Shah Baba Mina, Deh Sabz ("Kabul New City" development area), the AH76 highway, Paghman and
back to Char Asyab.[181] A new bus public transport service was also planned to be opened in 2018 (see below).[182] In September 2017,
the head of the Kabul Municipality announced that 286 meters of pedestrian overpass footbridges will be built in eight busy areas "in
the near future".[183]
Under the Kabul Urban Transport Efficiency Improvement Project that was signed in 2014 and backed by the World Bank, the city has
seen widespread improvements in road conditions, including the building of new pedestrian sidewalks, drainage systems, lighting and
asphalted road surfaces. The project runs until 31 December 2019.[184][185]
Private vehicles had been on the rise in Kabul since 2002, with about 700,000 cars registered as
of 2013 and up to 80% of the cars reported to be Toyota Corollas.[186][187][188] The number of
dealerships had also increased from 77 in 2003 to over 550 by 2010.[189] Gas stations were
mainly private-owned. Bicycles on the road were a common sight in the city.
Public transport
The taxicabs in Kabul were painted in a white and yellow livery. The majority of these were older
model Toyota Corollas. A few Soviet-era Russian cabs were also still in operation. A Toyota Corolla (E100) at a security
checkpoint in 2010
Long-distance road journeys were made by private Mercedes-Benz coach buses or vans, trucks
and cars. Although a nationwide bus service was available from Kabul, flying was safer,
especially for foreigners. The city's public bus service (Millie Bus / "National Bus") was established in the 1960s to take commuters on
daily routes to many destinations. The service had about 800 buses. The Kabul bus system had discovered a new source of revenue in
whole-bus advertising from MTN similar to "bus wrap" advertising on public transit in more developed nations. There was also an
express bus that runs from downtown to Hamid Karzai International Airport for Safi Airways passengers.
An electric trolleybus system operated in Kabul from February 1979 to 1992 using Škoda fleet built by a Czechoslovak company (see
Trolleybuses in Kabul for more). The trolleybus service was highly popular mainly due to its low price compared to the Millie Bus
conventional bus service. The last trolleybus came to a halt in late 1992 due to warfare – much of the copper overhead wires were later
looted but a few of them, including the steel poles, can still be seen in Kabul today.[138][190]
In June 2017 Kabul Municipality unveiled plans for a new bus rapid transit system, the first major urban public transportation scheme.
It was expected to open by 2018,[191][192] but its construction had been hampered. In March 2021, a new city bus service was launched in
Kabul using American vehicles built by IC Bus, and accompanied by newly built bus stops throughout the city. Five buses entered service
on one route which is expected to be expanded to a fleet of 200 buses on 16 different routes.[193][194]
Internet-based participatory planning
In 2019, the Nagoya Institute of Technology, in partnership with

the Kabul city Municipality, jointly agreed to deploy a digital
platform, called D-Agree in urban planning to provide support
for stakeholders to promote meaningful public participation and
help reach consensus in Kabul city planning process.[195]
From September 2019 until the Fall of Kabul (2021) in August

2021, the platform was used on behalf of Kabul Municipality to
moderate more than 300 Kabul city-related planning
Kabul city announced open calls discussions.[196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] In these Kabul mayor Mohammad Daud
through the Kabul municipality's HP discussions, more than 15,000 citizens participated in planning Sultanzoy speaking with league
and its Facebook page, to activities hosted by D-Agree and generated more than 71,000 management during the
participate in town meeting and opinions which catalogued into issue-based information system inauguration ceremony of first ever
planning process regarding urban-related thematic areas.[195] Despite the Taliban internet-based solid waste
take-over, D-Agree will continue to play an important role in discussion league in 2021
facilitating urban planning and infrastructure-related
consultations.[203]
In 2022, United Nations reported that D-Agree Afghanistan is used as a digital and smart city
solutions in Afghanistan.[195][204]
D-Agree, is a discussion support platform with artificial intelligence–based facilitation.[205] The

discussion trees in D-Agree, inspired by issue-based information system, contain a combination of
four types of elements: issues, ideas, pros, and cons.[205] The software extracts a discussion's
structure in real time based on IBIS, automatically classifying all the sentences.[205]
Education
The Ministry of Education led by Ghulam Farooq Wardak was responsible for the education system
in Afghanistan.[206] Public and private schools in the city have reopened since 2002 after they were
shut down or destroyed during fighting in the 1980s to the late 1990s. Boys and girls were strongly A memorandum of understanding
signed by Kabul City mayor Ahmad
encouraged to attend school under the Karzai administration but many more schools were needed
Zaki Sarfaraz and Nagoya Institute
not only in Kabul but throughout the country. The Afghan Ministry of Education had plans to build
of Technology executive director in
more schools in the coming years so that education was provided to all citizens of the country. High
2019
schools in Kabul included:
Abdul Rahim-e-Shaheed High School, a school for boys and girls (up to Year 6) founded in 1970
Habibia High School, a British-Afghan school founded in 1903 by King Habibullah Khan
Lycée Esteqlal, a Franco-Afghan school founded in 1922
Malalai High School, a Franco-Afghan school for girls
Amani High School, a German-Afghan school for boys founded in 1924
Aisha-i-Durani School, a German-Afghan school for girls
Rahman Baba High School, an American-Afghan school for boys
International School of Kabul, an American-Afghan school
Afghan Turk High Schools, Turkish-Afghan schools
Ghulam Haider Khan High School, a school for boys
Abdul Hadi Dawi High School, a school for boys
Nazo Ana High School, a school for boys
Kabul Medical University
Universities
Universities included:
American University of Afghanistan

Kabul University
Kabul Medical University
Kabul Polytechnic University
Kabul Education University of Rabbani Kabul Education University of
Kateb University Rabbani
Kardan University
Afghan National Security University
Bakhtar University
Dawat University
Dunya University of Afghanistan (DUA)
Gawharshad Institute of Higher Education
Gharjistan University
Afghanistan Institute Of Higher Education
Kaboora Institute of Higher Education
Kabul Health Sciences Institute
Karwan University
Khatam Al-Nabieen University

Maryam University
Mashal University
Qalam institute of higher education
Rana Institute of Higher Education
Rifah Afghanistan Institute
Salam University
Health care
Health care in Afghanistan was relatively poor. The wealthy Afghans usually went abroad when seeking treatment.
Jinnah Hospital
French Medical Institute for Children
Kabul City Hospital
Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital
Jamhuriat Hospital
Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan Hospital[207]
Wazir Akbar Khan Hospital
Malalai Maternity Hospital Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan
Rabia-I-Balki Maternity Hospital Hospital
Maywand Hospital
Afshar Hospital
Noor Eye Hospital
Atatürk Children's Hospital
American Medical Center Afghanistan
DK-German Medical Diagnostic Center[208]
CURE International Hospital[209]
KIA ISAF Role 3 Hospital
Notable people
Abdullah Abdullah (born 1960), former chief executive officer of Afghanistan
Leena Alam (born 1978), film actress

Zubayr Amiri (born 1990), footballer who plays for SC Hessen Dreieich and the Afghanistan national team
Asghar Afghan, retired cricketer, Afghanistan's former captain and ended his career with the highest T20I wins as a captain.
Hafizullah Amin (born 1929), former Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Zamina Begum (born 1917), former Afghan princess
Shukria Barakzai (born 1972), Afghan Politician and former Ambassador of Afghanistan to Norway
Farhad Darya (born 1962), singer
Salim Durani (born 1934), former cricketer. He is the only Indian Test cricketer to have been born in Afghanistan.
Ghezaal Enayat (born 1989), singer
Farahnaz Forotan (born 1992), journalist
Azita Ghanizada (not disclosed), American actress
Mozhdah Jamalzadah (born 1982), singer, actress, and talk show host
Karim Janat, cricketer, brother to Asghar Afghan
Naveen-ul-Haq (born 1999), cricketer
Khaled Hosseini (born 1965), Afghan-American novelist
Habibullāh Kalakāni (born 1890), politician and ruler of Afghanistan from 17 January to 13 October 1929
Babrak Karmal (born 1929), former President of Afghanistan
Amanullah Khan (born 1892), First as Emir of Afghanistan and after 1926 as King, until his abdication in 1929
Abdur Rahman Khan (born between 1840 and 1844), Emir of Afghanistan
Sher Ali Khan (born 1825), Former Emir of Afghanistan
Annet Mahendru (born 1985), Afghan-born American actress
Ahmad Khan Mahmoodzada (born 1994), former child actor.
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (born 1925), former President of Afghanistan
Nainawaz (born 1935), artist, poet and composer
Omar Nazar (born 1978), footballer
Sayed Hamid Noori (born 1965), journalist
Homeira Qaderi (born 1980), writer
Seeta Qasemi (born 1979), singer
Anahita Ratebzad (born 1931), former Minister of Social Affairs and Tourism of Afghanistan
Mohammed Zahir Shah (born 1933), the last king of Afghanistan
Abdul Rahim Sarban (born 1930), singer
Roya Rahmani (born 1978), Former Afghan Diplomat, who has served as Afghanistan's first female ambassador to the United
States.
Hamid Rahimi (born 1983), boxer

Vida Samadzai (born 1978), model
Mohammad Hussain Sarahang (born 1924), singer
Aryana Sayeed (born 1985), singer
Ahmad Zahir (born 1946), singer
Twin towns – sister cities

Ankara, Turkey (since 2003)[210]
Istanbul, Turkey (since 1992)[211]
Kazan, Russia (since 2005)[212]
Omaha, Nebraska, United States (since 2003)[213]
Kansas City, Missouri, United States (since 2018)[214]
See also
List of cities in Afghanistan Afghanistan portal
2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes
List of terrorist attacks in Kabul
Kabul Province
Kabul Airport
List of rulers of Kabul
Timeline of Kabul
References
1. Bumiller, Elisabeth (17 October 2009). "Remembering Afghanistan's Golden Age" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/18/weekinrevie
w/18bumiller.html). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210824111805/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/
18/weekinreview/18bumiller.html) from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
2. "Kabul Residents, Visitors Recall Capital's Golden Era Before Conflict" (https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/kabul-glory-days-kabulis-history-
afghanistan/31011399.html). RFE/RL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210824160030/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/kabul-glor
y-days-kabulis-history-afghanistan/31011399.html) from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
3. Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud. p. 185. Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210815092453/https://books.google.co
m/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC) 15 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Stanford University Press, 2011.
4. "‫( "د اسالمي امارت په تشکیالتو کې نوي کسان پر دندو وګومارل شول‬https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/‫پ‬-‫کسان‬-‫نوي‬-‫کې‬-‫تشکیالتو‬-‫په‬-‫امارت‬-‫اسالمي‬-‫د‬/). .‫باختر خبری آژانس‬
4 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211116104819/https://bakhtarnews.af/ps/%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d
9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d9%be%d9%87-%d8%aa%d8%b4%da%a9%db%
8c%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%88-%da%a9%db%90-%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%b
e/) from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
5. "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021–22" (https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-
Afghanistan1-1400.pdf) (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority. April 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202106
24204559/https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Estimated-Population-of-Afghanistan1-1400.pdf) (PDF) from
the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
6. "2003 National Geographic Population Map" (http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf)
(PDF). Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National
Geographic Society. November 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170912083622/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/n
gm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
7. "Population of Cities in Afghanistan (2021)" (http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population/cities/). Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200208101330/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population/cities/) from the
original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
8. Foschini, Fabrizio (April 2017). "Kabul and the challenge of dwindling foreign aid" (https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/g
ess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/USIP-pw126_kabul-and-the-challenge-of-dwindling-foreign-aid.pdf) (PDF).
Peaceworks. No. 126. United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 978-1-60127-641-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202006091
80040/https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/USIP-pw126_kabul-an
d-the-challenge-of-dwindling-foreign-aid.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021 – via ETH Zurich.
9. "Largest cities in the world and their mayors – 1 to 150" (http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-1.html). City
Mayors. 17 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110902093141/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-m
ayors-1.html) from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
10. "Afghanistan: The Heart of Silk Road in Asia" (https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/afghanistan-the-heart-of-silk-road-in-asia/).
thediplomat.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200609174051/https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/afghanistan-the-heart-of-
silk-road-in-asia/) from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
11. Samrin, Farah (2005). "The City of Kabul Under the Mughals" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943). Proceedings of the Indian
History Congress. 66: 1307. JSTOR 44145943 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943).
12. Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Story of Kabul" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0100830031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php). American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original (ht
tp://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
13. Gopalakrishnan, Raju (16 April 2007). "Once called paradise, now Kabul struggles to cope" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afgh
anistan-capital/once-called-paradise-now-kabul-struggles-to-cope-idUSSP20888220070416). Reuters. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210308151538/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-capital/once-called-paradise-now-kabul-struggles-to-cop
e-idUSSP20888220070416) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
14. Abdul Zuhoor Qayomi. "Kabul City: Isn't just capital of Afghanistan but of palaces as well – Afghanistan Times" (http://www.afghanist
antimes.af/kabul-city-isnt-just-capital-of-afghanistan-but-of-palaces-as-well/). Afghanistan Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210515194006/http://www.afghanistantimes.af/kabul-city-isnt-just-capital-of-afghanistan-but-of-palaces-as-well/) from the
original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
15. Sayed A Azimi. "Reversing Kabul's Environmental Setbacks" (https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reversing-kabuls-environmental-setbac
ks-sayed-aziz-azimi). www.linkedin.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210808095807/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rev
ersing-kabuls-environmental-setbacks-sayed-aziz-azimi) from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
16. "Afghan King Overthrown; A Republic Is Proclaimed" (https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/18/archives/afghan-king-overthrown-a-repu
blic-is-proclaimed-afghanistan-king-is.html). The New York Times. 18 July 1973. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019112904
2317/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/18/archives/afghan-king-overthrown-a-republic-is-proclaimed-afghanistan-king-is.html) from
the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
17. Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land by Michael Kohn
18. " "Mein Kabul": ORF-Reporterlegende Fritz Orter präsentiert im "Weltjournal" "seine Stadt" – am 31. August um 22.30 Uhr in ORF 2"
(https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20160830_OTS0058/mein-kabul-orf-reporterlegende-fritz-orter-praesentiert-im-weltjour
nal-seine-stadt-am-31-august-um-2230-uhr-in-orf-2). OTS.at (in German). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210809200243/h
ttps://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20160830_OTS0058/mein-kabul-orf-reporterlegende-fritz-orter-praesentiert-im-weltjourna
l-seine-stadt-am-31-august-um-2230-uhr-in-orf-2) from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
19. "Taliban Peace Talks in Afghanistan" (https://centralasiainstitute.org/in-wake-of-taliban-peace-talks-afghan-women-hope-basic-huma
n-rights-still-theirs/). 28 May 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210824160028/https://centralasiainstitute.org/in-wake-of
-taliban-peace-talks-afghan-women-hope-basic-human-rights-still-theirs/) from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August
2021.
20. "History of Kabul" (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/kabul/history). Lonely Planet. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
90403060121/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/kabul/history) from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
21. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 1969.
22. "Definition of Kabul" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kabul). www.merriam-webster.com. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20210917183435/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kabul) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved
22 November 2021.
23. Kakar, M. Hassan (2008). "Kabul" (https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-978019517
6322-e-840?rskey=6DESxq&result=6). In Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517632-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085215/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.
1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-840?rskey=6DESxq&result=6) from the original on 3 May 2021.
Retrieved 13 February 2021.
24. Everett-Heath, John, ed. (2020). "Kabul" (https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-978

0191905636-e-3372?rskey=wE0hco&result=1). Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names (6 ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085109/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/a
cref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-3372?rskey=wE0hco&result=1) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved
13 February 2021.
25. Adamec, p.231
26. Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name" (https://web.archive.org/web/2010083
0031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php). American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
27. del Castillo, Graciana (2 April 2014). Guilty Party: The International Community in Afghanistan. Xlibris Corporation. p. 28.
ISBN 9781493185702.
28. Emadi, Hafizullah (2005). Culture and Customs of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 9780313330896.
29. Marsden, Peter (15 September 1998). The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan (https://archive.org/details/taliba
nwarreligi0000mars/page/12). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12 (https://archive.org/details/talibanwarreligi0000mars/page/12).
ISBN 9781856495226.
30. Ring, Trudy (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781884964046.
31. Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The History of Afghanistan (https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653). Greenwood
Publishing Group. p. 41 (https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653/page/n61). ISBN 9780313337987.
32. Romano, p.12
33. Snelling, John (31 August 2011). The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice. Random House.
ISBN 9781446489581.
34. Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 (https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AA
AAIAAJ&pg=PA159). Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 159. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210503085005/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA159) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
35. Dupree, Louis (14 July 2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 299. ISBN 9781400858910.
36. Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and his times (https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA17
3) (4 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 173. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111229185942/http://
books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA173) from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
37. "A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.2)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110905192644/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=802
01012&ct=99). Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. 1867–1877. Archived from the original (http://persian.packhu
m.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=99) on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
38. Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed
between 239 and 265 AD. Draft annotated English translation... Link (http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171223070446/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html) 23 December
2017 at the Wayback Machine
39. Hill (2004), pp. 29, 352–352.
40. A. D. H. Bivar, KUSHAN DYNASTY (http://iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/

20120118071505/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history) 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, in
Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2010
41. "A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220905/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012
&ct=98). Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. 1867–1877. Archived from the original (http://persian.packhum.org/p
ersian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98) on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
42. Wilson, Horace Hayman (1998). Ariana antiqua: a descriptive account of the antiquities and coins of (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=s_K_gcxHz5YC&pg=PA133). Asian Educational Services. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-206-1189-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20210503084943/https://books.google.com/books?id=s_K_gcxHz5YC&pg=PA133) from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved
18 September 2010.
43. "A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=802
01012&ct=100). Sir H. M. Elliot. London: Packard Humanities Institute. 1867–1877. Archived from the original (http://persian.packhu
m.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100) on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
44. Ibn Battuta (2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180)
(reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 0-415-34473-5. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132656/https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180) from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
45. Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur (1525). "Description of Kābul" (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm).
Memoirs of Babur. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200630231822/http://www.gutenberg.org/f
iles/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm) from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
46. Gall, Sandy (2012). War Against the Taliban: Why It All Went Wrong in Afghanistan (https://archive.org/details/waragainsttaliba0000
gall). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 165 (https://archive.org/details/waragainsttaliba0000gall/page/165). ISBN 978-14-08-80905-1.
Retrieved 30 September 2013.
47. Schinasi, May. "Kabul iii. History From the 16th Century to the Accession of Moḥammad Ẓāher Shah" (https://www.iranicaonline.org/
articles/kabul-iii-history). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210629170713/https://www.iranicaonline.or
g/articles/kabul-iii-history) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
48. Samrin, Farah (2005). "The City of Kabul Under the Mughals" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943). Proceedings of the Indian
History Congress. 66: 1307. ISSN 2249-1937 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937). JSTOR 44145943 (https://www.jstor.org/st
able/44145943). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210629170711/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943) from the original on
29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
49. Edmund., Bosworth, Clifford (2008). Historic cities of the Islamic world (http://worldcat.org/oclc/231801473). Brill. p. 257. ISBN 978-
90-04-15388-2. OCLC 231801473 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231801473).
50. Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477). Journal of Islamic
Studies. 7 (1): 52. doi:10.1093/jis/7.1.49 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F7.1.49). ISSN 0955-2340 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/
0955-2340). JSTOR 26195477 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210629170710/http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
51. Ziad, Waleed (30 October 2018), "From Yarkand to Sindh via Kabul: The Rise of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi Networks in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004387287_007), The Persianate World, BRILL, p. 145,
doi:10.1163/9789004387287_007 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004387287_007), ISBN 9789004387287, S2CID 197951160 (htt
ps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197951160), archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211122095707/https://brill.com/view/bo
ok/edcoll/9789004387287/BP000012.xml) from the original on 22 November 2021, retrieved 11 November 2021
52. Ziad, Waleed (30 October 2018), "From Yarkand to Sindh via Kabul: The Rise of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi Networks in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004387287_007), The Persianate World, BRILL, pp. 148–
149, doi:10.1163/9789004387287_007 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004387287_007), ISBN 9789004387287,
S2CID 197951160 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197951160), retrieved 18 December 2021
53. "Kabul: City of lost glories" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1651814.stm). BBC News. 12 November 2001. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20131002212006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1651814.stm) from the original on 2 October 2013.
54. Caption for Panorama of the Bala Hissar WDL11486 Library of Congress
55. "Draft Kabul City Master Plan" (https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JMMJ.pdf) (PDF). usaid.gov. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20190402205705/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JMMJ.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 21 November
2019.
56. Tanin, Z. (2006): Afghanistan in the 20th Century. Tehran.
57. Anthony Hyman, "Nationalism in Afghanistan" in International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34:2 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002) 305.
58. Hyman, 305.
59. "Kabul New City light rail plan – Railways of Afghanistan" (http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/kabul-new-city-light-rail-pla
n/). www.andrewgrantham.co.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125644/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghani
stan/kabul-new-city-light-rail-plan/) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
60. Nick Cullather, "Damming Afghanistan: Modernisation in a Buffer State" in The Journal of American History 89:2 (Indiana:
Organization of American Historians, 2002) 518.
61. Cullather, 518.
62. Cullather, 519.
63. Cullather, 530.
64. Caryl, Christian (12 June 2013). "When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the 'Hippie Trail' " (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/strange-r
ebels-excerpt_b_3427854). HuffPost. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204243/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/strang
e-rebels-excerpt_b_3427854) from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
65. Cullather, 534.
66. "Hotels and Tourists. | ACKU Images System" (https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000n5RXicm0vfM). Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210831210756/https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000n5RXicm0vfM) from the original on 31
August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
67. "Afghans Prepare for Tourism Development" (https://www.rferl.org/a/Afghans_Prepare_For_Tourism_Development/1843909.html).

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210831210754/https://www.rferl.org/a/Afghans_Prepare_For_Tourism_Development/18439
09.html) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
68. Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aF
QC). Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2. OCLC 948347893 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/948347893).
69. Hammer, Joshua (21 January 2007). "The Mysteries of Kabul" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/travel/21kabul.html). The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901154024/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/travel/21kabul.html) from
the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
70. Smith, Oliver (20 April 2018). "When Afghanistan was just a laid-back highlight on the hippie trail" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/trave
l/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/). The Telegraph.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210817013308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/arti
cles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/) from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August
2021.
71. "The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail" (https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail
-6257275.html). The Independent. 5 November 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170615005133/http://www.independe
nt.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html) from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June
2017.
72. Haynes, 372.
73. Haynes, 373.
74. J. Robert Moskin, American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service (Thomas Dunne Books, 2013), p. 594.
75. John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 468.
76. Dick Camp, Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban (Zenith, 2012), pp. 8–9.
77. Yousaf, Mohammad (1991). Silent Soldier: The Man Behind the Afghan Jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman (https://books.google.
com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier:). Karachi, Sindh: Jang Publishers, 1991. p. 106. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210503084914/https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier%3A) from the original on 3 May
2021. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
78. Kakar, Hassan M. (1997). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=QyTmFj5tUGsC&pg=PA291). University of California Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-5202-0893-3. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210503084850/https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTmFj5tUGsC&pg=PA291) from the original on 3 May 2021.
Retrieved 8 January 2013.
79. "Afghanistan" (https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print). publishing.cdlib.org.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153023/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id
=0;doc.view=print) from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
80. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 139
81. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 139 & 140
82. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – December 1983 issue
83. Afghanistan: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, by Amin Saikal, William Maley – Page 48
84. Dorronsoro, Gilles (2007). "Kabul at War (1992–1996): State, Ethnicity and Social Classes" (http://samaj.revues.org/212). South
Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. samaj.revues.org. doi:10.4000/samaj.212 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fsamaj.212). Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20141026102747/http://samaj.revues.org/212) from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved
25 October 2014.
85. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 140
86. Landay, Jonathan S. "A truck bomb exploded in crowded downtown Kabul today,..." (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/27/A-tru
ck-bomb-exploded-in-crowded-downtown-Kabul-today/7671578116800/) UPI. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201801120430
11/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/27/A-truck-bomb-exploded-in-crowded-downtown-Kabul-today/7671578116800/) from the
original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
87. Bowersox, Gary W. (2004). The Gem Hunter: The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=W
VAN9pjnRzMC&pg=PA100). United States: GeoVision, Inc. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-9747-3231-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20210808094045/https://books.google.com/books?id=WVAN9pjnRzMC&pg=PA100) from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved
22 August 2010.
88. "Guerrillas Take Afghan Capital as Troops Flee" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/28/world/guerrillas-take-afghan-capital-as-troops
-flee.html). The New York Times. 28 September 1996. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201010085715/https://www.nytimes.
com/1996/09/28/world/guerrillas-take-afghan-capital-as-troops-flee.html) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved
28 December 2017.
89. Kolhatkar, S.; Ingalls, J.; Barsamian, D. (2011). Bleeding Afghanistan: Washington, Warlords, and the Propaganda of Silence (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=px7rU0i-71UC). Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781609800932. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20201207173205/https://books.google.com/books?id=px7rU0i-71UC) from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 25 October
2014.
90. Bowersox (p.192)
91. Burns, John F. (5 February 1996). "Afghan Capital Grim as War Follows War" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/05/world/afghan-ca
pital-grim-as-war-follows-war.html). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201102075843/https://www.nytim
es.com/1996/02/05/world/afghan-capital-grim-as-war-follows-war.html) from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved
28 December 2017.
92. Nazif M Shahrani, "War, Factionalism and the State in Afghanistan" in American Anthropologist 104:3 (Arlington, Virginia: American
Anthropological Association, 2008), 719.
93. "Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://ww
w.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf) (PDF). Afghanistan Justice Project. 2005.
Archived from the original (http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf) (PDF) on 4
October 2013.
94. Amnesty International. 16 November 1995 Accessed at: "Afghanistan: Further information on fear for safety and new concern:
Deliberate and arbitrary killings: Civilians in Kabul" (https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/015/1995/en/). Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20150403163212/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA11/015/1995/en/) from the original on 3 April
2015. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
95. "Afghanistan: escalation of indiscriminate shelling in Kabul" (http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jly2.htm).

International Committee of the Red Cross. 1995. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012006/http://www.icrc.org/eng/res
ources/documents/misc/57jly2.htm) from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
96. BBC Newsnight 1995 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jnia-TUuCDs) on YouTube
97. "The Taliban's War on Women. A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070702234326/htt
p://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf) (PDF). Physicians for Human Rights. 1998.
Archived from the original (http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/talibans-war-on-women.pdf) (PDF) on 2
July 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
98. "Flash from the Past: Kabul security handed back to Afghans in 2008" (https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/international-
engagement/flash-from-the-past-kabul-security-handed-back-to-afghans-in-2008/). 22 September 2018. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200612213320/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/international-engagement/flash-from-the-past-kabul-se
curity-handed-back-to-afghans-in-2008/) from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
99. Bergen, Peter (4 March 2013). "What Went Right?" (https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/04/what-went-right/). foreignpolicy.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200609174836/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/04/what-went-right/) from the original on 9
June 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
100. "Archnet" (https://www.archnet.org/sites/5595). www.archnet.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901124418/https://arc
hnet.org/sites/5595) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
101. Shah Mahmoud Mahmoud. "ÇÈá äÇÊåÜ/ÓÜÜÜÇá ÜÜÜÜÜÜåÇÑÏåÜã/ÔãÇÑå۳۱۳‫ی‬/ÇÓÊÇÏ ÔÇå ãÍãæÏ/ÈÑÍåÇ‫ ی‬ÓÇÚÊ ÔåÑ ÇÈá"
(https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Tschardahoum/Shoumare-313/shahmahmoud%20Mahmoud.html) [The clock towers of Kabul city].
www.kabulnath.de. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901124409/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Tschardahoum/Shoumar
e-313/shahmahmoud%20Mahmoud.html) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
102. "‫( "قصر تاج‌بیگ پس از بازسازی‬https://www.darivoa.com/a/taj-beg-palace-/5694275.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210629
033847/https://www.darivoa.com/a/taj-beg-palace-/5694275.html) from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021 –
via www.darivoa.com.
103. " 'There is less fear': Restoration of Kabul repairs the ravages of war" (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/1
3/there-is-less-fear-restoration-of-kabul-repairs-the-ravages-of-war). The Guardian. 13 May 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20211115160331/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/13/there-is-less-fear-restoration-of-kabul-repairs-
the-ravages-of-war) from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
104. "Afghanistan Displacement and Returnee Response Informal Settlement Profiles: City of Kabul" (http://www.reachresourcecentre.inf
o/system/files/resource-documents/reach_afg_factsheet_kabul_cover_page_jan2017_3.pdf) (PDF). www.reachresourcecentre.info.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070913/http://www.reachresourcecentre.info/system/files/resource-documents/reac
h_afg_factsheet_kabul_cover_page_jan2017_3.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
105. "For a Lucky Few, Life Is Better in This Kabul Neighbourhood" (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/01/kabul-afgha
nistan-suburb-modern/). www.nationalgeographic.com. 28 December 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210113220139/
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/01/kabul-afghanistan-suburb-modern/) from the original on 13 January 2021.
Retrieved 23 January 2018.
106. Rasmussen, Sune Engel (11 December 2014). "Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams" (https://
www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation). The Guardian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115432/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fast
est-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation) from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
107. "To go with story 'Afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics' by..." (https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/to-go-with-st
ory-afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics-news-photo/456453908#/to-go-with-story-afghanistanelectionspresidencyeconomi
cs-by-emmanuel-picture-id456453908) Getty Images. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180124011102/https://www.gettyimag
es.co.uk/detail/news-photo/to-go-with-story-afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics-news-photo/456453908#/to-go-with-story-a
fghanistanelectionspresidencyeconomics-by-emmanuel-picture-id456453908) from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved
23 January 2018.
108. "The Changing Face Of Kabul" (https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-the-changing-face-of-kabul/27796779.html). RFE/RL.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005718/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-the-changing-face-of-kabul/277967
79.html) from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
109. "Completed Projects – Gholghola Group" (http://gholghola.com/en/complete-projects/). gholghola.com. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20180215071658/http://gholghola.com/en/complete-projects/) from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved
23 January 2018.
110. Hamdard, Azizullah (14 February 2015). "New township changes Kabul ring road course" (https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/03/10/
new-township-changes-kabul-ring-road-course). www.pajhwok.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012605/https://
www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/03/10/new-township-changes-kabul-ring-road-course) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved
25 January 2018.
111. "Kabul to give diplomats an 'ordinary life' in Baghdad-style green zone" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/afghanista
n-kabul-diplomats-embassies). TheGuardian.com. 17 May 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901122145/https://ww
w.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/afghanistan-kabul-diplomats-embassies) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved
1 September 2021.
112. "A photo tour of Kabul shows how 20 years of U.S. military presence reshaped Afghanistan's capital" (https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/world/interactive/2021/kabul-architecture-war-us-afghanistan/). Washington Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021032
6042641/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/kabul-architecture-war-us-afghanistan/) from the original on 26
March 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
113. "World's fastest growing urban areas (1)" (http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html). City Mayors. 17 May 2012.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html) from the original on 25
November 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
114. "Kabul: A City With 2 Faces" (https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kabul-a-city-with-2-faces/). thediplomat.com. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20200609174158/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kabul-a-city-with-2-faces/) from the original on 9 June 2020.
Retrieved 26 November 2019.
115. "U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack" (https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.ht
ml). Reuters. 22 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110925075845/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged
-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html) from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
116. "U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM
20110917). Reuters. 17 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924155251/http://www.reuters.com/article/20
11/09/17/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September
2011.
117. "Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group" (http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakist
an-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/). Fox News. 18 September 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181106/
http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/18/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/) from the original on 24
September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
118. "Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency" (https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-0444
40789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413). Associated Press. 23 September 2011.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053454/http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-0444
40789.html%3B_ylt%3DA2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413) from the original on 27 July 2013.
119. Baktash, Hashmat; Rodriguez, Alex (7 December 2008). "Two Afghanistan bombings aimed at Shiites kill at least 59 people" (http://
www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story). Los Angeles Times. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20120125021608/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,
4701392.story) from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
120. Rubin, Alissa (13 September 2011). "U.S. Embassy and NATO Headquarters Attacked in Kabul" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/
14/world/asia/14afghanistan.html?pagewanted=all). nytimes.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201010085817/https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/world/asia/14afghanistan.html?pagewanted=all) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved
2 September 2017.
121. Holehouse, Matthew (13 September 2011). "Kabul US embassy attack: September 13 as it happened" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/
news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8759579/Kabul-US-embassy-attack-September-13-as-it-happened.html). London:
telegraph.co.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200655/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanist
an/8759579/Kabul-US-embassy-attack-September-13-as-it-happened.html) from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 6 April
2018.
122. "At least 55 killed in Kabul suicide bombing" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2691816.ece). The Hindu. Chennai,
India. 7 December 2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203001406/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article
2691816.ece) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
123. "Photos of the Day: Dec. 8" (https://blogs.wsj.com/photojournal/). The Wall Street Journal. 7 December 2008. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20200824065325/https://blogs.wsj.com/photojournal/) from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 9 December
2011.
124. "Afghanistan's Security Challenges under the Taliban" (https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/afghanistans-security
-challenges-under-taliban). www.crisisgroup.org. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
125. "Afghanistan: Seven Killed, 41 Injured In Blast Near Mosque In Kabul" (https://www.outlookindia.com/international/afghanistan-four-k
illed-ten-wounded-in-blast-near-mosque-in-kabul-news-225399). www.outlookindia.com/. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October
2022.
126. Canada in Afghanistan: The War So Far by Peter Pigott

127. "Kabul Climate Normals 1956–1983" (ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/AH/40948.TXT). National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
128. http://kbr.id/english/11-2016/in_kabul__where_the_rivers_run_dry_/wo Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211122095656/http
s://kbr.id/english/11-2016/in_kabul__where_the_rivers_run_dry_/wo) 22 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine 86710.html
129. Clark, Kate (25 April 2016). "Kabul Duck Alert 2: Pictures of birds and birdwatchers at the Kol-e Hashmat Khan wetland |
Afghanistan Analysts Network" (https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/kabul-duck-alert-2-pictures-of-birds-and-birdwatchers-at-the-k
ol-e-hashmat-khan-wetland/). www.afghanistan-analysts.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190703215820/https://www.af
ghanistan-analysts.org/kabul-duck-alert-2-pictures-of-birds-and-birdwatchers-at-the-kol-e-hashmat-khan-wetland/) from the original
on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
130. "Kabul wetland declared new protected area for migrating birds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191003044953/https://www.unenvir
onment.org/news-and-stories/story/kabul-wetland-declared-new-protected-area-migrating-birds). United Nations Environment
Programme. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/kabul-wetland-declare
d-new-protected-area-migrating-birds) on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
131. "Kabul – Legislation and Policy Advances" (https://afghanistan.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Kabul.aspx). afghanistan.wcs.org. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20201028105631/https://afghanistan.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Kabul.aspx) from the original on 28 October
2020. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
132. "Qargha Lake, a transcendental beauty of nature" (http://www.afghanistantimes.af/qargha-lake-a-transcendental-beauty-of-nature/).
Afghanistan Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191118184728/http://www.afghanistantimes.af/qargha-lake-a-transcend
ental-beauty-of-nature/) from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
133. Hamid, Tamim. "Kabul Faces 'Worst' Air Pollution This Year" (https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/kabul-faces-%E2%80%98worst%E
2%80%99-air-pollution-year). tolonews.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191129023335/https://tolonews.com/afghanist
an/kabul-faces-%E2%80%98worst%E2%80%99-air-pollution-year) from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November
2019.
134. Jackson, Allison. "Kabul chokes on dirty air as temperatures plunge" (https://phys.org/news/2019-01-kabul-dirty-air-temperatures-plu
nge.html). phys.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190426112458/https://phys.org/news/2019-01-kabul-dirty-air-temperat
ures-plunge.html) from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
135. Foschini, Fabrizio. "A geographical guide to a metropolis in the making" (https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/2
019/03/Kabul-Police-Districts.pdf) (PDF). www.afghanistan-analysts.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121049/htt
ps://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kabul-Police-Districts.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2019.
Retrieved 4 June 2019.
136. "Community Scorecard of Kabul Municipality 2016" (https://iwaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/KBL-Municipality-CSC-FINAL-R
EPORT.pdf) (PDF). iwaweb.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180223050735/https://iwaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/201
7/11/KBL-Municipality-CSC-FINAL-REPORT.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
137. "Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Urban Development Affairs (MUDA) Kabul Municipality Dehsabz City
Development Authority (DCDA)" (http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12068151.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
190712164258/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12068151.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 26 November
2019.
138. "Trolleybuses in Kabul" (http://www.spvd.cz/index.php/component/content/article/181-clanky/svet/af/217-afghanistan-en).
www.spvd.cz. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170114233944/http://www.spvd.cz/index.php/component/content/article/181-
clanky/svet/af/217-afghanistan-en) from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
139. Rasmussen, Sune Engel (11 December 2014). "Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams" (https://
www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation). Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170109115432/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-worl
d-rapid-urbanisation) from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017 – via The Guardian.
140. Wellman, Phillip Walter. "Homes in Kabul painted bright colors to cheer up war weary residents" (https://www.stripes.com/news/hom
es-in-kabul-painted-bright-colors-to-cheer-up-war-weary-residents-1.474759). Stars and Stripes. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20180120124728/https://www.stripes.com/news/homes-in-kabul-painted-bright-colors-to-cheer-up-war-weary-residents-1.47475
9) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
141. Abed, Fahim; Mashal, Mujib (30 May 2017). "Urban Sprawl Up Kabul's Mountainsides, With Splashes of Color" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2017/05/30/world/asia/kabul-urban-sprawl.html). The New York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018012012462
1/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/world/asia/kabul-urban-sprawl.html) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved
20 January 2018.
142. Women of Afghanistan in the Post-Taliban Era: How Lives Have Changed and Where They Stand Today by Rosemarie Skaine,
2009.
143. Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur (1525). "Description of Kābul" (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm).
Memoirs of Babur. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200630231822/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.h
tm) from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
144. "Afghanistan – AFG38731 –Tajiks in Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif – Taliban" (https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f1029c92.pdf) (PDF).
Country Advice: Afghanistan. Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia. 2 June 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200802190
948/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f1029c92.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019 – via
www.refworld.org.
145. "Kabul" (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/309320/Kabul). Online Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20100726224554/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/309320/Kabul) from the original on 26 July 2010.
146. "Kabul – Naval Postgraduate School" (https://my.nps.edu/web/ccs/kabul). my.nps.edu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180
111165313/https://my.nps.edu/web/ccs/kabul) from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
147. Foschini, Fabrizio (17 January 2012). "Striking at Kabul, now and then | Afghanistan Analysts Network" (https://www.afghanistan-ana
lysts.org/striking-at-kabul-now-and-then/). www.afghanistan-analysts.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180111172004/htt
ps://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/striking-at-kabul-now-and-then/) from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January
2018.
148. USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2009). "International Religious Freedom Report 2009" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20091130031916/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rl
s/irf/2009/127362.htm) on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
149. "Afghan Sikhs, Hindus meet Taliban officials, are assured of safety" (https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/afghan-sikhs-hindu
s-meet-taliban-officials-are-assured-of-safety/ar-AANoqBh). The Indian Express.
150. "Afghanistan aim to maintain ascendancy as format changes" (https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1342146). www.icc-cricket.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200802191348/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1342146) from the original on 2 August
2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
151. "Kabul Urban Reconstruction Project" (http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P083919/kabul-urban-reconstruction-project?lang=en&tab
=overview). Worldbank.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140818022540/http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P083919/ka
bul-urban-reconstruction-project?lang=en&tab=overview) from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
152. "DVIDS – News – US Forces – Afghanistan adjusts its $9.1 billion infrastructure program to meet Afghans' near-term needs" (http://
www.dvidshub.net/news/113405/us-forces-afghanistan-adjusts-its-91-billion-infrastructure-program-meet-afghans-near-term-needs#.
UjFOTX-SGUk). Dvidshub.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150224190108/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/113405/us-f
orces-afghanistan-adjusts-its-91-billion-infrastructure-program-meet-afghans-near-term-needs#.UjFOTX-SGUk) from the original on
24 February 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
153. Hodge, Nathan (13 May 2013). "Kabul's Tax Levies Raise Flags From U.S. Watchdog – WSJ" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000
1424127887323716304578481072267924656). Wall Street Journal. online.wsj.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015022
4190813/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323716304578481072267924656) from the original on 24 February 2015.
Retrieved 25 October 2014.
154. Taylor, Alan. "The Modern Face of Kabul – The Atlantic" (https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/03/the-modern-face-of-kabul/10070
7/). www.theatlantic.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125535/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/03/the-m
odern-face-of-kabul/100707/) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
155. Marsden, Magnus (9 September 2021). Beyond the Silk Roads (https://books.google.com/books?id=EPw7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192).
ISBN 9781108838313. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210902004431/https://books.google.com/books?id=EPw7EAAAQB
AJ&pg=PA192) from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
156. Fletcher, Martin (6 October 2009). "Only the brave survive on Chicken Street in Kabul: Two market traders encapsulate the sorry
history of Afghanistan" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/only-the-brave-survive-on-chicken-street-in-kabul-9tx5fvr5h2f). The Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901190509/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/only-the-brave-survive-on-chicken-street-i
n-kabul-9tx5fvr5h2f) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
157. Afghanistan Industrial Parks Development Authority...Kabul (Bagrami) (http://www.aisa.org.af/IPD/Bagrami.htm) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20070605111223/http://www.aisa.org.af/IPD/Bagrami.htm) 5 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
158. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results" (http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results).
Transparency International. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144223/https://www.transparency.org/) from the
original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
159. "Afghanistan's Million Dollar Minister" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140424060524/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/

08/afghanistan-s-million-dollar-minister.html). The Daily Beast. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.thedailybeast.c
om/articles/2013/09/08/afghanistan-s-million-dollar-minister.html) on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
160. Licensed banks in Kabul include: Afghanistan International Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Pashtany Bank, Afghan United Bank (htt
p://www.afghanunitedbank.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130731022438/http://www.afghanunitedbank.com/) 31
July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Standard Chartered Bank, Punjab National Bank, Habib Bank and Western Union
161. Navid Ahmad Barakzai, ed. (27 September 2016). "20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan annually" (http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2
016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually). Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
161123022923/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually) from the original on 23
November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
162. Muhammad Hassan Khetab, ed. (4 September 2013). "$1b contract signed to begin work on New Kabul City plan" (http://www.pajhw
ok.com/en/2013/09/04/1b-contract-signed-begin-work-new-kabul-city-plan). Pajhwok Afghan News –. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20150924085013/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/09/04/1b-contract-signed-begin-work-new-kabul-city-plan) from the
original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
163. "Welcome to our Official Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233634/http://www.dcda.gov.af/). DCDA. Archived from the
original (http://www.dcda.gov.af/) on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
164. "Onyx Construction Company" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120427050911/http://www.onyx.af/developmenteam.htm). Onyx.af.
Archived from the original (http://onyx.af/developmenteam.htm) on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
165. Kabul – City of Light Project...link (http://www.cityoflight-kabul.com/p11.htm) Archived (https://archive.today/20070601193955/http://
www.cityoflight-kabul.com/p11.htm) 1 June 2007 at archive.today
166. Micallef, Joseph V. (8 November 2015). "Afghanistan 2015: The View From Kabul" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-v-micallef/
afghanistan-2015-the-view_b_8476964.html). HuffPost. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151112045503/http://www.huffingto
npost.com/joseph-v-micallef/afghanistan-2015-the-view_b_8476964.html) from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved
10 November 2015.
167. Pajhwok Afghan News – Ministry signs contract with Chinese company (http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2006/11/02/ministry-signs-contr
act-chinese-company) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120713014532/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2006/11/02/ministry-sign
s-contract-chinese-company) 13 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
168. "Kabul Once Had 23 Cinemas, Now Just 4" (https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-168833). TOLOnews. 17 November 2021. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210829180523/https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-168833) from the original on 29 August 2021.
Retrieved 22 November 2021.
169. "The battle for the Kabul Nandari cinema" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghanistan-cinema-kabul-movies-b1776
248.html). The Independent. 26 December 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901003346/https://www.independent.
co.uk/news/world/asia/afghanistan-cinema-kabul-movies-b1776248.html) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved
22 November 2021.
170. Ashrafi, Nabilla. "Renovation Of Chihil Sutun Palace Completed" (https://tolonews.com/arts-culture/renovation-chihil-sutun-palace-co
mpleted). TOLOnews. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154621/https://www.tolonews.com/arts-culture/renovation-chi
hil-sutun-palace-completed) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
171. Dari: ‫منار علم و جهل‬

172. "An evaluation of architectural monuments in Afghanistan as in the capital city, Kabul" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351
210427). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210831215445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351210427_An_evaluati
on_of_architectural_monuments_in_Afghanistan_as_in_the_capital_city_Kabul) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved
22 November 2021.
173. "Arg clock tower" (https://president.gov.af/da/?page_id=7974&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_CSd7GgyLGlddS4GBluZjdT2fBgdRKTgObt
PbA_qeyNg-1630516942-0-gqNtZGzNAeWjcnBszQel). president.gov.af. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901172453/htt
ps://president.gov.af/da/?page_id=7974&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_CSd7GgyLGlddS4GBluZjdT2fBgdRKTgObtPbA_qeyNg-163051
6942-0-gqNtZGzNAeWjcnBszQel) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
174. "Push to modernise takes toll on Kabul's historical homes" (https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-cities-homes-idUSL8N2IJ3C
F). Reuters. 10 December 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210902003948/https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanista
n-cities-homes-idUSL8N2IJ3CF) from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
175. "Kabul Markaz Residential Tower 1, Kabul | 1438696" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210831182138/https://www.emporis.com/buildi
ngs/1438696/kabul-markaz-residential-tower-1-kabul-afghanistan). Emporis. Archived from the original (https://www.emporis.com/bu
ildings/1438696/kabul-markaz-residential-tower-1-kabul-afghanistan) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
176. "The Square of Pashtunistan" (https://baileyaplangandcomp.wordpress.com/2015/02/10/the-square-of-pashtunistan/). 10 February
2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225748/https://baileyaplangandcomp.wordpress.com/2015/02/10/the-square-
of-pashtunistan/) from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
177. "The place to take the Afghan pulse" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8357427.stm). 12 November 2009. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20211122095657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8357427.stm) from the original on
22 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
178. "Roadworks bring traffic chaos to Kabul" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-20509559/traffic-chaos-as-kabul-s-roads-are-im
proved). BBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181022103627/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-20509559/tr
affic-chaos-as-kabul-s-roads-are-improved) from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
179. "Officials Say Kabul Ring Road Construction to Start Soon" (http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/officials-say-kabul-ring-road-const
ruction-start-soon). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124329/http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/officials-say-kabul
-ring-road-construction-start-soon) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
180. "IDB Pays $74m Loan For Construction of Kabul City Ring-Road" (http://rta.org.af/eng/2017/09/17/idb-pays-74m-loan-for-constructio
n-of-kabul-city-ring-road/). rta.org.af. 17 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180403205325/http://rta.org.af/e
ng/2017/09/17/idb-pays-74m-loan-for-construction-of-kabul-city-ring-road/) from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 22 November
2021.
181. Moosakhail, Zabihullah (16 August 2015). "President Ghani: Kabul's ring road important economical project" (https://www.khaama.c
om/president-ghani-kabuls-ring-road-important-economical-project-3768). The Khaama Press News Agency. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20180125193632/https://www.khaama.com/president-ghani-kabuls-ring-road-important-economical-project-3768)
from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
182. "Amid chaos, Kabul gears up for pioneering metro bus service" (http://kbr.id/english/07-2017/amid_chaos__kabul_gears_up_for_pio
neering_metro_bus_service/91148.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124448/http://kbr.id/english/07-2017/amid
_chaos__kabul_gears_up_for_pioneering_metro_bus_service/91148.html) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved
20 January 2018.
183. "‫ موقعیت مزدحم شهر‬8 ‫ متر ُپل هوایی در‬286 ‫( "| در پایتخت؛ شهرداری کابل و ساخت‬http://khabarnama.net/blog/2017/09/17/building-fly-overs-in-kabu
l/). 17 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012822/http://khabarnama.net/blog/2017/09/17/building-fly-
overs-in-kabul/) from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
184. "Kabul Urban Transport Efficiency Improvement Project" (http://projects.worldbank.org/P131864?lang=en). Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20180120124136/http://projects.worldbank.org/P131864?lang=en) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved
20 January 2018.
185. "Urban Transport Program Helps Keep Kabul Clean" (https://nl4worldbank.org/2017/06/09/urban-transport-program-helps-keep-kab
ul-clean/). 9 June 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070308/https://nl4worldbank.org/2017/06/09/urban-transpor
t-program-helps-keep-kabul-clean/) from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
186. "Why the Corolla is so popular – even in Afghanistan" (http://www.autonews.com/article/20130626/BLOG06/130629915/why-the-cor
olla-is-so-popular----even-in-afghanistan). 26 June 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180121001137/http://www.autone
ws.com/article/20130626/BLOG06/130629915/why-the-corolla-is-so-popular----even-in-afghanistan) from the original on 21 January
2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
187. Nakamura, David (27 August 2010). "In Afghanistan, a car for the masses" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/
2010/08/26/AR2010082606430_2.html?g=0). The Washington Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171112022002/http://w
ww.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/26/AR2010082606430_2.html?g=0) from the original on 12 November
2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
188. Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Dodgy cars clogging Kabul's roads (http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/09/2565599.h
tm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090512090605/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/09/2565599.htm) 12 May
2009 at the Wayback Machine
189. "Corolla's the car of choice in Kabul" (https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghanistan/corolla-s-the-car-of-choice-in-kabul-1.1
12845). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180121000003/https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghanistan/corolla-s-the
-car-of-choice-in-kabul-1.112845) from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
190. "Catherine Lytle: From Gerbils to Trolleybus" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200802213225/http://languages.oberlin.edu/blogs/relg2
70/catherine-lytle-from-gerbils-to-trolleybus/). Archived from the original (http://languages.oberlin.edu/blogs/relg270/catherine-lytle-fr
om-gerbils-to-trolleybus/) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
191. "Kabul Municipality Unveils First Metro Bus System" (https://tolonews.com/business/kabul-municipality-unveils-first-metro-bus-syste
m). TOLOnews. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402171624/https://www.tolonews.com/business/kabul-municipality-unv
eils-first-metro-bus-system) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
192. "Kabul municipality unveils new developments in metro bus project" (https://www.khaama.com/kabul-municipality-unveils-new-devel
opments-in-metro-bus-project-03420/). The Khaama Press News Agency. 12 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190402223206/https://www.khaama.com/kabul-municipality-unveils-new-developments-in-metro-bus-project-03420/) from the
original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
193. "New bus service for Kabul city launched" (https://ariananews.af/new-bus-service-for-kabul-city-launched/). 25 March 2021. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20210724150035/https://ariananews.af/new-bus-service-for-kabul-city-launched/) from the original on
24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
194. "Kabul Municipality – ‫ بس‌های شهری شاروالی کابل در سطح شهر آغاز به فعالیت کرد‬:‫( "!شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/6060/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8
7%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%
DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D
8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%
AF). Km.gov.af. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210824222947/https://km.gov.af/6060/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%
A7%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A
9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%BA%
D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF) from
the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
195. Regional Commissions report on the progress on the Implementation of the New Urban Agenda (2019–2022) (https://www.un.org/ec
osoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/files/en/2022doc/UNECE-QR-report.pdf)) (Report). United Nations. 2022. p. 19.
196. "Kabul Municipality - ‫ اطالعیه‌ی اشتراک در بحث آنالین‬:‫( "!شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/3436/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B
9%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A
D%D8%AB-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86)). km.gov.af.
197. What are the priorities of Kabul municipal districts (https://km.gov.af/3201/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8
C%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%
D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%
AD%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84)) (Report). Kabul City Municipality. 2020.
198. "Kabul Municipality - ‫ په ښاری آنالین بحث کې ګډون‬:‫( "!شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/3658/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%
DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%DA%A9%DB%90-%DA%AB%D
A%89%D9%88%D9%866)). km.gov.af.
199. "Kabul Municipality - ‫ اطالعیه‌ی اشتراک در گفتمان آنالین شهری‬:‫( "!شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/3657/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D
8%B9%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D
9%81%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B
1%DB%8C)). km.gov.af.
200. "Kabul Municipality - ‫ په ښاری انالین بحث کې ګډون‬:‫( "!شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/3569/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%
DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%DA%A9%DB%90-%DA%AB%D
A%89%D9%88%D9%86)). km.gov.af.
201. "Kabul Municipality - ‫ اولین گفتمان آنالین در مورد مدیریت زباله‌ها برگزار شد‬:‫( "شاروالی کابل‬https://km.gov.af/4053/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D
B%8C%D9%86-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8
6-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B
2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D
8%AF)). km.gov.af.

Kabul

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kabul

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2/1/23, 9:08 AM Kabul - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E

2.5.1Occupations wars and Taliban Regime (1996–2001)

6Government and politics

7Economy and infrastructure

8Culture and landmarks

Toponymy and etymology

It is mentioned as Kophes or Kophene in some classical writings.

Islamisation and Mongol invasion

Timurid and Mughal era

In the 14th century, Kabul became a major trading centre under

There are many differing tribes in the Kābul country;

(If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this!)[46]

Durrani and Barakzai dynasties

During the 1940s and 1950s, urbanisation accelerated and the

Occupations wars and Taliban Regime (1996–2001)

Climate data for Kabul (1956–1983)

Average rainy days 2 3 10 11 8 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 48

Average snowy days 7 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20

Average relative humidity (%) 68 70 65 61 48 36 37 38 39 42 52 63 52

City districts of Kabul

Urban Agricultural Vacant

Karte Parwan (part)

Urban Agricultural Vacant

Aqa Ali Shams

Urban Agricultural Vacant

Ahmad Shah Baba Mina/Arzan

District Bist Hazari

Hamid Karzai Int'l (airfield)

District Mikrorayon (1st/Old)

Urban Agricultural Vacant

In 1525, Babur described the region in his memoirs by writing that:

Professional sports teams from Kabul

Club League Sport Venue Established

Alokozay Kabul International Cricket

Government and politics

Economy and infrastructure

which contributed to these issues.[159]

Each year about 20,000 foreign tourists visited Afghanistan.[161]

Development planning Inside an antiquity shop in

Hotels and other lodging

Culture and landmarks

Darul Aman Palace

Mausoleum of emir Abdur

Andarabi Road dwellings on the Apartments built in the

Kabul has no train service.[59]

Internet-based participatory planning

In 2019, the Nagoya Institute of Technology, in partnership with

From September 2019 until the Fall of Kabul (2021) in August

D-Agree, is a discussion support platform with artificial intelligence–based facilitation.[205] The

American University of Afghanistan

Khatam Al-Nabieen University

Leena Alam (born 1978), film actress

Hamid Rahimi (born 1983), boxer

Twin towns – sister cities

24. Everett-Heath, John, ed. (2020). "Kabul" (https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-978

40. A. D. H. Bivar, KUSHAN DYNASTY (http://iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/

67. "Afghans Prepare for Tourism Development" (https://www.rferl.org/a/Afghans_Prepare_For_Tourism_Development/1843909.html).

95. "Afghanistan: escalation of indiscriminate shelling in Kabul" (http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jly2.htm).

126. Canada in Afghanistan: The War So Far by Peter Pigott

159. "Afghanistan's Million Dollar Minister" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140424060524/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/

171. Dari: ‫منار علم و جهل‬

You might also like