1. What is foundation? Give 5 examples.

A foundation is a component of a structural system that supports and anchors a building's

superstructure and directs its loads to the ground. It is located in the lowest portion of a
building or civil construction that touches the ground, safely transferring loads from the
structure to the ground.

Here are the five examples of foundation:

Basement Foundation
The deepest of the three basic foundation types is a basement foundation. A full basement is
at least 7 feet high and equals most or all of the level floor space above.

Crawlspace Stem Walls 

Stem walls are short (up to a few feet, or the height of crawl space). They are attached to a
concrete footing. They're most commonly seen in houses with crawl areas, whether vented or
not.

Concrete Slab Foundations

A slab foundation, also known as a monolithic or mono slab foundation, is a single-piece, flat
concrete slab that sits on the ground. The real benefit of a monolithic foundation is that it is
less expensive and takes less time to build.

Wood Foundations
The wood used in wood foundations has been built to withstand rot. In cold weather, these
foundations may provide a warmer basement. They may be more cost-efficient for remote
construction locations where concrete is unavailable or costly to transport.

Pier and Beam Foundations

A pier and beam foundation is a type of foundation that is not as common as a slab or
basement foundation. The pier and beam foundation may benefit the homeowner since it
provides better stability in shifting soils. A crawl space beneath the living space and footings
to support the foundation are common pier and beam foundation features.

2. What is shallow foundation? Give 5 examples.

A shallow foundation has a depth of fewer than five times the breadth of the foundation from the
ground surface to the underside. All other foundations are considered deep foundations. 

Here are five examples of shallow foundations:

Wall footing
This foundation is a continuous strip that supports structural and non-structural load-bearing
walls and is also known as strip footing. Its width is usually 2-3 times that of the wall above it,
and it is found right beneath it.

Isolated footing
It is a square, rectangular, or circular slab that supports the structural components separately and
is also known as single-column footing. In general, each of the structure's columns is given a
foundation to transmit and distribute the structure's load to the earth beneath.

Combined footing
The term "combined footing" refers to when more than one column has the same footing. When
the distance between the columns is so tight that isolated ground would overlap them, this
method is utilized. Additionally, integrated foundations are desirable when property lines cause
different footings to be eccentrically loaded.

Strap footing
Individual columns are joined using a strap beam in strap footing. When the spacing is limited
and/, or the columns are next to the property lines, a strap footing serves the same purpose as a
combination footing.

Mat foundation
A single continuous slab covering the entirety of a building's base is known as a raft foundation.
Mat foundations support all structures' loads and distribute them uniformly to the ground.

3. What is footing? Give 5 examples.

Footings are a crucial aspect of the foundation building process. They're usually built of concrete
reinforced with rebar and poured into a dug trench. Footings support the foundation and prevent
it from settling. In places with problematic soils, footings are extremely critical.

Here are the five examples of footings:

Wall footing/Strip footing

Strip footing is a type of shallow foundation that distributes the weight of the structure of a load-
bearing wall that spans the ground. It's also referred to as wall footing.

Spread Footings
"spread footings" refers to how structural loads are distributed across a concrete footing. The
spread footing is a structurally planned mix of concrete and reinforcing steel.

Isolated footings
A solitary or individual footing that transfers the load to the subterranean earth is isolated. When
only one column is required, to use.

Stepped footings
A stepped footing is one in which the desired width is achieved through a sequence of steps with
a ratio of one unit horizontal dimension to two units vertical dimension.

Combined footings
A combined footing is used when two or more columns in a straight line are borne on a single
spread footing. The most cost-effective option is to use isolated footings for each column.