10. What is flying shore? Elaborate, give 5 examples.

Flying shores, also known as horizontal shoring, are used to provide temporary support to two parallel
walls that might otherwise collapse if not for flying beaches. They're commonly utilized to temporarily
maintain the parallel walls of two neighboring buildings while an intermediary structure is removed or
rebuilt. The scaffold would essentially be built across the center and 'wedge' between the adjacent
structures.
Five materials that makeup a flying shore:
Wallplates - a piece of lumber set horizontally in or on a wall as a support for a girder, rafter, or joist.
Struts - support or brace of scantlings lighter than a post. It also offers outward-facing support in their
longitudinal orientation, which can be utilized to keep two other components apart, similar to how a knot
works.
Staining pieces - horizontal brace or beam connected at either end to opposite rafters in a roof truss.
Needles wedges -are used in piercing or splitting heavy objects, such as cutting wood or metal. Some
examples of wedges are nails, pins, and axes.
Cleats - is a strip of wood or metal connected to one portion of an object to keep it in place while another
part is attached. It also can be used to hang heavy items like kitchen cabinets.

11. What is cofferdam? Elaborate, give 5 examples.

Cofferdams are temporary structures utilized when work is being done in locations immersed in water. It's
a watertight cage from which water is pushed to expose the bed of a body of water to build a structure.
Cofferdams are normally constructed by pushing sheet piling or steel into the bed to create a waterproof
barrier in modern works. They are used in making dams, piers, and bridges more accessible to build or
repair.

Five examples of cofferdam:

Earthen cofferdams - are constructed at the place where the height of the water is less say 3m and the
current velocity is low. These dams are built using the local available material such as clay, fine sand or
even soil. The height of the dam is kept 1m more than that of max water level.
Rock-fill cofferdams - are better than that of earthen dams. These dams are preferred when the rock is
available easily at the construction site. These dams are very pervious, to prevent water from seeping an
impervious membrane of soil is provided in the dam. The height of the dam is can be up to 3m.
Single-Walled Cofferdam - This type of cofferdam is preferred when the depth of the water is more than
6m and area of construction is less. Usually this is used in construction of bridges. Wooden or timber
sheets are driven into the river bed on the perimeter of the area of construction.
Double-walled cofferdams - are used when the area of construction site is large and depth of water is
high. In this place use of single walled cofferdam becomes uneconomical as the supports are to be
increased. So double walled cofferdam is used. The difference in one wall and double wall dam is that her
it has two walls instead of walls for extra stability. This type of dams can hold water up to 12m high.
Braced Cofferdam - When it’s difficult to drive piles inside the bed in the water, then this type of

cofferdam is used. In braced cofferdam two piles are driven into the bed and they are laterally supported

with the help of wooden cribs installed in alternate courses to form pockets. The empty pockets here are

filled with stone and earth. The framework of the cofferdam (made from, logs of wood) is prepared on

ground and then floated to the site where the cofferdam is to be constructed. 

12. What is dewater? Give 5 examples.

Dewatering is the process of removing groundwater or surface water from a construction site, for

example. During construction, water is pumped from wells or sumps to temporarily decrease groundwater

levels, allowing excavation in dry, stable circumstances below the natural groundwater level.

Five examples of the method in dewatering:

Wellpoints - Wells are drilled around the excavation site, with submersible pumps installed in the well

shaft. These pumps are connected to a header pipe, allowing groundwater to be drawn up and discharged

from the Wellpoints.

Deepwell - Consists of one or more distinct wells, each with its submersible pump. Therefore, deep

excavations with significant water volumes to discharge are best suited for the Deepwell method.
Bypass dewatering - When sewer lines require maintenance, dewatering pumps are used to push sewage
around the damaged pipe segment. Then, pumps are installed upstream of the pipe segment that has to be
maintained. Irrigation and construction projects both use the bypass technique.

Flood control - is all procedures used to lessen or prevent the adverse impacts of flooding caused by
stormwater and heavy rainfall. Site managers must be prepared for probable site flooding, whether they
are working in building, tunneling, or mining, by storing pumps that can move large amounts of water
against low head pressure nearby.

Tunnel dewatering - Tunnel construction is a complex task that requires careful consideration of
numerous factors. To stabilize the ground or prevent flooding of the work area, large amounts of water
from the building site must be removed. This is frequent in tunneling operations, and it necessitates a
significant number of dewatering pumps on site, ranging from small submersible pumps to huge units for
high-volume dewatering.